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1.
基于1976年唐山MS7.8地震的同震位移和现今GPS速度结果, 本文分析了该地震的同震破裂参数、 同震应变释放分布及其现今应变积累特征． 对唐山同震位移二维位错解析公式的拟合结果显示, 唐山地震前的断层闭锁深度约为18—23 km, 断层倾角可能介于74°—90°之间, 同震位错量约为3.1—3.4 m． 在同震过程中沿发震断层表现出显著的右旋错动特征, 在发震断层两侧沿NE向表现出左旋应变释放特征． 在本文现有的GPS测站密度和精度情况下, 尚无法识别出现今阶段沿唐山断裂的明显蠕滑特征． 唐山同震应变释放和现今GPS应变率积累结果均显示, 唐山断裂SE侧的剪切形变(速率)量值大于其NW侧, 同震与现今阶段的形变量值相差约1000倍． 相似文献
2.
2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生MW6.7地震。文中运用Sentinel-1A数据,采用InSAR技术获取震区的LOS向形变场,其中最大形变量分别为7.0cm和7.2cm,结合升、降轨卫星的飞行方向,判定发震断层的运动性质以左旋走滑为主,其中最大形变量位于冷龙岭破裂段。此外,以InSAR形变场数据为约束,基于Okada弹性位错模型,厘定了发震断层的几何结构及破裂面的精细滑动分布特征,反演结果揭示出2个断层破裂面。冷龙岭破裂段是滑动主要集中的区域,最大左旋滑动量为3.66m,最大滑动深度为5km;而托莱山断裂处存在1.95m的左旋滑动量,位于5km深度处。判定发震断层为冷龙岭断裂西段,地震同时使托莱山断裂发生破裂。在此基础上,计算了库仑应力变化,结果显示震中300km区域内的库仑应力变化图像呈现走滑型地震特有的四象限分布特征。同时,震中破裂的NW-SE区域和NE-SW端的ΔCFS≥0.01MPa,这些区域后续的地震危险性值得关注。最后,相对于鄂尔多斯块体的GPS速度场显示冷龙岭地区存在一个显著的面应变高值区,未来该区的地震活动性可能持续较强。此外,文中还讨论了2... 相似文献
3.
2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程 总被引：48，自引：0，他引：48
利用全球地震台网（GSN）记录的长周期数字地震资料反演了2008年5月12日四川汶川Ms8．0地震的震源机制和动态破裂过程,并在反演所得结果的基础上定量分析了汶川大地震同震位移场的特征,探讨了汶川大地震近断层地震灾害的致灾机理．反演中采用了单一机制的有限断层模型,使用了从全球范围内挑选的、方位覆盖较均匀的21个长周期地震台垂直向记录的P波波形资料．通过反演得出：汶川大地震的发震断层走向为225°、倾角为39°、滑动角为120°,是一次以逆冲为主、兼具小量右旋走滑分量的断层;这次地震所释放的标量地震矩为9．4×10^20～2．0×10^21 Nm,相当于矩震级Mw7．9～8．1．汶川大地震是在破裂长度超过300km的发震断层上发生的、破裂持续时间长达90s的一次复杂的震源破裂过程．整个断层面上的平均滑动量约2．4m,但断层面上滑动量（位错）的分布很不均匀．有4个滑动量集中且破裂贯穿到地表的区域,其中最大的两个,一个在汶川-映秀一带下方,最大滑动量（也是本次地震的最大滑动量）所在处在震源（初始破裂点）附近,达7．3m;另一个位于北川一带下方,一直延伸到平武境内下方,其最大滑动量所在处在北川地面上,达5．6m．其余2个滑动量集中的区域规模较小,一个在康定以北下方,最大滑动量达1．8m;另一个位于青川东北下方,最大滑动量达0．7m．汶川地震整个断层面上的平均应力降约18MPa,最大应力降约53MPa．由反演得到的断层面上滑动量分布计算得出的汶川大地震震中区地表同震位移场表明,汶川大地震地表同震位移场的分布特征与该地震烈度分布的特征非常一致,表明了汶川大地震的大面积、大幅度、贯穿到地表的、以逆冲为主的断层错动是致使近断层地带严重地震灾害在震源方面的主要原因． 相似文献
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中国青海省门源县于2022年1月8日发生6.9级地震。依据该地震震源断层信息设置4种不同的位错分布模式,基于Okada提出的地表位移解析解分别计算4种模式下地表同震位移场,结合现场观测数据,探讨发震断层的滑动形式及其对周边地表产生的影响。结果表明,此次地震发震断裂初步判断主要为冷龙岭断裂西侧延伸至托莱山断裂,以左旋走滑断层为主,断层面上最大位错量达到4 m左右;震中西南侧向NE方向运动,东南侧向SE方向运动,西北侧和东北侧分别向NW以及SW方向运动;震中附近小范围区域产生了超过1.5 m的地表水平位移,破裂带上存在竖向地表位移超过0.5 m的区域;现场监测到局部产生最大约2.1～2.3 m的水平位错,以及部分区段垂直位错量最大达到0.7 m;以震中位置为中心,断层引起的地表位移影响范围达到约30 km×36 km,此范围内产生的地表位移大于0.1m。研究为此次地震的震后恢复工作以及此区域后续的工程设防等提供参考。 相似文献
