共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 937 毫秒
1.
为推动APEC经济体的海洋保护区管理能力建设、分享APEC经济体在海洋保护区建设与管理方面的成功经验,APEC海洋可持续发展中心于2011年在中国厦门举办了"APEC海洋保护区管理能力建设培训班".本文简要介绍了培训班概况,并基于培训研讨内容,总结归纳了目前业界对亚太区域海洋保护区管理能力建设共同关心的问题,包括海洋保护区网络建设、管理制度建设、社区共管机制建设、先进技术的应用、可持续财政机制建立等.文中指出开展APEC海洋保护区网络建设的重要性,并提出了今后需要加强海洋保护区管理计划的实施与管理成效评估、管理人员与技术人员的培训和经验分享、加强国际交流合作等方面的建议,以不断提高海洋保护区管理成效. 相似文献
2.
为落实2010年APEC领导人宣言有关绿色增长及环境可持续发展方面的内容,APEC海洋可持续发展中心(AMSD)于2011年11月在中国厦门举办APEC蓝色经济论坛.通过APEC经济体代表们的广泛研讨,在蓝色经济研究方面提出了应重点关注的6个领域,包括陆海统筹、区域海洋经济统计标准、海洋生态系统服务价值、海洋经济政策调整、海洋经济数据政策及生态补偿等方面.基于此次论坛的研讨成果,作者建议中国蓝色经济未来的发展战略应是在深化理解蓝色经济理念的基础上,贯彻陆海统筹战略,建立区域海洋经济统计标准,形成政府政策导向,肯定海洋自然资本的价值,加强相关能力建设与深化国际合作. 相似文献
3.
区域经济一体化框架是落实联合国2030年可持续发展目标(SDGs)的重要机制。关于保护和可持续利用海洋的SDG 14是国际社会共同关注的议题,也是全球范围内诸多区域多边合作进程的重要组成部分。文章以亚太经合组织(APEC)为例,通过梳理APEC海洋议题的主流化进程和实践特征,分析并展示APEC在落实SDG 14中的补充性作用和有益进展,进一步探讨其在实施SDG 14进程中面临的困境与挑战,并提出未来发展完善的对策建议,以期为区域层面更好地实现SDG 14提供参考和借鉴,为推动亚太区域海洋国际合作提供启示。 相似文献
4.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):339-346
Toxins produced by marine microalgae are harmful to humans and a serious threat to aquaculture and fisheries. Most seafood-producing countries have established monitoring programmes and regulations to protect public health from the risk of toxin exposure. However, there are disparities in current regulations regarding methods and applied limits for toxin control. Inconsistencies are especially evident for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (OSP) toxins. Epidemiological and toxicological data are necessary to assess risk, and to establish safe limits for the different groups of toxins. The scarcity or absence of pure toxins and certified reference materials has hampered toxicological studies and the development of suitable analytical methods. The World Trade Organization and the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade encourage the harmonization of regulations on food safety requirements. The current policy on trade liberalization of seafood is presented, together with a review of the regulations for marine microalgal toxins. Activities on harmonization of methods and limits, particularly to OSP toxins, are discussed. 相似文献
5.
贸易技术壁垒与技术标准战略 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
回顾了在世界经济一体化趋势下世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒协议(WTO／TBT)的基本原则，介绍了贸易技术壁垒的几种基本形式；分析了实施技术标准战略的意义和我国在技术标准方面的状况，并提出了相关对策与建议。 相似文献
6.
假冒源地址攻击具有容易实施不易被追溯的特点,这种攻击行为在互联网上日益猖獗。网络安全正面临着前所未有的挑战,对假冒源地址攻击的研究是一项重要课题。文中概述假冒源地址攻击的主要特征;阐释Backscatter技术和ICMP协议的工作原理;从宏观和微观2个视角,研究CAIDA网络Telescopes工程所捕获PCAP流量的最新数据。借助于数据挖掘和统计分析技术,从PCAP流量数据中得到ICMP报文,并对所得报文跟踪分析了假冒源地址攻击信息。经过统计汇总,得出假冒源地址攻击所对应主要类型,并对集中度高的几种做了深入研究,通过对这些攻击类型的详细分析,探索了最新DoS/DDoS中假冒源地址攻击方式及其危害。最后总结全文并展望下一步研究工作。 相似文献
7.
Richard S. Johnston 《Marine Policy》1984,8(3):277
What are the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on international trade in seafoods? How do changes in tariff structures and non-tariff trade barriers affect the access of developing countries to seafood markets? What are the interdependencies between fishery management policies and seafood trade policies? These are among the questions being explored by researchers who have joined together to form the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET). 相似文献
8.
Despite the large size of most communication and transportation systems, there are short paths between nodes in these networks which guarantee the efficient information, data and passenger delivery; furthermore these networks have a surprising tolerance under random errors thanks to their inherent scale-free topology. However, their scale-free topology also makes them fragile under intentional attacks, leaving us a challenge on how to improve the network robustness against intentional attacks without losing their strong tolerance under random errors and high message and passenger delivering capacity. Here we propose two methods (SL method and SH method) to enhance scale-free network's tolerance under attack in different conditions. 相似文献
9.
