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1.
湘西花垣铅锌矿田成矿物质来源的C、O、H、S、Pb、Sr同位素制约 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
花垣地区铅锌矿床有望成为中国最大的铅锌矿床,也是铅锌矿资源储量超过千万吨的世界级超大型矿床之一。文章通过碳、氧、氢、硫、铅和锶同位素地球化学特征研究,探讨了成矿流体和成矿金属来源。测试结果显示,花垣地区铅锌矿床主成矿期方解石样品的δ~(13) CPDB值范围为-2.71‰~1.21‰,δ~(18) OSMOW值范围为16.09‰~22.48‰,该地区铅锌矿床成矿流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用。花垣矿区的围岩的δ~(13) CPDB值范围为0.29‰~1.05‰,δ~(18) OSMOW值范围为21.33‰~23.89‰,为沉积成因海相碳酸盐岩。矿石中硫化物的δ~(34) S变化于24.93‰~34.66‰之间,重晶石δ~(34) S为32.78‰~34.22‰,表明还原硫主要来自地层中海相硫酸盐的还原。矿石硫化物的铅同位素组成均一,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为17.999~18.919、15.554~15.798和38.088~38.576,铅模式年龄为437~534Ma,成矿金属可能主要来源于奥陶系—寒武系。方解石和闪锌矿样品中流体的δD_(SMOW)变化于-91.1‰~-15‰之间,δ~(18) Ofluid变化范围为-4.1‰~8.75‰,矿床成矿流体的主要来源是建造水和大气降水。成矿流体与围岩的水-岩反应是导致该区铅锌矿床中方解石和闪锌矿矿物沉淀结晶的主要机制。成矿流体~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr为0.70906~0.71022,高于赋矿围岩寒武系清虚洞组灰岩锶同位素比值0.70886~0.70921,表明成矿流体流经了清虚洞组下伏地层,并与其中具有高锶同位素比值的碎屑岩、页岩和泥岩等进行了水岩反应及同位素交换。 相似文献
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冰洞山铅锌矿床是扬子地块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿床主要形成于基底隆起部位的震旦系陡山沱组,矿体呈层状、似层状产于陡山沱组第四段白云岩角砾岩中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石主要呈中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾岩间。金属矿物主要为闪锌矿、方铅矿等。与矿石共生的方解石流体包裹体分析表明流体均一温度为95~175℃,密度为0.897~1.117 g/cm3,估算成矿流体压力为25.4~32.5 MPa,计算相应的深度为1.24~1.43 km。矿石中硫化物的δ(34S)为13.03‰~33.72‰,其δ(34S)的顺序为:黄铁矿闪锌矿方铅矿;硫酸盐的δ(34S)为32.07‰~47.22‰,S来源于海相硫酸盐的还原。矿石硫化物的铅同位素组成为:N(206Pb)/N(204Pb)=17.660~18.093,N(207Pb)/N(204Pb)=15.457~15.694,N(208Pb)/N(204Pb)=37.444~38.288,成矿金属来源于震旦系-寒武系。矿石伴生碳酸盐矿物的δ(13CPDB)为-1.22‰~-0.31‰,成矿流体中的CO2为震旦系碳酸盐岩的溶解成因。冰洞山铅锌矿床成矿流体可能为起源于盖层沉积的中低温盆地卤水,伴随穹隆构造过程中,成矿流体向陡山沱组白云岩角砾岩运移并发生热液充填成矿,在成因上为MVT型铅锌矿床。 相似文献
3.
湘西-黔东地区位于扬子陆块东南缘,在该地区碳酸盐岩地层中,目前已发现大、中、小型铅锌矿床及矿点200余处.为了解湘西-黔东地区铅锌矿床成矿作用过程,系统总结了区内主要铅锌矿床地质与地球化学特征,并对成矿机制进行探讨,建立成矿模式.区内铅锌矿床主要赋存于下寒武统碳酸盐岩中,分布明显受断裂及褶皱构造控制,矿体主要为层状、似层状或透镜状,矿物组成主要为闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、方解石及少量萤石、重晶石和沥青,并伴随着广泛的以方解石化为主的热液蚀变.闪锌矿与方解石中的流体包裹体均一温度集中在120~200℃之间,盐度集中在8%~20%(NaCleqv)之间;成矿期方解石的δ13CPDB值范围为-4.89‰~1.50‰,δ18OSMOW值范围为13.37‰~25.09‰,略低于碳酸盐围岩;矿石硫化物δ34S值变化范围为22.3‰~36.1‰,以富含重硫为主;矿石硫化物铅同位素组成较为均一,变化范围较小,206Pb/204Pb在17.952~18.678之间,207Pb/204Pb在15.635~15.832之间,208Pb/204Pb在38.015~39.255之间.对地质和地球化学资料的综合分析表明,湘西-黔东地区铅锌矿床成矿流体为低温、中高盐度热卤水,主要来源于建造水和大气降水,成矿流体中的碳主要来源于碳酸盐围岩的溶解作用,硫来源于碳酸盐岩地层中硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR),铅锌主要来源于下伏地层,成矿时代为晚志留世-早泥盆世,属于比较典型的密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床.综合以上分析建立了该地区铅锌矿床有机质参与下的多源流体混合成矿模式. 相似文献
4.
