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1.
章君政唐朝生巩学鹏周启友程青吕超施斌 《岩土力学》2023,(2):392-402
土体在气候作用下发育干缩裂隙是一种常见的自然现象,裂隙的存在会极大弱化土体的工程性质,诱发许多岩土与地质工程问题。为了实时掌握黏性土中干缩裂隙网络的发展状态,提出了一套基于高密度电阻率层析成像技术（ERT）的土体干缩裂隙动态发展过程精细监测方法。分别开展模型试验及原位试验,利用自行研制的测定系统持续采集电流-电位差数据,随后利用自行开发的有限元法电阻率层析成像（FemERT）系统进行数据处理,获取了裂隙网络在不同发育阶段的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）ERT可以实现土体裂隙发育过程的精细监测,具备监测三维裂隙网络几何形态的能力,裂隙宽度的识别精度达到毫米级,裂隙深度的识别精度达到厘米级;（2）ERT的感度分布特征解释了裂隙发育对于土体电阻率的影响规律,测定电阻值时程曲线因裂隙产生位置的不同而呈现不同的变化规律;（3）反演电阻率及其相对变化率（Rev）可以直观表征裂隙网络在不同阶段的空间几何形态,凸显裂隙动态发育过程对于土体导电性的影响。 相似文献
2.
干燥失水现象是引起膨胀土裂隙萌生和扩展的关键性因素,裂隙的演化过程对土体结构完整性和地基的长期稳定与安全具有重要影响。为了研究膨胀土干缩裂隙的演化特点,对原状土试样开展显微CT扫描试验,结合图像分析技术获取了土体细观裂隙的二维/三维图像与特征参数,从定性和定量角度分析了干缩裂隙的演化规律。结果表明：三维重构后的数字模型还原了膨胀土在干燥过程中的体积收缩特征,与试样实测的体积有较好的一致性;从显微CT图像中可以提取细观裂隙的量化指标,如裂隙率、裂隙数量、裂隙体积与裂隙结构特征参数等;随着含水率从24.0%下降至12.0%,膨胀土的裂隙率、裂隙体积呈增大趋势,裂隙数量呈减小趋势;根据裂隙的体积和几何形态特征将其分为连通裂隙和独立裂隙,干燥过程中连通裂隙的体积占比显著提高,独立裂隙数量不断减少;球棒模型有效地模拟了膨胀土裂隙的几何形态特征,在干燥失水过程中等效孔隙半径、喉道半径、喉道长度与孔喉配位数均有增大趋势,裂隙连通性显著增强;SEM图像表明细观裂隙的连通与黏土颗粒排列形式、粒间孔隙发育程度等存在重要关联。 相似文献
3.
温度是影响土体干缩开裂的重要外部环境因素之一。为研究温度对红黏土干缩裂隙的影响,以昆明呈贡石灰岩上覆红黏土为对象,经风干、碾碎和筛分后,选取2 mm以下的细颗粒,用正方形钢化玻璃容器制备9个厚度为10 mm的饱和泥浆样,分成3组,每组3个平行样,利用控温烘箱分别进行30℃、50℃和70℃的干燥试验,试验过程中定时称重试样和对土样表面进行拍照,然后用PCAS软件对照片进行图像处理。结果表明：红黏土的蒸发过程可分为3个阶段,干缩裂隙的形成和发展可分为5个阶段;温度升高,干燥完成时间减短,常速率阶段的蒸发速率和蒸发量增大,最终含水率降低;初始临界含水率随温度升高而增大;随着土体含水率持续减小,表面裂隙率先缓慢增加,然后快速增大,最后趋于稳定;温度升高,裂隙交点数、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度和土块数减少,裂隙平均长度、裂隙平均宽度、表面裂隙率、土块平均面积、土块最大面积、干缩厚度和干密度增大。温度显著影响红黏土的水分蒸发过程,干缩裂隙的形成和发展,以及表面裂隙结构和形态。 相似文献
4.
