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1.
以广东省珠海市外伶仃岛地区常见的4属5种石珊瑚为研究对象,对线粒体COI、16S rRNA和ITS三种基因片段数据进行分析,并计算了种间遗传距离。序列分析结果表明5种石珊瑚的COI、16S rRNA基因片段碱基AT含量大于GC含量,而ITS序列碱基AT含量小于GC含量;5种石珊瑚种间的三种基因平均遗传距离分别为0.043、0.134和0.763,所得遗传距离结果存在一定差异。将三种基因串联起来并利用邻位连接法(NJ)、最大似然法(ML)和最小进化法(ME)分别构建了分子系统树。在系统发育树中,科一级的系统进化关系与形态学分类一致,但蜂巢珊瑚科内的分子系统分类结果与形态学分类阐述的遗传进化关系略有差别,说明石珊瑚传统分类可能受骨骼可塑性的影响。研究结果为外伶仃岛石珊瑚的亲缘关系研究提供相关基础数据,并为该地区石珊瑚资源保护奠定理论基础。 相似文献
2.
扇贝科(Pectinidae)是经济价值较大的双壳类软体动物。大多数种类生长快、数量大,肉味美,是很好的食用贝类,以其闭壳肌制成的“干贝”更是名贵海味。另外,其中许多种类壳色鲜艳美丽,花纹雕刻精细,是珍贵的装饰品。
这一科的种类,一般中等大小,但也有100毫米以上的大个体以及10毫米以下的小个体。壳近圆形,略平或较凸,两壳不等或相等,有的壳两侧不等。壳背缘直,光滑或具锯齿。壳顶位于背缘中部,略凸出。两耳等或不等,呈三角形,有的种在右壳前耳下方具有足丝孔和栉齿。壳表光滑、具光泽,多数有放射线及各种样式的放射雕刻。一般两壳颜色不同,左壳色彩及花纹明显,右壳色浅或近白色。贝壳内面铰合部韧带分为两部分,沿背缘者呈细线形,壳顶下方者呈三角形。有些种具有明显的耳关节(auricular crura)和主关节(cardinal crura),有的又具有内肋。前闭壳肌退化,只有一个大而圆的后闭壳肌。外套薄,外套缘厚,多数种具有发达的触手及外套眼。足细小,呈棒状,具有足丝沟。一般足丝韧,较发达。
扇贝科的种类最早出现于中生代的三叠纪,化石种类多出现在第三纪的渐新世和始新世。这一科至今在世界上已发现约350种。它在寒、温、热带都有分布,但以热带和亚热带的种类为最丰富。从潮间带直到潮下带5000多米深的海底都有分布,但多数种栖息在潮下带百米以内的浅海。它们以足丝固着在水质清晰处的岩石或砂粒上生活,有的以壳营附着生活。它们还能在海水中自由游泳,利用肥大闭壳肌的伸缩,急遽地开闭双壳,开壳时海水进入外套腔中,闭壳时海水便很快从外套腔喷射出来,利用这喷射力推动动物前进。有些种类,像Pecten属的一些种,能作各种方式的游泳,主要是曲线式前进,“潜逃”时,还能从壳后缘喷出海水,推动动物向壳顶方向后退。有些种,尤其是较小的个体,游泳速度很快,游动时还伴有清脆的响声。
扇贝的繁殖季节随种而不同,多数种是在春、秋季节。雌、雄异体或同体,性成熟时雌性生殖腺呈橘红色,雄性呈乳白色。精与卵排出体外在海水中受精,受精后20天左右(因种而异),幼虫便停止游泳而开始附着生活。生长速度随种而异,一般与温度成正比,春、夏季生长较快,冬季较慢或停止。有的种2年左右壳长可达70-80毫米。它们的食料是以单胞藻及有机碎屑为主。肉食性的腹足类、钻孔多毛类及海星等是它们的主要敌害。豆蟹寄生在一些个体的外套腔中,对扇贝的生长也有一定的影响。
我国对扇贝的开发利用也有悠久的历史,解放以来对扇贝的种类、分布,对经济价值较高的栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri等的繁殖、生长以及幼虫培育和人工养殖试验也做了不少研究工作。最近,沿海各地都纷纷开展扇贝人工养殖试验。但迄今为止,对我国沿海的种类还缺乏较全面系统的报道。为了更好地开发利用扇贝资源,搞清我国沿海扇贝科的种类、生态习性、地理分布及其利用情况就十分必要。我们根据中国科学院海洋研究所自解放以来,在我国沿海搜集的材料进行了整理研究,将按亚科陆续发表。 相似文献
3.