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本文利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉(Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, D-InSAR)技术处理哨兵卫星升降轨影像,获取了2022年青海门源MS6.9地震的同震变形场,变形结果显示此次地震导致冷龙岭断裂西段两侧约30 km×20 km范围明显变形,卫星视线向最大同震位移达50 cm.基于有限断层模型,本文构造断层滑动分布模型,反演同震变形场数据.模型显示,冷龙岭断裂的破裂以左旋走滑为主,破裂长度约23 km,主要分布在10 km以上深度,整体形态表现为不规则椭圆盘,其中约3.9 m的最大破裂位于5～6 km深度的椭圆中心.基于反演模型估算的地震平均应力降约5.9 MPa,地震标量矩为1.0×1019 N·m,对应矩震级为MW6.6.本文计算了1927年古浪地震、1986年及2016年门源地震对本次地震破裂面的同震静态库仑应力扰动,结果表明冷龙岭断裂西段受到历次地震的库仑应力加载作用,库仑应力增加累积达0.12 MPa,对本次发震断层的破裂有促进作用,其中... 相似文献
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2022年9月5日四川泸定县发生M6.8级强震,震中位于鲜水河断裂东南末端,野外地质调查初步结果显示本次地震并未发现明显的地表破裂迹象.本文基于震后科考GNSS流动观测和震中周边连续站观测资料,解算并提取震中90 km范围内31个测站的静态水平向同震位移.结果显示：GNSS同震形变场空间分布呈现明显的左旋走滑特征,观测到的最大水平向同震位移达23 cm,震中距50 km范围内同震位移量普遍大于1 cm.基于GNSS观测资料反演得到的同震滑动分布显示泸定地震地表破裂主要集中在磨西至田湾之间,主破裂深度2～8 km,最大滑动量～1.96 m,地震矩9.25×1018N·m,对应矩震级MW6.6.静态库仑应力结果显示本次地震增强了震源破裂区周边活动断层的库仑应力,并触发了大量余震,余震主要发生在库仑应力增强区域.结合震间闭锁分布、历史地震及库仑应力变化,我们认为未来需要密切关注与磨西断裂交接的安宁河、大凉山断裂以及康定—磨西段的地震危险性. 相似文献
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力学上,地震可以看作在应力场作用下由于断层带介质的突然损伤或软化导致的断层带失稳事件.本文基于这个地震动力学模型,利用一种可以模拟断层大位错的有限元方法,研究了2011年MW9.0东日本大地震(Tohoku-Oki)的动力学破裂过程.比较了无障碍体和具有不同刚度障碍体的断层带模型产生的断层位移、位错和应力降.主要结果表明,障碍体的存在并不明显地改变障碍体区域的初始构造应力场.对有障碍体情形,准静态结果显示断层上盘最大逆冲位移和最大剪切位错分别为51m和58m,均发生在海底表面海沟处,与无障碍体的结果(最大剪切位错约55m)相比差别不大;下盘最大倾向位移(-10m)并不与上盘最大值出现在同一位置,而是在障碍体处.障碍体处剪应力降(约11 MPa)大于周围非障碍体区域.障碍体处正应力降的最大值约为3 MPa.模拟结果似乎不支持海山是导致本次地震异乎寻常大位错的原因,而倾向于断层带剪切刚度在地震过程中极度损伤或软化. 相似文献
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基于有限断层模型反演方法,我们利用区域宽频带数据反演得到了2014年8月3日鲁甸MS6.5级地震的震源破裂过程.反演结果显示：此次地震的发震断层走向为北北西向,破裂主要以左旋走滑为主,位移主要发生在震源左上方,最大滑动量为0.7 m,模型显示断层破裂可能接近地表,破裂长度约10 km.此次地震释放的标量地震矩为1.97×1018 N·m,相当于矩震级为Mw 6.1,地震能量主要在前15 s释放.鲁甸地震有四个显著的特点：（1）位移主要集中在浅部,从11 km起破点开始迅速向上传播,大部分位于10 km以上且最大位移位于深度3 km处,从模型来看,破裂可能接近地表,因此地表震动较为强烈;（2）应力降比较大,计算显示释放的同震静态应力降约为2.8 MPa;（3）破裂速度较快,在地表附近超过了2.5 km·s-1;（4）主震可能发生在一个共轭断层系上.这四个特点可能是导致此次地震造成如此重大人员伤亡和财产损失的最重要的原因. 相似文献
