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1.
固市凹陷非常规水溶甲烷气成因及来源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对渭河盆地固市凹陷水溶甲烷气的成因类型进行分析研究。对地层水溶甲烷气碳同位素δ13C1及重烃的含量研究发现,不同层位的水溶甲烷气成因类型不同。新近系张家坡组水溶甲烷气主要为有机成因的生物气,来源于本层含碳质较高的灰黑色泥灰岩生物分解,为自生自储式;下部蓝田—灞河组水溶甲烷气以未成熟的煤型热解气（煤型腐殖型）为主,来源于下部地层。对CO2碳同位素的分布范围和含量进行分析得出,δ13CCO2 < -10‰,为典型的壳源型有机成因,证明蓝田—灞河组水溶甲烷气和CO2来源于下部地层的混合型气,结合乙烷碳同位素分析,得出下部地层可能存在有机成因的煤型热解气层系。 相似文献
2.
ZHAO Wenjin ZHAO Xun SHI Danian LIU Kui JIANG Wan WU Zhenhan XIONG Jiayu ZHENG Yukun Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(4):931-939
This paper introduces 8 major discoveries and new understandings with regard to the deep structure and tectonics of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau obtained in Project INDEPTH, They are mainly as follows. (1) The upper crust, lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the blocks of the plateau form a "sandwich" structure with a relatively rigid-brittle upper crust, a visco-plastic lower crust and a relatively rigid-ductile mantle lithosphere. This structure is completely different from that of monotonous, cold and more rigid oceanic plates. (2) In the process of north-directed collision-compression of the Indian subcontinent, the upper crust was attached to the foreland in the form of a gigantic foreland accretionary wedge. The interior of the accretionary wedge thickened in such tectonic manners as large-scale thrusting, backthrusting and folding, and magmatic masses and partially molten masses participated in the crustal thickening. Between the upper crust and lower crust lies a large detachment (e.g 相似文献
3.
大陆浅源地震震源空间分布可以看作是一种地球物理特征,大量震源的空间位置数据可用来刻划大陆地壳结构。通过研究南北地震带南段震源的空间分布特征,发现研究区震源深度分布在横向上的疏密变化与地质构造特征相对应。剖面震源分布等密度图显示,中、下地壳不同深度广泛分布着多震层。多震层的分布与地壳低速、低阻层具有相关性,多震层一般位于低速、低阻层的上方。中地壳层次的低速、低阻层很可能是壳内滑脱层,是韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳发生拆离解耦的构造层次;下地壳低速、低阻层是部分熔融、含流体的韧性流变层;壳内多震层的构造属性应是上地壳硬的脆性层,容易发生突然破裂,产生地震。低速、低阻层是大陆板块内部上地壳脆性层构造过程的主控因素,包括对大陆内部浅源地震的控制;因此,在低速、低阻层之上往往形成多震层,越是活动性强的低速、低阻层,其上多震层震源密度越高。南北地震带南段不同层圈和块体之间的差异运动控制了其地壳层次的构造活动,包括大量地震的发生,其中,下地壳流层与上地壳脆性层的差异运动在中地壳层次发生剪切拆离是最重要的因素。 相似文献
4.
Pore-fluid flow associated with seepage instabilities can play an important role in controlling large mineralisation patterns within the upper crust of the Earth. To demonstrate this process, two kinds of seepage instability problems in fluid-saturated porous rocks are considered in this paper. The first kind of seepage instability problem is caused by the temperature-induced buoyancy of pore fluid, so that it can be called the buoyancy-driven seepage instability problem, while the second kind of seepage instability problem is caused by chemical dissolution reactions that are commonly encountered in the upper crust of the Earth, so that it can be called the chemical-dissolution-driven seepage instability problem. After the mathematical governing equations of and computational methods for these two kinds of seepage instability problems are introduced, two numerical examples are used to elucidate how and why these two kinds of seepage instabilities can provide favorable places for the formation of large mineralisation patterns within the upper crust of the Earth. The related computational simulation results have demonstrated that: (1) the convective pore-fluid flow caused by the buoyancy-driven seepage instability not only can dissolve minerals at the lower part of the upper crust, but also can transport the dissolved minerals from the lower part to the upper part of the upper crust, resulting in large mineralisation patterns near the surface of the Earth's upper crust. (2) The chemical-dissolution-driven seepage instability in fluid-saturated porous rock can provide some favorable places, such as finger-like channels created by porosity enhancement in the porous rock, for the formation of large mineralisation patterns within the upper crust of the Earth. 相似文献
5.