湖南花垣铅锌矿床位于扬子地台东南缘,是湘西—黔东地区最典型的超大型铅锌矿床,已探明铅锌储量超过500×10~4t,其预测资源量逾1800×104t。报道了该矿床主要矿石硫化物的S、)Pb同位素研究成果,结合前人的Sr同位素数据,分析了矿床的成矿物质来源,并探讨了成矿机制。硫化物的δ~(34)S值变化范围较小,为24.5‰~34.7‰,平均值为30.2‰,硫来源于各时代碳酸盐地层中硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR),有机质在还原反应过程中发挥了重要作用;硫化物的~(206))Pb/~(204))Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值分别为18.139~18.678、15.691~15.832、38.300~39.255,变化范围较小,具有上地壳来源的特点,赋矿地层下部具有高)Pb-Zn含量的地层为成矿提供了大量的金属物质;闪锌矿的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值变化范围为0.70915~0.70996,高于赋矿地层清虚洞组灰岩的Sr同位素比值(0.70885~0.70909),表明成矿流体可能流经围岩及基底地层,从而引起Sr同位素比值因混染作用而升高;矿石矿物的沉淀机制为2种流体的混合,即含金属物质的成矿溶液与富含有机质、硫酸盐的热水溶液在合适的部位汇合,并发生反应。 相似文献
5.
扬子陆块北缘马元铅锌矿床成矿物质来源探讨: 来自C、O、H、S、Pb、Sr同位素地球化学的证据 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
呈层状、似层状产于震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中的马元铅锌矿床是近年来在扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。文章通过碳、氧、氢、硫、铅和锶同位素地球化学特征研究,探讨了成矿流体和成矿金属来源。研究结果表明:矿石中热液脉石矿物的δ13CPDB为-4.24‰~0.93‰,δ18OSMOW为15.92‰~23.24‰,表明成矿流体中的CO2为震旦系碳酸盐岩的溶解成因。矿石中硫化物的δ34S变化于12.94‰~19.4‰之间;硫酸盐矿物的δ34S为32.2‰~33.48‰,表明还原硫主要来自地层中海相硫酸盐的还原。矿石硫化物的铅同位素组成均一,206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为17.62~18.02、15.49~15.63和37.57~38.35,成矿金属可能主要来源于震旦系—志留系。脉石矿物石英流体包裹体的δDFI为-92‰和-113‰,如果取成矿温度200℃,根据δ18O石英值计算的相应流体包裹体的δ18O水为6.03‰~12.73‰,推测成矿流体可能起源于大气降水为主的盆地卤水,或为其他来源的流体与有机质反应形成。成矿流体87Sr/86Sr为0.70967~0.71146,高于赋矿围岩震旦系灯影组白云岩锶同位素比值(0.70890~0.70945),表明成矿流体流经了古生代地层(及基底),并与其中具有高锶同位素比值的碎屑岩、页岩和泥岩等进行了水岩反应及同位素交换。 相似文献
6.