裸露岩质边坡的数量随着基础设施建设规模和数量的不断增大,客土喷播技术作为一种有效的边坡护坡绿化技术可以改善岩质边坡的表层稳定性,但多种因素造成表层土体失水开裂,影响客土喷播的修复效果。针对此问题,采用剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对客土进行改良,开展了不同土层厚度、剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)含量条件下干缩开裂试验,研究了不同条件对土体干燥失水、表面裂隙发育的影响,采用微观扫描技术(SEM)对改良后客土的内在结构变化进行了测试。结果表明：随土层厚度增大,改良土蒸发稳定时间有所延长,且土层厚度增大能有效抑制试样表面裂隙的发育。剑麻纤维和PAM的掺入有效延长了黏土蒸发的路径,且随着纤维和PAM含量增加土体蒸发速率逐渐降低,抑制了土体表层裂隙发育。PAM的强吸水性能够降低土体的蒸发速率,纤维的“桥接作用”可以抑制裂隙的扩展,提高土体的整体性。 相似文献
5.
工程地质环境中,高温加速土体干燥,降雨浸湿土体。干湿循环导致土体劣化易引起基础设施和建筑物损害。所以,有必要研究干湿循环对压实黄土体变特性的影响以评价地基和路基等的稳定性。本研究制备了初始含水量为11%,不同干密度(1.5 g·cm-3、1.6 g·cm-3和1.7 g·cm-3)的3组试样。试样在80℃下干燥,然后室温下浸入去离子水中饱和,直达预定的干湿循环次数。同时,用数字LCR仪测量土样电阻率,以表征土样的结构变化。采集干燥状态试样表面图像,以分析裂隙开展情况。干湿循环结束后,进行饱和土样的恒应变速率(CRS)试验,获取压缩曲线并确定压实黄土的变形参数。结果表明,随着干湿循环次数的增加,土样电阻率逐渐增大,并且裂隙比增大。无竖向压力下,开始从非饱和状态高温干燥引起土样收缩,随后室温饱和使土样膨胀;之后,从饱和状态高温干燥引起土样膨胀,随后室温下饱和土样引起其收缩。另外,随干湿循环次数增加,弹性压缩指数增加,对于较低密度土样塑性压缩指数减小而屈服应力增大,对于较高密度土样塑性压缩指数呈现增大趋势而屈服应力减小。本研究... 相似文献
6.
为了解饱和膨胀土在失水条件下,干缩裂隙发育过程中土体内的应变状态、分布以及变化规律,设计了一个长40cm、宽5cm、深3cm的一维模型槽,将3条FBG传感光栅串埋入饱和膨胀土试样中,对膨胀土不同位置的应变进行了测量,得到了土体失水干缩致裂过程中,各个FBG传感器的应变状态及其变化规律,并分析了首条干缩裂隙及其附近土体的应变分布特征及其时空演化规律。试验结果表明:随着土体含水率的降低,土体首先呈现出整体收缩,之后应变状态发生分异,呈现出拉张区和收缩区交替出现的分布规律; 位于最大收缩区的边缘,当FBG传感器的应变由压缩状态转变为拉伸状态,并且拉应变及其变化速率相对较大的区域将产生首条裂隙。可见,本文所采用的高空间分辨率FBG传感技术为分析膨胀土裂隙发育全过程、揭示膨胀土失水致裂机理,以及膨胀土裂隙性特征的研究提供了新的思路和技术手段。 相似文献
7.
