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1.
喀斯特地区水土流失动态特征及生态效益评价 总被引：37，自引：3，他引：34
喀斯特地区水土流失是生态环境退化的一个重要因素,严重制约着该地区农业可持续发展,如何利用喀斯特地区的坡地资源(如植物资源)是控制水土流失,改善其生态环境的关键。通过对清镇示范区退耕还林(草)和封山育林区的水土流失监测表明,利用恢复植被来控制水土流失,使示范区的土壤侵蚀模数从2000年以前的2500～5000 t /km2· a减少至2002年的78. 4～185. 7 t /km2· a; 使32. 16 km2 面积的退耕还林(草)和封山育林地段每年减少表土损失量38563. 6t,相当于每年减少886. 96t 化肥的土壤养分流失,其生态、经济、社会效益十分明显。 相似文献
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喀斯特山区不同石漠化等级下土壤养分贮量与价值评估——以乌箐、偏岩等岩溶小流域为例 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为探讨石漠化等级对土壤养分贮量与经济价值的影响,以贵州省金沙县喀斯特山区无石漠化农耕地(Ⅰ)为对照,在研究潜在(Ⅱ)、轻度(Ⅲ)、中度(Ⅳ)、重度(Ⅴ)石漠化土壤养分含量变化的基础上,采用土壤养分库贮量计算方法和价值替代法计算评估了不同石漠化等级下土壤养分贮量及其潜在价值。结果表明:(1)0~40cm土层有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾含量分别为32.31~104.12g/kg、1.35~2.87g/kg、76.90~124.00mg/kg、0.49~1.12g/kg、1.03~10.71mg/kg,12.25~26.22g/kg、114.35~245.35mg/kg;(2)土壤养分总贮量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾贮量依次为3.79~61.41t/hm2和2.55~48.56t/hm2、0.13~1.36t/hm2、0.04~0.52t/hm2、1.07~10.97t/hm2;(3)土壤养分总价值和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾价值分别为0.86~9.80万元/hm2和0.08~1.55万元/hm2、0.29~3.08万元/hm2、0.04~0.53万元/hm2、0.45~4.64万元/hm2;(4)土壤养分贮量、价值均以Ⅰ最高,Ⅴ最低,随着石漠化程度加剧,土壤养分含量、贮量和价值均下降。 相似文献
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岩溶峰丛洼地不同环境水土流失差异及防治研究——以广西果化岩溶生态研究基地为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
与碎屑岩地区相比,特殊的岩溶水文地质结构,导致岩溶区存在不同的水土流失过程和特点,尤以峰丛洼地区最具代表性。通过广西平果县果化岩溶峰丛洼地土壤地表侵蚀和地下漏失的调查研究显示:洼地不同地貌部位水土流失差异较大,从山峰、垭口、山坡、山麓到洼地底部,土壤地下漏失模数分别为49.09 t/(km2·a)、212.06 t/(km2·a)、727.71 t/(km2·a)、1104.03 t/(km2·a)、909.11 t/(km2·a),分别占该点年均总土壤侵蚀模数的92.43%、96.24%、78.57%、70.88%和38.68%;不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀存在差异,其土壤侵蚀模数大小依次为坡耕地苦丁茶地苏木林地灌草坡牧草地。通过对该地区水土流失防治及石漠化综合治理,山峰主要涵养水源林、山坡主要发展生态产业防治水土漏失、洼地修建排水系统工程得到良好的效果,治理区土壤侵蚀模数从2003年到2010年下降了65%。 相似文献
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河流泥沙是流域降水和径流作用的共同产物,利用水文比批法,对影响因素进行修正,用参证站的侵蚀模数乘以影响系数计算出其它流域的土壤侵蚀模数。计算结果表明:划分后三个区域土壤侵蚀模数分别为,第Ⅰ区为521 t/km2·a,第Ⅱ区为595 t/km2·a,第Ⅲ区为670 t/km2·a。 相似文献
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本研究在GIS技术支撑下选择RUSLE模型作为基础模型,估算乌江流域20世纪80年代和90年代年均土壤侵蚀量,结合ANN技术,预测2001—2010年乌江流域的土壤侵蚀量,分析了该流域近30年来土壤侵蚀动态变化规律,以期为研究区土壤侵蚀防治工作提供理论依据。研究结果表明:应用RUSLE模型计算乌江流域年均土壤侵蚀模数,计算结果和以往土壤侵蚀调查估计的结果比较吻合,但由于RUSLE模型不计算重力侵蚀,因此计算结果仍与实测输沙模数有所出入。90年代潜在土壤侵蚀模数比80年代高,流域潜在土壤侵蚀呈增加趋势,其中三岔河流域和马蹄河/印江河流域年均潜在土壤侵蚀模数最高。3种主要土地覆被类型中,林地的土壤保持量最大,耕地次之,草地最少,这与非喀斯特地区在水土保持效果上通常林地草地旱地的结论有所不同。通过构建BP神经网络,预测得到乌江流域2001—2010年土壤侵蚀模数,结果显示,21世纪前10年,流域土壤侵蚀模数大幅降低,流域年均土壤侵蚀模数由90年代的23.13 t/(hm2·a)降低为1.01 t/(hm2·a)。三岔河流域的水土流失得到了控制,黔西、金沙、息烽、修文、贵阳、平坝、思南、石阡、沿河和松桃等县市应是"十二五"期间的水土流失重点治理对象。 相似文献
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波 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,(2):645-652