新疆尼勒克县圆头山后碰撞花岗斑岩的同位素年代学及地球化学特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
圆头山黑云母花岗斑岩位于尼勒克县城南,岩体普遍发育的铜矿化,以中部碎裂带中矿化最强。岩石具有典型的斑状结构,斑晶由碱性长石和黑云母组成,基质以长石、云母和石英为主,并含有少量的硫化物。圆头山黑云母花岗斑岩的轻重稀土分馏明显,并且明显富集大离子亲石元素(LILE) (除Sr外)和Pb,同时亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示出弧火山岩的地球化学特征。圆头山黑云母花岗形成年龄为269±3Ma,其源区以具有弧火山岩特征的下地壳为主,同时含有少量的幔源物质,而且在岩体的侵位过程中有高(87Sr/86Sr)i (0.706054~0.709228)和高Pb含量(5.05×10-6~32.5×10-6)的陆壳物质混染。在下地壳物质熔融过程中,位于下地壳底部的富水和成矿元素的MASH带物质也被圈入,使原始岩浆富水和成矿物质。圆头山黑云母花岗斑形成于碰撞后阶段,岩石的形成主要受岩石圈地幔拆沉作用的控制,而岩石圈地幔的拆沉可能与中亚造山带的垮塌或塔里木地幔柱活动有关。 相似文献
6.
东昆仑、玉树、汶川地震的发生规律和形成机理:兼论大陆地震成因与预测 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
青藏高原东北部东昆仑、汶川、玉树等强震的同震地表破裂不对称发育,伴随余震有规律地分别向东、南东和北北东方向迁移,很可能是源于恒河盆地流经亚东、当雄、安多、库赛湖、治多、玉树、甘孜、汶川的弧形下地壳“热河”的流速和流向变化形成的,下地壳热流物质正在向云南及邻区汇聚形成下地壳“热海”,导致长时间跨季度构造热干旱,其影响超过大气环流的作用。地表破裂不一定受断层控制,震源也不在断层面上,下地壳流动导致中地壳发震并进一步影响上地壳形成同震脆性破裂系统。大陆板内盆山过渡带地震密集,大陆板内地震是在下地壳层流的热动力作用下导致活动地壳分层变形的产物。在大陆盆山耦合、圈层耦合的非线性开放系统中,从大洋底部的软流圈层流进入大陆底部使得地幔软流圈加厚,底辟上升为大陆下地壳流动,为地震活动提供了巨量热能;热软化的下地壳缓慢的韧性流动孕育了大陆板内地震;中地壳韧 脆性剪切带易于积累能量,发生热能与应变能的转化,产生地震,形成震源层;上地壳脆性断层活动和地表破裂是地震释放深部能量的载体和方式之一。地壳稳定性评价的依据应当是地壳的活动性而不是断层的活动性。大陆活动构造区地震活跃期与平静期交替实际上是下地壳地震能量的聚散过程,体现在下地壳热主导的韧性流动构造与上地壳应力主导的脆性破裂构造之间的相互作用。下地壳热软化物质流动过程中流速、流向等突然改变触发地震,并产生共振波。大陆下地壳流层在厚度、温度、粘度、流速、流向上的变化产生一定程度的温度异常、流体异常及与其相关的大气层、电场、磁场、重力场、地球化学场、应力场、应变场、生物场等异常。合理布置天空网、地面网、地下网,综合立体监测有效的地震前兆,系统地开展长期、中期和短临地震预测,能够不断地提高地震预测水平。 相似文献
7.
“泥科学与应用技术”的提出及研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着社会经济的发展,以淤泥、污泥为代表的各种泥状物产量巨大,接近于城市垃圾的数量。而各种泥的性状及污染物种类非常复杂、多样,经济、安全地进行各种泥的处理和利用已经成为一个重要的问题。各种泥状物虽然种类不同、成分各异,但具有很多共同的物理、化学性质。在处理方面也具有以脱水为主的减量化、以污染物稳定为主的无害化、以改变性质后进行利用为主的资源化的途径上的一致性。此外,泥所具有的一些特殊性质也能够被利用来解决一些特殊的问题。长期以来,各种泥的科学研究和处理技术分布在各行各业,使用的概念、指标不能统一,技术和方法隔离发展,影响了对于泥的基础理论和技术的发展。针对这些问题,提出了建立“泥科学与应用技术”的学科方向,对于泥的主要种类和问题,处理泥中所遇到的热点问题以及几个典型的研究进行了综述,为解决泥的问题进行了分析和总结。 相似文献
8.