呼和浩特地区压实红黏土收缩开裂特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红黏土在工程应用中易随环境温、湿度的变化产生收缩变形甚至开裂现象,从而诱发产生诸多工程问题。在工程应用中掌握红黏土的收缩与开裂性能,才能及时做出有效的防治措施。为此,以内蒙古地区典型红黏土为研究对象,在明确其击实特性的基础上,分析了红黏土在不同击实次数条件下的收缩特性并结合图像处理技术进一步阐释了压实红黏土裂缝形态的发展规律。试验结果表明:红黏土的最大干密度随着击实次数的增加呈线性增加,最佳含水率随着击实次数的增加呈线性减小的特征;红黏土失水率曲线随干燥时间呈指数规律变化,干燥初期,试样水分迅速蒸发呈线性变化,随着干燥时间的延续水分蒸发量逐渐减少,失水率曲线趋于稳定;随着击实次数的增加试样收缩率增大,收缩指标（径向线缩率、轴向线缩率以及体积收缩率）随干燥时间呈指数规律变化。红黏土收缩几何因子小于3,表明其轴向收缩大于径向收缩,红黏土收缩具有各向异性的特点;红黏土的裂缝特征参数（平均裂缝宽度、裂缝总长度、裂隙率）也随击实次数的增加而增大。试样击实次数的增加破坏了土体的黏粒结构,导致土体对结合水最大吸附能力减弱,降低了土体的持水能力,从而使土体的失水率、收缩率以及裂隙率增大。因此,在工程应用中增加击实次数以期改善红黏土的收缩与抗裂性是低效不经济的。 相似文献
8.
针对土遗址干缩裂缝病害,以三星堆月亮湾城墙剖面为依托,探讨干缩裂缝的开裂条件、扩展特征以及失稳扩展条件。研究结果有助于揭示土遗址开裂规律,对遗址保护的工程实践具有指导意义。针对月亮湾城墙土体进行室内干燥试验,通过电子天平记录试样失水过程,采用图像分析技术得到裂缝的开裂与扩展过程,利用数字图像相关技术得到开裂过程的位移场与应变场。结果表明:试样表面缺陷降低了开裂所需的拉应力,缺陷与边界的距离越小,引发开裂的缺陷临界尺寸就越小,因此裂缝更易在试样边界附近缺陷处产生;根据断裂力学理论,考虑含水率对土体性质的影响,裂缝失稳扩展需满足应力强度因子对含水率的增加率大于断裂韧性;理论推导出裂缝失稳扩展临界长度的计算方法,该方法初步得到了实测数据验证;随着含水率从45.6%降低到29.1%,失稳扩展临界长度与试样宽度比值从0.109减小到0.024,含水率越低裂缝越易进入失稳扩展阶段,开裂处一个微小的缺陷就可能引发裂缝的快速扩展;对土遗址表面进行保护时,应着重修补分布在土层边界区域的大尺寸缺陷;定期监测土遗址临空面,一旦发现开裂,应及时对裂缝及其附近缺陷进行修复,以防止裂缝失稳扩展。 相似文献
9.
为研究膨胀土在降雨与蒸发过程中的胀缩裂隙演化规律,对原状膨胀土进行干湿循环的CT扫描试验。利用Matlab软件编写程序对土体CT图进行三维体重建以及裂隙信息的提取,从定性与定量的维度研究土体三维空间裂隙与干湿循环之间的关系。定性研究发现,裂隙发育开始于土体内部初始孔洞与微纹裂等薄弱处,并扩展延伸,形成裂隙面、裂隙体,最后形成复杂的三维裂隙网络;随着干湿循环的进行,裂隙面积和体积逐渐增加,最后趋于稳定。定量研究发现,裂隙面积沿试样轴向的分布具有明显的周期性规律,随着干湿循环的进行,周期逐渐减小,振幅A先增加后减小;裂隙开展分为3个阶段,即裂隙酝酿期、裂隙快速发育期和裂隙平稳发展期,而裂隙发育主要发生在裂隙快速发育期。得出了试样径向裂隙面积、轴向高度与累计干缩体变之间的近似关系,以裂隙体积定义了符合Logistic函数变化规律的扰动函数,可以预测裂隙在试样局部的发展及分布情况,为裂隙膨胀土的渗透特性以及整体与局部的应力、应变研究提供参考。 相似文献
10.