贵州纳雍枝铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及矿床成因 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
纳雍枝铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘,是黔西北地区五指山背斜内近年来取得勘查突破的大型铅锌矿床(1.30Mt),也是川滇黔矿集区贵州境内目前发现的最大规模的铅锌矿床。矿体受层位和构造控制明显,呈似层状、脉状及透镜状产于五指山背斜南东翼穿层和顺层构造带内,赋矿围岩为下寒武统清虚洞组和上震旦统灯影组白云岩。无论是缓倾斜的似层状矿体,还是陡倾斜的脉状矿体,矿石中普遍发育角砾状、脉状、网脉状和浸染状构造,金属矿物主要为闪锌矿,次为方铅矿和黄铁矿,脉石矿物以白云石、方解石为主,次为石英和重晶石。研究结果显示,该矿床硫化物δ~(34)SV-CDT值变化范围较宽,介于4.7‰~22.8‰之间,平均16.68‰,多数集中在18‰~22.5‰之间,远高于赋矿白云岩的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值(7.3‰)。硫化物总体呈现δ~(34)S_(闪锌矿)δ~(34)S_(方铅矿)δ~(34)S_(黄铁矿),暗示S同位素分馏未达到平衡,成矿流体的δ~(34)S_(∑S)值应高于硫化物的平均δ~(34)S值(16.68‰)。因此,成矿流体中的硫主要来源于赋矿海相碳酸盐岩中的蒸发膏岩,是蒸发硫酸盐矿物热化学还原(TSR)作用的产物。硫化物具有正常Pb的组成特征,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb及~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围分别为17.8240~17.9701、15.6364~15.7651和37.8956~38.3230,与赋矿白云岩Pb同位素组成略有不同,但壳源特征明显,很可能来源于区域基底岩石。综上认为,纳雍枝铅锌矿床兼具层控和断控成矿特征,成矿物质主要由壳源岩石提供,硫化物沉淀受控于富金属流体与富还原硫流体的混合作用,其形成是区域构造与大规模成矿流体耦合作用的结果,属于MVT矿床。 相似文献
7.
湘西—黔东下寒武统铅锌矿床流体包裹体和硫、铅、碳同位素地球化学特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
湘西—黔东下寒武统铅锌矿床位于湘西—鄂西成矿带西南部湘黔边境地区,是一类产于寒武系清虚洞组藻灰岩中的铅锌矿床。对李梅、狮子山、嗅脑、卜口场4个矿床开展了流体包裹体及硫、铅、碳同位素地球化学分析,分析结果表明:铅锌矿石流体包裹体具有低温、中-高盐度特点;硫化物δ34S值较高;围岩及方解石的δ13C、δ18O组成均为正常海相碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成;矿石与围岩的铅同位素组成变化范围不大,所有铅同位素数据在207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb图中呈线性分布。综合分析认为,湘西—黔东下寒武统铅锌矿床成矿流体可能为区域迁移流体与地层封存水构成的混合流体,成矿物质大部分来源于碳酸盐岩围岩地层,可能有部分Pb、Zn等金属元素随区域迁移流体带入,矿床的形成可能为两种来源流体混合后Pb、Zn等金属元素因物理化学条件的改变而沉淀成矿,矿床成因类型应为密西西比型铅锌矿床。 相似文献
8.
滇东北茂租大型铅锌矿床成矿物质来源及成矿机制 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
茂租铅锌矿床地处扬子地块西缘,是川滇黔铅锌成矿域内赋存于震旦系灯影组白云岩中大型铅锌矿床的典型代表.其工业矿体呈似层状、脉状和不规则状.热液方解石和矿石硫化物(闪锌矿、方铅矿和黄铁矿)是主要矿物,其形成贯穿整个成矿过程.在矿床地质特征解析基础上,获得了热液方解石C-O同位素和矿石硫化物S-Pb同位素数据,结果表明热液方解石δ13CpDB值和δ18OSMOW值变化范围较窄,分别为-3.73‰～-1.95‰和+13.80‰～+14.95‰,在δ13 CPDB与δ18OSMOW图上介于海相碳酸盐岩和原生碳酸岩范围间,呈弱负相关趋势,表明成矿流体中的CO2主要由海相碳酸盐岩溶解作用形成,并存在慢源和有机CO2加入;硫化物δ34 SCDT值介于+13.35‰～+15.37‰,暗示成矿流体中的硫是海相硫酸盐岩热化学还原的产物,而含硫有机质热降解也有贡献;硫化物Pb同位素组成稳定,206 pb/204 Pb,207 pb/204 Pb和208 pb/204 Pb值范围,分别为18.129～18.375,15.644～15.686和38.220～38.577,位于上地壳和造山带Pb演化线之间,落入基底岩石(昆阳群和会理群)Pb同位素组成范围内,表明成矿物质具有壳源特征,主要由基底岩石提供.综合各类地质-地球化学信息,认为茂租铅锌矿床成矿流体中不同组分来源不同,具有“多来源混合”特征,其成矿机制可以用“流体混合”模式来解释. 相似文献
9.