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周云好）陈章立）缪发军） 《地震学报》2004,26(7):9-20
根据IRIS全球地震台网28个台的长周期地震仪记录的P波数字地震图, 用直接由远场体波地震图反演震源破裂过程的一种新方法, 研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西MＳ8.1地震的震源破裂过程. 结果表明: 这是一次极为复杂的地震破裂事件. 破裂从震源位置 (35.95N,90.54E, h: 10 km)开始后, 先向西扩展, 后在有限断层的东端和中部的大尺度空间范围内接连出现了多个破裂生长点. 破裂在这些生长点先后扩展, 最后在矩心位置(35.80N,92.91E, h:15 km)以东50 km范围内结束. 整个破裂持续了约142 s. 破裂过程可粗略地分为3个阶段: 第一阶段, 从第0 s开始至第52 s结束, 持续了52 s，释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的24.4％；第二阶段, 从第55 s开始至第113 s结束, 持续了58 s，释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的56.5％; 第三阶段, 从第122 s开始至第142 s结束, 持续了20 s，释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的19.1％. 地震破裂面长约490 km, 破裂面最大宽度达45 km. 破裂主要发生在30 km深度范围内. 地下岩层的平均静态位错量约为1.2 m, 最大静态位错量达3.6 m，平均静态应力降约为5 MPa, 最大静态应力降达18 MPa. 静态位错量和静态应力降最大的区域位于矩心位置以东50 km范围内. 相似文献
10.
2020年西藏尼玛MW6.3地震发生在羌塘块体中部、依布茶卡-日干配错断裂系内的半地堑盆地内,基于震源机制解确定的发震断层存在较大差异.文中采用InSAR技术和Sentinel-1卫星升、降轨SAR数据获取了同震形变场,基于弹性半空间位错模型反演确定了发震断层参数,基于非均匀位错模型获得了断层面上的精细滑动分布.结果表明:1)在升、降轨InSAR同震形变场中,尼玛地震引起一椭圆形沉降区(长约12km,宽约8km),最大LOS向沉降值分别为-0.298m、-0.238m.2)同震位错以正断倾滑为主,兼有少许走滑分量,滑动主要集中在3～12km深度,最大滑动量达1.1 m,位于7km深处.3)发震断层为依布茶卡-日干配错断裂西侧的分支断层,走向约为30°,倾角约为68°,滑动角约为-73°.4)此次地震的破裂模式显示依布茶卡-日干配错走滑断裂存在张性应力积累,羌塘块体中部处于张性应力状态. 相似文献
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D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
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Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
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综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
16.
V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
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The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data. 相似文献
19.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
20.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the... 相似文献