青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
青藏高原板内地震以浅源地震为主, 下地壳基本上没有地震, 地震震源多集中在15~40 km的深度范围, 主要在中地壳内, 呈似层状弥散分布.其中30~33 km深度是一个优势层, 与壳内分层有关.总体上青藏高原南、北部的震源面略呈相向倾斜特征.70~100 km深度区间出现了比较集中的震级较小的地震, 可能与壳幔过渡带的拆离作用有关.高原内部的正断层系与板内地震密切相关, 是板内浅源地震的主控构造.总之, 青藏高原地震震源沿着活动的上地壳脆性层与软弱层之间的脆-韧性过渡带分布.这些板内地震活动属于大陆动力学过程, 与板块碰撞和板块俯冲无关.初步认为青藏高原浅层到深层多震层的成因分别是韧性基底与脆性盖层、韧性下地壳与脆性上地壳、韧性下地壳与脆性上地幔的韧-脆性转换、拆离和解耦的产物. 相似文献
9.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(12):1126-1142
It is assumed that the earth having been formed in a cold state was warmed up by radioactive heat. Its further evolution was determined by differentiation of its constituent material through successive smelting from the mantle of relatively light components and subsequent displacement upward. The most intensive differentiation in the upper “layer” (evidently at depths of from 100 to 200km) causes strong vertical movements of the crust. After that is exhausted slower differentiation of the deeper “layer” (evidently at depths of from 200-300 km) is manifested on the surface in slow oscillatory movements forming platforms. Further heating activates the material of much deeper layers (as deep as 900 km) and causes large masses of basalt to rise to the surface. This ascent of basic material induces post-platform activity (observed in Central and East Asia), extrusions of plateau basalts and, filially, destruction of the continental crust through melting, metasomatic replacement and dissolution into the large volume of superheated basalt. As a result of destruction of the continental crust, large grabens, mediterranean seas and ocean basins have been formed. The development of tectonic processes is profoundly influenced by 1) the formation of deep faults in the crust and upper mantle which determine the routes of material distribution and 2) by the “the -lid-on-the-kettle-with-boiling-water” phenomenon. The last involves periodical accumulation of heat at depth, expansion of the mantle, the opening of deep faults, and quick removal of heat to the surface, together with heated material, along the faults. The periodicity of tectogenesis may be connected with this mechanism. It is assumed that up to now the earth has been warming up. Traces of tension of the crust accompanying the process of formation and expansion of the oceanic deeps are therefore considered to be an expression of a more general tension of whole crus and the upper mantle of the expanding earth. The expansion process expressed in the opening of defaults and uplift of deep-seated material to the surface along faults may be nonuniform, affecting some regions earlier than others, which causes the simultaneous existence of several regions in different stages of development. The author accepts the idea of deep-seated origin of sea-water, which rises from the mantle during subsidence of the oceanic basins and destruction of the continental crust. The author divides the history of the earth into two partly overlapping stages: granitic and basaltic. — Auth English summ. 相似文献
10.
The crust-mantle transition zone (CMTZ) is an important site for mass and energy exchange between the lower crust and upper mantle. Several kinds of CMTZ exist beneath the continent of China, which show different seismic reflection characteristics and are composed of different rock associations. In this paper, we identify three types of CMTZ in the continent of China. (a) The CMTZ beneath the Tibet Plateau exhibits a grid-shaped seismic reflection characterized by random and reticular high and low seismic velocity lamellae. It is about 30 km thick, comprising both mafic granulites of lower crust and ultramafic rocks of upper mantle. Such lithological association and seismic velocity structure were inherited from the crustal overthrust and overlapping during the Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Euro-Asian continents; The corresponding crust movement is still very intense in this region. (b) The CMTZ underneath North China Block is usually composed of a thinner strong positive velocity gradient l 相似文献
11.
黔东南地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
黔东南地区寒武系地层是典型的碳酸盐岩地层。分布广泛且有较好的储层。为了更好地了解该地层的岩性、孔隙状况等地质特征,以贵州东部三都-丹寨剖面寒武系地层为例,分析了各组段的岩石学特征,确定了其沉积环境,在此基础上对形成现有岩石孔隙等特征的相应的成岩作用进行了分析。指出白云化作用是该区的主要成岩作用,主要表现在中寒武统都柳江组-在准同生白云化作用下形成大套厚层的白云岩。埋藏溶解作用形成的次生溶孔是该区中上寒武统的典型特征,有利于改善碳酸盐岩的储层物性。重结晶作用、压溶作用等对储层孔隙的形成也起到重要作用,并列出了黔东南地区寒武系地层各层组的成岩演化史。 相似文献
12.