计算小流域非点源氮素流失负荷,并以此开展丹江水源区水体污染源解析和控制研究。基于流域断面及小区监测试验,利用平均浓度法对鹦鹉沟流域氮素年均流失模数和不同土地利用类型的非点源污染负荷进行计算分析。结果表明:径流水质中主要是总氮质量浓度超标,且硝氮质量浓度均大于氨氮质量浓度;当坡耕地坡度大于25°时,氮素流失严重,水质极差;农村生产生活污染物排放对水质有很大影响,从断面1到把口站,硝氮质量浓度和总氮质量浓度增加较大;农地、草地和林地的总氮年均径流流失模数分别为0.36、0.22和0.09t/(a·km2);流域出口非点源污染物氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.17,4.71和7.55mg/L,点源污染物氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.20、2.12和4.08mg/L。总体来说,鹦鹉沟流域径流中总氮的流失模数为0.89t/(a·km2),总氮是影响水质的主要污染物,需加强对坡耕地氮素流失和农村生活垃圾的治理。 相似文献
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分析贵州喀斯特矿区及矿山废弃地的分布、开发与利用现状,得出矿区废弃土地生态 环境主要存在以下问题:(1)重金属污染严重。研究发现赫章等地土壤中锌含量达到162.23 ～ 877.88 mg/kg,铅为37.24～305.56 mg/kg,镉为0.50～16.43 mg/kg,大大超过当地土壤的背景值;(2)生境干旱;(3)水土流失加剧。据调查,贵州矿山土壤的平均侵蚀模数一般都高达5 00 0～15 000 t/(km2?a);(4)生物多样性差。进而介绍矿区污染土壤的修复和复垦现状, 并提出贵州喀斯特矿区废弃地土壤环境治理的关键问题及相关研究技术:喀斯特矿山土壤改良机制研究;植物—微生物综合治理手段研究;循环利用技术研究。 相似文献
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基于GIS的岩溶地区水土流失遥感定量监测研究——以贵州省(原)安顺市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文主要介绍了基于GIS的水土流失定量评价模型的组成、各参数因子的算式算法 ,以及该模型在贵州省 (原 )安顺市的应用结果。模型是以修正的通用土壤流失方程 (RUSLE)为核心 ,在GIS中建立模型各因子空间数据 ,并通过PAMAP对它们进行综合分析。定量评价结果表明 ,(原 )安顺市年平均土壤流失总量为 86777吨 ,平均侵蚀模数为 4 0 9.4t/km2 ·a;轻度以上侵蚀面积 72 .7km2 ,强度以上侵蚀面积 53 .2km2 (含剧烈侵蚀面积 3 0 .9km2 )。其平均侵蚀模数与以往实测调查结果相比有 97.5%的一致性 ,表明该方法在贵州省岩溶地区的水土流失监测中具有较高的可靠性。 相似文献
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喀斯特小流域石漠化耕地治理方式研究——以贵州毕节石桥小流域、关岭木工小流域为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
贵州毕节石桥小流域与关岭木工小流域处于石漠化严重、坡耕地比例高、粮食产量低且不稳定、人口密度大、农业经济水平低的喀斯特山区。通过对研究区人口增长的预测,利用人-地关系平衡模型,计算出该两小流域需保有的耕地量分别为281.91hm2、228.68hm2。但由于需保有的耕地面积较未出现石漠化耕地面积大,致使需保有的耕地中仍有部分地存在石漠化。但如果对这部分石漠化土地都实施退耕还林还草,将无法保障流域内农民的口粮需求。为此,对该两小流域耕地石漠化区域开展包括林农间作、粮草间作、坡改梯等治理措施。结果流域内耕地的石漠化得到了有效控制,土壤侵蚀模数由2007年的721.63t/(km2?a)、42.42t/(km2?a)下降到2009年的472.78t/(km2?a)、35.59t/(km2?a),植被覆盖率分别提高11.3%、6.4%,人均经济收入分别增加300元和231元,不仅有效地治理了石漠化耕地,而且农民生计也得到了保障。 相似文献
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WEPP模型(坡面版)在贵州石漠化地区土壤侵蚀模拟的适用性评价 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
文章以贵州花江喀斯特石漠化地区为研究区域,利用WEPP模型(坡面版)分别模拟2006年、2010年土壤侵蚀模数,并将实测数据与WEPP模型模拟值作比较,探讨WEPP软件在喀斯特石漠化地区的适用性。研究表明:WEPP模型对于模拟喀斯特石漠化地区土壤侵蚀有较大误差,对土壤侵蚀模数模拟的有效性系数均为负值,不适用于直接计算该区域土壤侵蚀模数。WEPP模型对微度侵蚀模拟精度不够,但能大体反映不同径流小区之间土壤侵蚀强弱的关系和生态修复过程土壤侵蚀的变化趋势。若要应用WEPP模型对喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀模数模拟计算,必须考虑水土的地下漏失、地表裸岩率、地形高度破碎等环境条件。裸岩率、土壤漏失、地形条件等都是WEPP模型修正所必须注意的内容。 相似文献
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S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
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E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献
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滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
19.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
20.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献