新近系三趾马红土黏粒含量高,失水干燥易开裂形成干缩裂纹。为研究干密度对三趾马红土干燥开裂行为影响,利用自制干燥装置开展压实三趾马红土脱湿试验,并采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法分析其表面干缩裂纹扩展与自愈规律。结果表明:(1)不同初始干密度试样干燥过程中均出现开裂现象,其表面干缩裂纹演化过程可分裂纹萌生、裂纹扩展、裂纹自愈、裂纹稳定4个阶段;小干密度试样表面干缩裂纹网络展布密集均匀,而大干密度试样表面开裂以“宽大稀疏”裂纹为主;(2)试样表面应变场变化能够较好反映试样表面干缩裂纹演化过程,蓝色压应变区代表试样失水整体产生的体积收缩,红色应变条带代表试样表面受拉而产生的干缩裂隙;试样干燥过程表面蓝色压应变区不断扩大,红色拉应变条带区逐渐变小,表明表面裂纹受到试样整体收缩牵拉而产生“自愈”收缩。且干密度越小,试样干缩过程表面红色拉应变网络越密集,干缩裂纹自愈程度越高;(3)试样表面应变场变化表明各等级干缩裂纹均出现自愈现象,但主裂纹的主应变减少量最大,自愈程度最高,对试样整体裂纹自愈起主导作用;试样初始干密度越小,各等级裂纹的峰值应变越大,自愈时的应变缩减量越高,表明试样失水收缩特征越显著。研究成果对进一步揭示压实黏土干燥裂纹的复杂演化过程机理研究提供新参考。 相似文献
11.
在干燥环境中,由于蒸发失水,膨胀土发生收缩,表面容易产生纵横交错的裂隙网络(龟裂)。龟裂的产生会极大弱化土体的工程性质,并导致各种工程问题。随着极端干旱气候的频发,膨胀土龟裂问题将会越来越多,越来越显著。开展龟裂研究对揭示龟裂现象的本质规律和指导膨胀土地区的工程实践有重要意义。龟裂的形成和发展是一个动态的过程,与土中水分的蒸发速率、应力状态、收缩特性等直接相关:龟裂形成时水分蒸发处于常速率阶段; 吸力和抗拉强度是制约龟裂形成的两个关键力学参数,当土体中的吸力引起的张拉应力超过土体的抗拉强度时,龟裂便会产生; 龟裂是孔隙发生收缩的直观表现。总体上,力的作用和收缩空间是土体龟裂形成的两个必要条件。此外,膨胀土龟裂具有非常复杂的发生发展过程,受土质学、土力学、土结构、试验条件和方法等许多因素的影响。龟裂定量分析是龟裂研究的重要内容之一,能为龟裂机理研究及相关理论模型的建立提供必要参数。计算机图形处理技术具有效率高、操作性强、精度高等优点,为龟裂定量分析提供了强有力的工具。目前关于土体龟裂研究还存在许多不足之处,在今后的工作中,应该重视龟裂形成和发展过程的动态特征,围绕与土体龟裂相关的水-土作用关系、力学机制、收缩变形机制、大尺度现场试验和三维观测分析技术等方面开展更多的针对性研究,综合考虑龟裂形成过程中的土质学、土力学和土结构因素,结合宏观现象与微观分析,建立土体龟裂的理论体系。 相似文献
12.
Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
In order to investigate the effects of temperature, thickness of soil layer, wetting and drying cycles and soil types on geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils, special software Crack Image Analysis System (CIAS) for analyzing shrinkage crack patterns was developed. Eight groups of soil samples were prepared and subjected to drying to crack in laboratory. The number of crack segments and intersections, average crack length, width and aggregate area, crack intensity factor (CIF), and the corresponding probability density functions (PDF) of these parameters were determined by analyzing several crack patterns derived from different experimental conditions. The results show that the soil cracking behavior and the geometrical structure of crack patterns are significantly influenced by these considered factors. There is a tendency of crack length, width, aggregate area and their most probable value (MPV) related to the PDF increases with temperature increase. With thicker soil layers, the average crack length, width, aggregate area and CIF are increased, and the main distribution ranges of crack length, width and aggregate area are increased also. When the soil is subjected to multiple wetting–drying cycles, the soil surface generates more irregular and coarse cracks. The number of short and narrow crack segments increases significantly, and the CIF decreases with an increase in wetting–drying cycles. It is also observed that the extent of cracking is directly related to the soil fines fraction and its plasticity index (IP). The greatest CIF and crack width are observed in the soils with the largest fines fraction and highest IP. In addition, the ratio of numbers of crack segments to intersections ranges from 1.5 to 2, and cracking mainly takes place in three stages: main-cracks initiation stage; sub-cracks initiation stage; terminal stable stage. 相似文献
13.
干湿循环条件下重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育特征及量化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
裂隙性是膨胀土的典型工程地质特性之一,对其工程性质有重要影响,直接或间接地导致各种工程问题。通过对重塑膨胀土开展室内干湿循环试验,对获得的裂隙数字图像采用图像处理技术进行一系列预处理操作,提出了表面裂隙率、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和绝对收缩率等量化指标,定量描述裂隙的形态特征,分析干湿循环过程中压实膨胀土的裂隙发育规律。结果表明:含水率和干湿循环次数是影响膨胀土裂隙发育的重要因素。随着含水率的减小,重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育程度总体上有增加的趋势。表面裂隙率、裂隙条数和总长度随含水率的减小逐渐增加,绝对收缩率随含水率减小而增大,而裂隙宽度与含水率之间没有明显的规律;随干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙进一步发育,裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、表面裂隙率增加,绝对收缩率总体增大,但裂隙平均宽度存在减小的现象,这与后期发育的大量微裂隙有关。 相似文献
14.
Numerical simulation of desiccation cracking in a thin clay layer using 3D discrete element modeling
Desiccation cracking of clay soil is of critical importance in many applications, such as industrial waste containment, hydraulic barriers, road embankments, and agricultural operations. The factors that influence cracking are known qualitatively, but it is not clear how to predict the initiation and propagation of cracks. This study presents a discrete element approach to modeling desiccation cracking in thin clay layers, considering material property changes. First, an aggregate shrinkage model based on the aggregate structure of clay was proposed, and the drying shrinkage of clay soil was modeled by imposing drying shrinkage kinetics for each aggregate at the micro-scale. Second, the clay soil was represented by an assembly of aggregates linked by bonds, and desiccation cracking of the clay layer was modeled using a three-dimensional discrete element code (PFC3D), with the aid of the embedded programming language FISH. When the clay layer is sufficiently thin, the water content gradient along the section can be neglected; thus, the shrinkage kinetics are the same for all of the grains of clay. In the model based on the discrete element method (DEM), the bond strength and contact stiffness changed during drying. Their changes were determined by matching the simulation results with the experimental data. Third, the DEM approach was validated by reproducing experimental desiccation tests performed on a thin clay layer in a disk shape. The geometric parameters of surface cracks were quantified using image analysis techniques and were compared with experimental observations. Fourth, some factors of influence, such as the sample thickness, the properties of the soil–base interface, micro-mechanical parameters, and shrinkage parameters, were investigated using the DEM model. The results obtained from the DEM analyses were compared with the results of prior research in this field of study. The approach used in this study is very promising for simulating desiccation cracking in thin clay soil because the model captures the initiation and propagation mechanism of desiccation cracks. Although this study was carried out on surface cracking in a thin clay layer, the extension of this methodology is of potential benefit not only for predicting three-dimensional desiccation cracking in real clay liners but also for modeling cracking in other materials with properties that vary with water content or temperature, such as concrete and rock. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents some experimental results on desiccation cracking tests conducted on thin layers of clay soils. Observation
of the evolution of cracking patterns was examined to clarify the transient mechanisms of the crack formation of clay soils.