《Marine Policy》2016
Measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing increasingly seek to constrain access to markets. These measures include enhanced seafood traceability and catch documentation schemes, the blocking of port access and landings, the identification and assessment of vessels engaged in IUU fishing and the prohibition on imports, transhipments or trade of fish products. It is important that such measures are in accordance with international law, including the agreements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This article evaluates a range of market-related measures for compatibility with international trade law, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The law requires measures to be non-discriminatory and, for certain technical regulations, not more trade-restrictive than necessary to achieve a legitimate objective. However, there are exceptions to these rules, including for measures relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources or for measures necessary for the protection of animal life or health, public morals, or to secure compliance with certain laws or regulations. While the design of current unilateral measures to combat IUU fishing appears to accord with trade law requirements, this article argues that there is scope for a wider and more collective approach. In this vein, new provisions in the recently concluded Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) are identified. The article concludes with recommendations for governments, international organisations, private actors and the global community wishing to take action in this area. 相似文献
10.
《Marine Policy》2016
Governments have tried for many years to negotiate rules to limit fisheries subsidies in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Meanwhile, Parties to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement have agreed to prohibit subsidies to particular kinds of fishing activity. Recent proposals in the WTO suggest a degree of support for a similar narrow prohibition. This paper uses evidence in the literature on the impact of subsidies on fish stocks, and from the WTO negotiations, to propose how disciplines on fisheries subsidies could be expanded, building on these first steps by the members of the TPP. The impact of subsidies on fishers' incentives and fish stocks depends on several factors, but many subsidies can tend to increase fishing capacity and effort beyond sustainable levels. Options for expanded disciplines include prioritising the prohibition of those subsidies that are most likely to be harmful to fisheries resources. An “actionable” category for other harmful subsidies could also be prioritised, as well as a set of exceptions for expenditures that are likely to be beneficial in the sense that they help to protect the environment or support poverty reduction. 相似文献
11.
12.
《Marine Policy》2005,29(3):235-245
Since the destruction of the World Trade Center the attention of the United States and the wider international community has focussed upon the need to strengthen security and prevent terrorism. Numerous measures have been introduced to this end, some of which address the security of transportation in general and shipping in particular. This paper draws attention to the more significant of these measures and the circumstances surrounding their introduction. It concludes with a discussion of the challenge that assuring the security of merchant shipping now presents. 相似文献
13.
The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. D. Barton J. Arístegui P. Tett M. Cantn J. García-Braun S. Hernndez-Len L. Nykjaer C. Almeida J. Almunia S. Ballesteros G. Basterretxea J. Escnez L. García-Weill A. Hernndez-Guerra F. Lpez-Laatzen R. Molina M. F. Montero E. Navarro-Prez J. M. Rodríguez K. van Lenning H. Vlez K. Wild 《Progress in Oceanography》1998,41(4):455-504
Like all the major upwelling regions, the Canary Current is characterised by intense mesoscale structure in the transition zone between the cool, nutrient-rich waters of the coastal upwelling regime and the warmer, oligotrophic waters of the open ocean. The Canary Island archipelago, which straddles the transition, introduces a second source of variability by perturbing the general southwestward flow of both ocean currents and Trade winds. The combined effects of the flow disturbance and the eddying and meandering of the boundary between upwelled and oceanic waters produce a complex pattern of regional variability. On the basis of historical data and a series of interdisciplinary field studies, the principal features of the region are described. These include a prominent upwelling filament originating near 28°N off the African coast, cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies downstream of the archipelago, and warm wake regions protected from the Trade winds by the high volcanic peaks of the islands. The filament is shown to be a recurrent feature, apparently arising from the interaction of a topographically trapped cyclonic eddy with the outer edge of the coastal upwelling zone. Its role in the transport and exchange of biogenic material, including fish larvae, is considered. Strong cyclonic eddies, observed throughout the year, drift slowly southwestward from Gran Canaria. One sampled in late summer was characterised by large vertical isopycnal displacements, apparent surface divergence and strong upwelling, producing a fourfold increase in chlorophyll concentrations over background values. Such intense eddies can be responsible for a major contribution to the vertical flux of nitrogen. The lee region of Gran Canaria is shown to be a location of strong pycnocline deformation resulting from Ekman pumping on the wind shear boundaries, which may contribute to the eddy formation process. 相似文献
14.
Aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) have dramatic impact on environmental, economic, social, cultural, and human health values in a variety of coastal, estuarine, and inland ecosystem. Despite efforts to develop biosecurity risk assessment frameworks for the improvement of ANS management, responsible agencies lack a standardized framework to identify and mitigate risk from ANS. This paper reviews the biosecurity risk assessment frameworks of seven international bodies, four regional bodies, and three countries and highlights the similarities, differences and deficiencies in their respective frameworks. Specific deficiencies found by the review include: (i) a lack of national implementation of the international and regional frameworks; (ii) gaps in ANS knowledge; (iii) insufficient guidance for various components of the risk assessment; (iv) limited number and scope of standards and measures related to ANS; and (v) inconsistent terminology between frameworks. To reduce the risk of ANS introductions, this paper concludes with a set of six recommendations to develop aquatic biosecurity risk frameworks that are both comprehensive and precautionary while also in accord with mandates established by other international bodies such as the World Trade Organization. 相似文献
15.
This paper provides an overview of the small-scale fisheries sector in countries within the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME), one of the most productive large marine ecosystems in the world. The study revealed that Angola, Namibia and South Africa have very different legal and policy frameworks, show different levels of compliance with international and regional agreements to protect the livelihoods and food security of small-scale fishers, as well as of integration of fisheries into food security objectives. Angolan law recognises and protects small-scale fishers through legal and institutional mechanisms. In Namibia, this sector of fishers is not legally recognised, while in South Africa traditional fishers have been largely excluded from the new fisheries management framework. Trends in national and regional fish consumption and in the extent of export orientation in fisheries are explored, as well as the potential threats to small-scale producers and food security in the region posed by ongoing drives to incorporate fisheries in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreements. 相似文献
16.
《Marine Policy》2016
The opportunities for operators to increase their revenue when illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing catches are converted to currency through the market encourage the persistence and growth of this activity. It is often the same market that is targeted for the legal trade of fish. Thus, paradoxically, the market demand creates and incites it, at least from an economic point of view. To deter IUU fishing activities, some fish and fishery products importing countries have started to enact or implement additional regulatory measures, the goal of which is to tackle the problem from a new trade-related perspective. This contribution provides an analysis of various aspects of the market state competence. Within the framework of the European Union (rights and markets) the study analyses the emergence of regional trade-related measures and explore how they are linked to the international trade law regime especially the World Trade Organization rules. Finally, the paper draws implications for the market state measures and considers their limits and potential in combatting IUU fishing. 相似文献
17.
《Marine Policy》2013
Precious corals (Coralliidae) have been a part of numerous aspects of human life and culture for several millennia. They differ from reef-building corals and primarily inhabit deep waters. Their characteristics of a slow renewal rate and high commercial value make them a frangible resource that is easily overexploited. Proposals to manage the main species with high commercial value through trade controls and listing in Appendix II were submitted to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2007 and 2010. Two of the main arguments for the northern Pacific precious coral CITES proposal were the more than 60–80% decline of Corallium secundum and C. sp. nov. in landings since 1980s and lack of proper management. Although both proposals were rejected, they have sparked debates regarding the benefits of managing coral resources through trade controls and fisheries management. In this study, several arguments related to this topic on northern Pacific precious corals are presented, in the following three dimensions: (1) a reconstructed historical landing series from official FAO data and information on the history of coral fishing have scientifically indicated that the substantial decline in landings in the late 1980s was caused by the abandonment of fishing grounds and a shift in the target species; (2) enhanced management plans, which incorporate effective monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) measures, have been implemented in the two main countries that fish precious coral; and (3) the influence of socioeconomic factors must be considered when assessing CITES listing applications. Recommendations for achieving sustainable coral resource conservation are also provided. 相似文献
18.
《Marine Policy》2015
This article provides a historical account of Chinese public policy on fisheries subsidies, and a discussion of problems and limitations resulting from the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Round fisheries subsidies negotiation. By analyzing subsidization trends and applying a proportional assessment of subsidized areas, the article tracks the evolvement of Chinese fishery policy objective and priorities. Chinese fishery is not historically significantly subsidized in light of its relatively market-oriented structure and a sustained momentum in reducing marine capture capacity. However, due to the commitment to encouraging qualitative growth and to satisfying a rising domestic demand for fish, the government seeks for adequate policy space to employ fuel, distant water fisheries, infrastructure and various ‘green light’ subsidies. Whether or not such a claim can be accepted as a developmental right not an exception remains to be answered by the revision of current negotiation draft. 相似文献
19.
20.
Physical model tests have been performed in two different wave flumes to analyse the threshold of stone movement and quantify the frequency and length of displacements due to head-on wave attacks at a reshaping breakwater. Data on stone movements were obtained from the observation of cumulative displacements at the end of each wave attack and from video records during the attack. Threshold conditions, frequency of movement and displacement length are expressed as function of a suitably modified stability number.A simple model is defined relating longshore transport due to oblique wave attack to stone mobility. The transport model is based on the assumption that movement statistics is affected by obliquity only through the appropriate mobility index and that stones move during up- and down-rush in the direction of incident and reflected waves. Without any calibration, results compare favourably with experimental data available in literature in the range of low mobility conditions where movement statistics was observed. A calibration is provided in order to obtain an accurate transport formula valid in a wide mobility range i.e. for reshaping breakwaters and up to gravel beaches. 相似文献