甘肃阳坝铜多金属矿床流体包裹体及S、Pb同位素组成特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
甘肃省阳坝铜多金属矿床位于碧口地体的东北部,矿体呈层状、似层状赋存于碧口群阳坝组细碧凝灰岩和凝灰质千枚岩的过渡部位,根据矿床地质特征,将成矿期划分为海底火山喷流沉积期和变质热液叠加改造期。基于对阳坝矿床详细的野外观察和矿相学的研究,通过对矿床流体包裹体和S、Pb同位素的研究,总结矿床的成矿流体性质和成矿物质来源,探讨成矿机制。研究表明,阳坝矿床海底火山喷流沉积期流体包裹体类型主要为水溶液包裹体,成矿流体均一温度为135～336℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为0.70%～10.61%,密度为0.58～0.97g/cm~3;包裹体气相成分以H_2O为主,含少量的CO_2和N_2,属于中低温、低盐度的H_2O-NaCl流体体系,与典型VMS型矿床成矿流体特征相似;变质热液叠加改造期流体包裹体类型主要为水溶液包裹体、CO_2-H_2O包裹体和纯CO_2包裹体,成矿流体均一温度为179～384℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为3.39%～14.78%,密度为0.61～0.99 g/cm~3,包裹体气相成分富含CO_2及少量N_2,属于中高温、低盐度的H_2O-CO_2-NaCl±N_2流体体系,与区域上造山型金矿成矿流体特征一致,均为来自深部的变质流体。喷流沉积期矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S为-7.5‰～3.4‰,均值为-0.46‰,成矿热液δ~(34)S_(∑S)值≈3.73‰,变质热液叠加改造期硫化物的δ~(34)S为-6.7‰～3.3‰,均值-0.575‰,均显示幔源硫的特征。喷流沉积期(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.505～18.008、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.521～15.558、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=37.494～37.851)与变质热液叠加改造期(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.293～17.947、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.498～15.542、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=37.388～37.640)的矿石硫化物的Pb同位素组成相近,认为2期矿石铅具有相同来源。通过与阳坝组火山岩、阳坝岩体的Pb同位素组成对比,并结合Pb同位素源区特征值、构造模式图解和△β-△γ成因分类图解分析,认为矿石铅来自上地壳和地幔的混合。阳坝铜多金属矿床属于海底火山喷流沉积-变质热液叠加改造型矿床。 相似文献
10.
扬子地台西缘大梁子铅锌矿床是川滇黔铅锌矿集区具代表性的大型矿床之一,矿体主要赋存于震旦系灯影组白云岩中,矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿和方铅矿,脉石矿物主要为白云石、石英和方解石。大梁子铅锌矿床可划分闪锌矿-黄铁矿-炭质、闪锌矿-方铅矿和方铅矿-黄铜矿-碳酸盐三个成矿阶段。H-O同位素及流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体为中–低温(均一温度在117.5～320.3℃)及中-低盐度(盐度范围为5.11%～18.96%NaCl_(eqv))的盆地卤水,有机质参与成矿。灯影组白云岩与海相沉积碳酸盐岩具有相似的C、O同位素组成,而热液方解石C、O同位素组成均稍低于灯影组白云岩,可能是海相碳酸盐岩溶解与有机质共同作用的结果。矿区硫化物δ~(34)S值为9.8‰～20.8‰,结合成矿温度,S主要形成于灯影组海相硫酸盐的热化学还原作用。矿石硫化物的Pb同位素比值在Pb演化图解上主要落在上地壳与造山带之间,表明Pb具有壳源特征,成矿物质可能主要来源于围岩,部分来自于基底地层。热液方解石及闪锌矿的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i比值均高于围岩,表明成矿流体可能流经了具有高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i比值的基底地层,并与其发生水岩反应及同位素交换。综上,大梁子铅锌矿床成矿流体具有盆地卤水特征,盆地卤水在运移过程中萃取了基底及围岩中的Pb、Zn等成矿物质,成矿流体运移至矿区"黑破带"时,在有机质作用下发生TSR作用,形成还原S,导致Pb、Zn等金属沉淀成矿。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。 相似文献
13.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
14.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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17.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements. 相似文献
18.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
19.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect. 相似文献
20.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Harvey E. Belkin Susan J. Tewalt James C. Hower J.D. Stucker J.M.K. O'Keefe 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):260-268
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential. 相似文献