Molecular identification of scallop planktonic larvae using species-specific microsatellites 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
ZHAN Aibin HU Xiaoli BAO Lisui LU Wei PENG Wei WANG Mingling HU Jingjie 《海洋学报(英文版)》2008,27(5):134-146
The identification of scallop larvae is essential to understand the population structure and community dynamics and to assess the potential environmental impacts caused by scallop larvae released or escaped. However, the larvae identification by morphological characteristics is notoriously difficult, mainly due to the small size （usually being less than 150 μm） and vague morphological characteristics among different scallop species. A simple and accurate molecular method was developed to identify four economically farmed scallop species, the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri, the noble scallop C. nobilis, the bay scallop Argopecten irradians and the Yesso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. The tests used the high degree of species-specific microsatellite markers, which was specified by transferability analyses, assessed by reference individuals and evaluated by BLAST searches. The sensitivity test indicated that the species-specific microsatellites were sensitive enough for the detection of 1% -2% larvae in mixed plankton samples. Larvae collected from scallop hatcheries and their effluents and from the artificially controlled crosses were well identified to the species/hybrid level. The results demonstrated that the one-step PCR-based assay was technically simple, inexpensive and robust in identification analyses, and also less sensitive to initial quality of template DNA extracted from the ethanol-preserved samples for several years. 相似文献
4.
利用核糖体第一内转录间隔区(ITS1)对舌鳎亚科(Cynoglossinae)6种鱼类进行系统分析,发现舌鳎亚科ITS1区具有明显的序列长度多态性(404—744bp),序列长度分为三种类型,分别为404—405bp、462—463bp以及741—744bp,同一长度类型的不同种类间序列高度相似,平均遗传距离分别为0.00248、0.00217和0.00169,而不同类型间序列差异显著,平均遗传距离最小为0.38453。分析表明,序列长度多态性可能与物种分化时间有关。采用NJ(neighbour-joining)法及MP(maximum parsimony)法构建分子系统树,结合形态学特征及GenBank中的线粒体DNA序列进行分析,表明紫斑舌鳎(Cynoglossus purpureomaculatus)与短吻三线舌鳎(C.abbreviatus)可能为同物异名。另外,舌鳎属(Cynoglossus)的中华舌鳎(C.sinicus)与须鳎属(Paraplagusia)的日本须鳎(Paraplagusia japonica)聚为一支,舌鳎属中三线舌鳎亚属(Areliscus)的长吻红舌鳎(C.lighti)与拟舌鳎亚属(Cynoglossoides)的少鳞舌鳎(C.oligolepis)聚为一支,与形态分类学的观点不一致,值得进一步研究。 相似文献
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采用从GenBank下载的翼形亚纲11个总科80个种类的28S部分序列,对翼形亚纲11个总科贝类进行系统发育关系研究。在获得的1252个序列位点中,去除插入缺失位点,变异位点共359个,其中简约位点300个。翼形亚纲各总科内各种间的遗传距离为0.01—0.14,明显小于各总科间的遗传距离(除蚶总科与拟锉蛤总科,双肌蛤总科与襞蛤总科以及两总科与贻贝总科外)。贝叶斯树和最大似然树均支持翼形亚纲为单系群,并将11个总科分为3个聚类簇:聚类簇Ⅰ为珍珠贝总科(Pterioidea)、牡蛎总科(Ostreoidea)和江珧总科(Pinnoidea),聚类簇Ⅱ为贻贝总科(Mytiloidea)、蚶总科(Arcoidea)和拟锉蛤总科(Limopsoidea),聚类簇Ⅲ为襞蛤总科(Plicatuloidea)、不等蛤总科(Anomioidea)、双肌蛤总科(Dimyoidea)、扇贝总科(Pectinoidea)和锉蛤总科(Limoidea)。根据本研究的结果,并结合其他学者提出的分类系统,构建了包括4目11总科的翼形亚纲分类系统。 相似文献
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ZHANG Lingling BAO Zhenmin WANG Jue WANG Shi HUANG Xiaoting HU Xiaoli HU Jingjie 《海洋学报(英文版)》2007,26(5):153-158
Cytogenetic analysis was performed for the bay scallop(Argopecten irradians Lamarck 1819) and the Japanese scallop(Patinopecten yessoensis Jay 1857) by primed in situ labeling(PRINS) and propidium iodide(PI) banding techniques.The PRINS analysis revealed that major rRNA genes were clustered in two loci on the telomeric regions of the short arms on two acrocentric chromosome pairs in A.irradians and on two submetacentric pairs in P.yessoensis.The histone H3 gene sites differed in number and location between these two species.The C-band-like patterns revealed by PI staining varied considerably between these two species.A.irradians displayed terminal bands at long arms on all chromosomes,centromeric bands on some pairs and interstitial bands on five pairs.P.yessoensis exhibited only centromeric bands on all chromosomes.These results would contribute to the better understanding of karyotype evolution in A.irradians and P.yessoensis. 相似文献
7.