Laboratory experimentation on desiccation cracking was carried out to examine experimentally the quantitative relationships
between the characteristics of soil cracks and the prevailing controlling conditions. Five desiccation cracking tests for
slurried clay soils were carried out using shrinkage moulds in a humidity chamber, which was capable of controlling relative
humidity and temperature. The soil used in the experimental studies was residual basaltic clay and was classified as a highly
reactive soil. In order to provide simple conditions for theoretical modelling, the tests were conducted in perspex and metal
moulds with rectangular cross-sections. The lengths of the moulds were considerably larger than their widths so that parallel
cracking were generated in thin layers. In each cracking test, several rectangular moulds of different thicknesses and widths
were used. Some of these tests were used for observation, crack initiation and evolution, and others for moisture content
measurement during desiccation. The test results include evolution of the cracking pattern, influences of speed of desiccation
and typical crack spacing to depth ratios for soil layers. 相似文献
16.
This article describes a miniaturised electrical imaging (resistivity tomography) technique to map the cracking pattern of
a clay model. The clay used was taken from a scaled flood embankment built to study the fine fissuring due to desiccation
and breaching process in flooding conditions. The potential of using a miniature array of electrodes to follow the evolution
of the vertical cracks and number them during the drying process was explored. The imaging technique generated two-dimensional
contoured plots of the resistivity distribution within the model before and at different stages of the desiccation process.
The change in resistivity associated with the widening of the cracks were monitored as a function of time. Experiments were
also carried out using a selected conductive gel to slow down the transport process into the cracks to improve the scanning
capabilities of the equipment. The main vertical clay fissuring network was obtained after inversion of the experimental resistivity
measurements and validated by direct observations. 相似文献
17.
基于高密度电法的天然边坡水分运移规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地下水是滑坡变形与失稳的重要影响因子,目前关于天然边坡水分运移过程的研究多借助传感器监测或数值模拟,但尚不能充分满足无扰、快捷的测量要求。针对该类问题,以天然边坡为研究对象,利用高密度电法结合时域反射技术,通过测量边坡土体含水率与电阻率,构建两者的对应关系,据此反演并分析边坡介质地下水的分布特征及迁移规律,验证高密度电法技术在探究天然边坡水分运移规律的有效性。现场试验结果显示:研究边坡土体含水率与电阻率呈明显对数关系;该边坡有效入渗或蒸发深度为2 m,大于该深度范围内,边坡土体含水率随深度增加逐渐减小;中雨强度下埋深为1.3~2.0 m范围内土体含水率激增的主要原因在于后缘裂缝的优势流补给;边坡高含水率(低电阻区)与低含水率(高电阻区)过渡区与后期滑坡滑动面位置高度吻合。 相似文献
18.
The problem of desiccation cracks in soils has received increasing attention in the last few years, in both experimental investigations and modeling. Experimental research has been mainly focused on the behavior of slurries subjected to drying in plates of different shapes, sizes and thickness. The main objectives of these studies were to learn about the process of crack formation under controlled environmental conditions, and also to understand better the impact of different factors (e.g. soil type, boundary conditions, soil thickness) on the morphology of the crack network. As for the numerical modeling, different approaches have been proposed to describe the behavior of drying cracks in soils. One aspect that it is still difficult to simulate properly is the 3-D crack pattern typically observed in desiccated soils. In this work we present a numerical technique to model the behavior of drying soils. The proposed approach inserts high aspect ratio elements in-between standard elements of a finite element mesh. This mesh fragmentation technique can be easily adapted to standard finite element programs. We used this technique to analyze multiple case studies related to soil desiccation cracks developed under laboratory and field conditions. We focused our attention in some key factors that control the 3-D morphology of the drying cracks network in soils. We show that the proposed technique is able to simulate very satisfactorily the main patterns typically observed in cracked soils. 相似文献