Yuan Xuecheng 《《地质学报》英文版》1989,63(3):211-225
Through recent study, the author considers that the north-south-trending Kangding-Honghe tectonic belt is not a marginal uplift zone of the Yangtze Platform but a Tethyan-type collisional tectonic belt of which the crust-upper mantle can be structurally divided into three layers. The upper layer is the brittle upper crust, dominated by overthrusting and imbrication; the middle layer is the plastic lower crust and part of the upper mantle, represented by compression and shortening; and the lower layer is the upper mantle, probably belonging to the Yangtze Platform in light of the thickness of the lithosphere. 相似文献
13.
Classification and Source Materials of Continental Crust Transformation Series Granitoids in South China 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
The granitoids of the continental crust transformation series in South China may be divided into threetypes: (1) synorogenic migmatic and magmatic type. (2) anorogenic continental crust anatexis type, and (3)syncollision type. Based on the results of Sr and Nd isotopic determinations, the source material compositionof the three types of granitoids is calculated with crust-mantle binary mixing simulation. The calculations indi-cate that the granitoids of the first type consist of 78.6-89.7% upper crust endmember materials and15.0-10.3% depleted mantle endmember materials, the granitoids of the second type are composed of 63.7%upper crust endmember materials and 36.3% depleted mantle endmember materials, and those of the third type100% upper crust endmember materials. Hence. the source material composition of the granitoids of all thethree types is dominated by upper crust endmembers. 相似文献
14.
渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁是近年来研究程度最高的礁体,天津空港物流中心牡蛎礁则是近年来新发现的礁体。该两处礁体上部的牡蛎个体内部充填的泥、个体之间的泥以及礁体上覆沉积泥层中的硅藻研究表明,礁顶上下（即礁体的上部-顶部和上覆沉积泥层的下部）均富含潮间带环境指示种的Auliscus caelatus,表明礁体发育后期和上覆沉积泥层的初期,均为潮间带环境。尽管如此,从礁顶向上覆沉积泥层转换方式在两处礁体却不相同:（1）大吴庄:Auliscus caelatus种向上逐渐减少,暗示着大吴庄剖面由礁体上部的潮间带中上部、直至上覆沉积泥层下部的潮间带上部、进一步向上覆沉积泥层上部的潮上带转化的趋势。（2）空港:牡蛎礁上覆沉积泥层出现了比例达6%~23%的河口咸水-半咸水种Achnanches brevipes,而下伏礁体内则未见该种,暗示此处泥层受河口作用显著影响。此种不同揭示了礁体停止发育的原因有所不同:在5 520cal BP时,大吴庄礁顶进入潮间带中上部,礁体经常脱离海水而发育停止;在约4 000 cal BP时,空港礁体所在位置因河流作用突然增强,在时间上看很可能是黄河改道在天津入海,古黄河携带大量泥砂入海,掩盖了潮间带的牡蛎礁而导致牡蛎礁发育停止。 相似文献
15.
富钴结壳显微构造与元素含量:基于中太平洋MHD79样品的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
富钴结壳的壳层在形成过程中因环境不同而产生结构构造与物质成分的差异。选取采自中太平洋海山、具有多层构造的富钴结壳(样品号MHD79)进行分析。观察到其下部磷酸盐化壳层和上部未磷酸盐化壳层各有3层,即致密层、较致密层和疏松层,且其发育顺序呈镜像关系。元素化学分析显示:Sr、Pb含量由下到上表现为由高到低再到高,同样呈镜像分布,指示结壳生长过程中,古海洋生产力由高逐渐降低,又逐渐升高。在受强烈磷酸盐化作用影响的壳层中,由致密到疏松,其渗透性由弱到强,导致磷酸盐化由弱到强。在未受强烈磷酸盐化影响的壳层中,S i、A l、Ti、V元素含量与结壳显微构造的疏松或致密相关性不强,而是主要受控于结壳中包含的碎屑成分含量。由老到新S i、A l、Ti、V含量逐渐增加,可能是由于随着MH海山逐渐靠近亚洲大陆及青藏高原逐渐隆起,陆源物质供应逐渐增加的结果。 相似文献
16.
造山带地壳结构和成分的基本特征对于认识大陆地壳成分演化和区域成矿背景具有重要意义.综合青藏高原拉萨地体东南部地球物理、高温高压岩石物性和岩浆岩地球化学资料,分析该地区地壳整体成分特征,并探讨其可能成因.该地区平均地壳波速显著低于全球大陆和造山带地壳的平均值,表明地壳整体具有中酸性成分,下地壳特征也可由中性岩石(残余体性质的中性含石榴石麻粒岩)解释.拉萨地体东南部整体地壳成分特征应与多阶段长英质化有关,包括碰撞前大陆弧演化阶段(以堆晶或残余体下地壳拆沉为主)和碰撞后高原垮塌阶段(以加厚下地壳拆沉为主,伴随印度古老长英质陆壳物质的俯冲回返/构造底侵).拉萨地体是研究大陆地壳成分演化的绝佳区域,亟待进一步开展多学科综合研究. 相似文献
17.