应用分子系统发育学的方法,以蟹类18S rDNA和线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因序列片段为分子标记,结合形态学特征对10种蟹类的分类地位进行探讨。实验共获得10 条18S rDNA序列,长度为1780~1787 bp,其中A、T, G,C平均含量分别为23.72%, 24.58%,24.52%和27.17%;通过序列对比,发现18S rDNA序列相对保守,只含有1个从88 bp 到130 bp 约 50 bp的高可变区;物种间碱基距离比较小,从0.001到0.017。18S rDNA系统发育树为方蟹总科、沙蟹总科和梭子蟹总科起源于同-海洋蟹类祖先提供了分于生物q证惦,开上火亚N内尔量分别为26.88%.弓蟹科。获得的5条CO Ⅰ基因序列,长度均为709 bp,A、T,G、C平均含量分别为26.88%,37.62%,17.50%和18.00%;COⅠ基因片段变异性高,物种间碱基距离从0.016到0.138。COⅠ基因系统发育树真实地反映了住属各物种之间的进化关系,和传统分类非常吻合,为形态特征相似的姆类鉴定提供了-种快速准确的方法。 相似文献
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4种养殖扇贝的群体遗传多样性及特异性AFLP标记研究 总被引：29，自引：2，他引：27
应用AFLP技术对我国4种主要养殖扇贝进行了遗传分析.虾夷扇贝、海湾扇贝、华贵栉孔扇贝、栉孔扇贝4种养殖扇贝群体中,种内遗传相似度依次分别为0.841 5,0.786 3,0.719 0和0.673 1,香侬氏指数分别为43.52,58.87,80.16和92.83,栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传多样性水平明显高于海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝;AFLP标记共享位点分布表明,在4种扇贝中栉孔扇贝与华贵栉孔扇贝之间的共享位点最多,同时4种扇贝的种间遗传相似度也以栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝之间为最高(0.769 5),海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝之间为最低(0.662 6),揭示所研究的几种扇贝中栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传关系最近(遗传距离为0.262 1);找到了21个种内特异性AFLP标记和种间共享标记,可用于种质鉴定和分子辅助分类. 相似文献
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海湾扇贝4次引种后代的表型特征和遗传分化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分析了不同时期引入到我国的4个繁育历史清晰、未发生种质混杂的海湾扇贝养殖群体成体的壳形态指标和群体遗传结构。壳表型参数分析表明,海湾扇贝北部亚种(Northernbay scallop,Argopecten irradians irradians)的浙江养殖群体(ZJ)、加拿大新布朗斯威克群体(NB)、马萨诸塞-弗吉尼亚混合群体(M-V)及海湾扇贝南部亚种(Southern bay scallop,Arg-opecten irradians concentricus)的北卡罗来那群体(NC)等不同群体间在壳形态方面存在显著差异南部亚种的NC群体壳高与壳长基本相等[壳高与壳长的比值(H/L)达0.99,壳型宽壳宽和壳长的比值(W/L)达到0.59];而北部亚种3个群体的壳长均大于壳高,其中ZJ和NB群体的壳形态尤其偏长,其H/L分别是0.92和0.90,NB群体的壳宽显著小于其他群体,W/L仅为0.36。RAPD分析结果表明,ZJ、NB、M-V、NC群体的多态位点比例分别为31.82%、29.55%、28.79%和31.82%,平均杂合度分别为0.1078、0.1134、0.0966和0.1197,表明在我国独立繁育了19代的ZJ养殖群体仍然保持了与其他群体相近的遗传多样性水平。4个群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.1892,表明其中18.92%的变异来自不同群体间的遗传差异,说明4个群体在遗传上存在着较大的分化。从遗传距离分析,ZJ与NB较近,两者间的遗传距离为0.0319,而两者与M-V间的遗传距离相对较远,分别为0.0442和0.0524;NC与M-V间的遗传距离为0.0368。这些结果表明,从原产地引种到国外时间较早的ZJ、NB等2个群体与较晚引进我国的M-V群体之间的遗传距离已超过了M-V群体(北部亚种)与NC群体(南部亚种)之间的遗传距离,说明独立繁育了近20代后,ZJ群体和NB群体均已产生了较大的遗传分化,这种分化可能有利于海湾扇贝的品种培育。 相似文献
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Genetic diversity and specific markers in four scallop species, Patinopecten yessoensis,Argopecten irradians, Chlamys nobilis and C.farreri 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The AFLP （amplified fragrnent length polymorphism）technique was used to analyse the genetic diversity in four scallop species, Patinopecten yessoensis, A rgopecten irradians, Chlamys nobilis and C. farreri. The genetic similarity indexes of these four species are 0.8415, 0.7863, 0.7190 and 0.6731, while Shannon diversity indexes are 43.52, 58.87, 80.16 and 92.83, respectively. As analyzed, the genetic diversities in two native species, i.e., C, farreri and C. nobilis, are higher than those in other two introduced species, A. irradians and P. yessoensis. The results also showed that C. nobilis and C, farreri shared the most common loci. The genetic distance indicated that C. nobilis and C. farreri are closely related. Moreover, out of 510 AFLP markers, 21 specific bands are found to distinguish the four species scallops and these markers may be applied to the specific germplasm characterization and molecular assistant classification in scallops. 相似文献
12.
CHI Shan QIAN Hao LI Tianyong WANG Xumin LIU Cui REN Lei TANG Xuexi LIU Tao 《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,33(9):139-151
In the past two decades, many studies have focused on the classification within genus Laminaria, ultimately trying to divide it into two subgroups or genera: Laminaria and Saccharina. A significant debate still surrounds the question of its division, as the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses that have resulted from the classification studies are based on different taxon sampling, molecular markers, or analysis methods. It is aimed at elucidate the molecular phylogeny within Laminaria and Saccharina. The nine species of Laminariales are sampled from northern Asia and Europe, and 23 new sequences in the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes are determined to identify their taxonomic status. The phylogenetic analyses of 71 species are performed, including representatives from six of the seven families of the order Laminariales, based on three separate data sets. An evidence is provided to strongly support a clear split that maintains the two recognized genera, Laminaria and Saccharina, with Laminaria appearing to be the ancestor group. Further, analyses indicate that all taxa in Saccharina and Laminaria did not form a monophyletic lineage, instead Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae grouped together interlacedly, and Costariaceae appeared as the sister taxon of the Lessoniaceae–Laminariaceae clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, mitochondrial c oxidase I(COI) sequences appeared to be the most credible molecular marker which was more befitting than nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and plastid encoded rbcL for establishment of Laminariales systematics. It is the most comprehensive phylogeny of the order Laminariales, and contributes to an enhanced understanding and estimation of the phylogenetic relationships for the economically important seaweeds, Laminaria and Saccharina. 相似文献
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本文对分离于我国海南三亚鹿回头海域的两株虫黄藻SYSC-14-11和SYSC-2-8进行了分类学研究。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和分子生物学方法描述了两株藻的形态和系统发育特征, 并与世界其他地理区系的Effrenium属虫黄藻进行了差异性比较, 发现本研究中的两株虫黄藻的形态和系统发育特征与Effrenium属虫黄藻模式种Effrenium voratum基本一致, 推测本文中的两株Effrenium属虫黄藻均为E. voratum。本研究丰富了我国热带海域虫黄藻的物种多样性, 为完善我国的虫黄藻种质资源奠定了基础。 相似文献
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为了明确分布于中国海域点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)、青石斑鱼(E.awoara)、巨石斑鱼(E.tauvina)、六带石斑鱼(E.sexfasciatus)和宝石石斑鱼(E.areolatus))等石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)鱼类的系统发育关系,作者采用PCR和DNA测序技术,测定了5种石斑鱼属鱼类的核糖体DNA ITS1序列,获得其ITS片段长度分别为537、536、535、528、532 bp。研究结果表明:5种石斑鱼r DNA ITS1序列的碱基组成趋势相似,A+T含量皆低于C+G含量,A+T含量最低为宝石石斑鱼(37.6%),最高为六带石斑鱼(41.5%);基于Kimura-2双参数模型计算得到上述石斑鱼种间遗传距离在0.0000~0.3002。基于MP法、ML法和NJ法构建的3种分子系统树表明,r DNA ITS1序列与形态呈同步进化关系,宝石石斑鱼与其他4种石斑鱼的亲缘关系较远,表明在所研究的物种中最早分化而出,而点带石斑鱼与青石斑鱼的亲缘关系最近,分化的时间最晚。 相似文献
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赤潮叉角藻18SrDNA和ITS区序列测定与分析 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
采用PCR及克隆测序的方法，对1998年引发渤海赤潮的叉角藻18SrRNAadldey DNAITS区（Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions)进行了序列测定与分析。并通过因特网从国际分子生物学数据库中获取甲藻另外15个种的18rDNA序列，以Tetrahymena corlissi作为类群，分别采用Neighbor-Joining和Fitch方法构建甲藻较为一致和可靠的进化树图，探讨具有高度多样性和在分类上争议较多的甲藻各类群之间的形态与分子进化关系。结果表明，Prorocentrum(有2个简单的壳板）出现得较早，而大多数多甲藻目（覆盖着多个壳板）、裸甲藻目（大多数不具壳板）和膝沟藻目的成员较晚出现。另外，对叉角藻ITS区的分析表明，ITS区为高变区，是良好的分子标记，可用于叉角藻快速鉴定的专一性核酸分子探针的研制。 相似文献