青藏高原东南部地壳导电性结构与断裂构造特征——下察隅-昌都剖面大地电磁探测结果 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
根据2004年在青藏高原东南部完成的下察隅—昌都(1000线)宽频带大地电磁探测剖面数据研究高原东南部地壳导电性结构及断裂构造特征,这有助于推进印度与亚洲岩石圈碰撞、俯冲构造模式的研究。研究结果表明,沿剖面上地壳大范围分布的是规模不等的高阻体,电阻率大约在90～3000Ω.m,厚度由南向北增加,底界面的深度大约在5～30km变化。高阻层之下发现由不连续高导体构成的中地壳低阻层,其电阻率小于10Ω.m;其结构与青藏高原中、西部的壳幔高导体相似,但规模小得多,底面埋深也浅得多。沿剖面的上地壳存在多组规模不等、产状不同的横向电性梯度带或畸变带,它们反映了沿剖面地区地壳的断裂分布。通过与该区高精度重力资料对比,在重要的电性梯度带上,均存在布格重力低异常和负重力均衡异常。结合区域地质资料分析推断了嘉黎—然乌、班公—怒江和甲桑卡—赤布张错等主要断裂构造带的空间格局。 相似文献
18.
济阳坳陷地幔热流和深部温度 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
济阳坳陷深部地热状况对于分析岩石圈深部结构特征、探索该盆地形成和演化的地球动力学过程具有重要意义.依据济阳坳陷最新的钻探资料和深部地球物理探测结果, 按沉积盖层、上、中、下地壳4层结构, 建立了分别代表该区凹陷部位和凸起及斜坡带上的2种地壳结构模型.通过多道能谱分析, 测试了区内4 3块岩心样品的放射性元素U、Th、40K含量, 统计得出了济阳坳陷沉积盖层的平均生热率为(1.40±0.26) μW/m3.在研究大地热流分布的基础上, 结合济阳坳陷地壳各岩层放射性生热率, 采用“剥层”法, 从地表开始, 由浅到深逐步扣除各层段所提供的热量, 得到了济阳坳陷的地幔热流.并且采用相似的方法, 利用一维稳态热传导方程, 分析了地壳上地幔顶部的温度状况.结果表明, 济阳坳陷的地幔热流约为38.4~39.2 mW/m2, 占整个地表总热流量的5 8%;地幔顶部温度约为602~636℃.与世界上其他各类地质构造单元相比, 济阳坳陷无论是地幔热流值或其与地表热流之比值都是比较高的, 其深部地热状态具有介于稳定地区和构造活动区之间的特点. 相似文献
19.
New structures were revealed in Central Tibet after reinterpretation of the first arrivals of refracted seismic waves along the INDEPTH III profile. The method that was used for travel-time inversion is the numerical generalization of the Herglotz-Wiechert formula for the case of a 2D inhomogeneous medium (the homogeneous-function method). The new section shows that the Bangong-Nujiang Suture (BNS) is a contact in the upper crust, while its continuation in the middle crust is a listric thrust; at the top of the lower crust, which has risen to a 32-km depth in the northern part of the section, this thrust become gentler. Below the middle crust top, a layer with a lower velocity of seismic waves is found. The middle crust is deformed and forms oblique southward listric thrusts. In the upper crust south of the BNS, higher-velocity zones (probable zones of magmatism) are distinguished. North of the BNS, undisturbed outlines of the structures are observed. 相似文献
20.
中国大陆科学钻探场址区的地壳速度结构特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了深入研究大别—苏鲁超高压变质带的深部结构及空间展布特征, 进一步揭示该超高压变质形成的动力学过程, 在中国大陆科学钻探场址区进行了广角反射/折射地震测深调查.根据广角反射/折射地震测深的资料研究, 建立了中国大陆科学钻探场址区的地壳纵波速度结构.从纵向上来看, 研究区域的地壳结构可划分为上、中、下3层: 上地壳的速度小于6.2 0km/s, 厚10余km; 中地壳的速度为6.4 0km/s, 厚亦为10km左右; 下地壳的速度为6.6 0km/s.地壳厚度为31km左右, 且其地壳的平均速度为6.30km/s.上地壳中的速度倒转指示了超高压变质体在地壳内部的空间分布, 且超高压变质体在大陆科学钻探场址及其附近的下部呈现为一隆起形态. 相似文献