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A molecular phylogenetic analysis was undertaken to evaluate the present systematic status of commercially familiar Pleuronectidae fishes in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. We sequenced a 529 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） COl gene from 34 individuals of these familiar flatfishes from 11 species of nine genera collected in China and Japan. Genetic relationships among haplotypes of specimens from 11 species for COI gene data were reconstructed using the neighbour-joining method and the maximum parsimony （MP） method. The resulting molecular phylogeny of the 11 species, with a few exceptions, supported the existing taxonomy which was based largely on the morphological characteristics. The most noteworthy findings were that the genus Pleuronichthys diverged before deriving of the common ancestor for the other species; the stone flounder, Kareius biocoloratus, should belong to the genus Platichthys with the latin name Platichthys biocoloratus and the genus Verasper was not the extraordinary differ- entiation from the other species in family Pleuronectidae. The resultant phylogenetic trees were also consistent with multiple origins of direct development within family Pleuronectidae. New proof not only for further illuminating the multiple origins of Pleuronectidae but also for confirmation of the evolutionary relationships among groups in the family will be supported. 相似文献
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ZHENG Lianming LIN Yuanshao LI Shaojing CAO Wenqing XU Zhenzu HUANG Jiaqi 《海洋学报(英文版)》2009,28(1):109-115
Aequorea taiwanensis, a new hydrozoan species from the Taiwan Strait was described using morphological and molecular characteristics. Both morphological and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) data supported A. taiwanensis n. sp. as a valid species. Sequence divergence and genetic distance of A. taiwanensis n. sp., A. papillata and A. conica were analysed based on the mtCOI gene sequences. The mtCOI sequences from these three species of the genus Aequorea showed high variation frequency, with sequence divergences ranging from 9.10% to 11.9%, and pairwise genetic distances ranging from 0.097 to 0.130. MtCOI sequence analysis provided diagnostic molecular systematic characteristics for accurate identification and discrimination of the species of Aequorea or their populations, and will be used to resolve evolutionary relationships among them.It was suggested that 10%—20% pairwise mtCOI sequence differences indicated the specieslevel divergence among congeneric species in the Hydromedusae. 相似文献
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为了弄清北部湾涠洲岛6株疑似红色赤潮藻（Akashiwo sanguinea）株的种类，作者采用光学显微镜和荧光显微镜对其进行形态学初步鉴定；并对藻株SSU rDNA、LSU rDNA和ITS序列测序，利用最大似然法构建系统发育树。结果表明，北部湾涠洲岛6株藻与红色赤潮藻形态特征基本符合；3种序列系统发育树分析均发现北部湾涠洲岛6株藻与不同海域来源的红色赤潮藻聚在同一大分支上，自展值高达99、100、100；与来自亚洲海域的韩国安山株、新加坡株、中国厦门港株序列差异最小，亲缘关系最近，而与其他地理来源的红色赤潮藻序列差异大，亲缘关系较远。红色赤潮藻SSU、LSU、ITS种内遗传距离分别为0.001~0.008、0.003~0.025和0.045~0.406，明显小于该藻与其他裸甲藻科（Gymnodiniaceae）藻属下的种间遗传距离0.032~0.072、0.165~0.222和0.589~1.559，因此可确定北部湾涠洲岛6株藻均为红色赤潮藻。研究结果将为北部湾海域赤潮生物来源与组成、赤潮的发生与管理提供基础信息。 相似文献