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2016年7月18—22日在华北地区发生了一次极端强降水事件，其中19—20日降水较为集中，20日降水最强。本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日风场资料和国家级地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集，研究了本次事件的Rossby波活动及能量变化，结果表明：本次极端强降水事件持续时间约5 d，雨带呈西南—东北走向。华北地区受对流层中低层的气旋性异常环流和对流层上层反气旋性异常环流的控制，水汽则主要源于孟加拉湾和中国南海地区。发生极端降水期间，波扰动能量在对流层低层主要呈经向传播而在对流层上层呈纬向传播，对流层低层的波扰动能量对华北地区的影响比上层更为明显。涡动动能在华北地区的增强和维持主要是涡动非地转位势通量散度项、涡动有效位能和涡动动能的斜压转换项以及其他剩余部分与摩擦耗散引起的能量损耗之和的共同作用，涡动动能在19日增强、20日维持，随后减弱。涡动热量通量变化显示低层有暖湿空气向北输送，高层有干冷空气向南输送，支持了正压和斜压转换，而华北地区上空涡动动量通量的变化则使得基本气流中的涡动动能增强，这些变化影响到极端降水事件的发生发展。 相似文献
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北太平洋风暴轴“深冬抑制”现象的能量分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
采用欧洲中期天气预报中心逐日再分析资料（ERA-40）,从局地能量变化方程出发,通过分析北太平洋风暴轴区域对流层不同层次局地能量的季节演变过程,对风暴轴区域各能量项在“深冬抑制”现象中的作用进行了深入探讨。结果表明,天气尺度扰动动能的季节变化可以很好地反映北太平洋风暴轴的“深冬抑制”现象,并且该现象在对流层上层最为显著,其发生概率约为80％,其中20世纪70年代中后期到80年代前期抑制最强。从同期各能量项的变化来看,扰动动能的变化主要受斜压能量转换项、涡动非地转位势通量的散度项和正压能量转换项的影响。在深冬季节,由于消耗扰动动能的正压能量转换项虽有些微弱减少从而使得扰动动能有所增加,但为风暴轴提供扰动动能的斜压能量转换项和涡动非地转位势通量的散度项减少的幅度却更大,因而总的效果是扰动动能大为减小,这可能是造成北太平洋风暴轴“深冬抑制”现象的直接原因。 相似文献
3.
根据波动和风场辐合辐散与登陆台风强降水密切相关的特点,利用高分辨率的数值模拟资料,采用分别表征强降水区波动特征和辐合辐散特征的两个动力参数——位势散度波作用密度和散度垂直通量,对登陆台风"凤凰"的强降水过程做诊断分析;同时结合波扰动和辐合辐散两特征,发展了一个新的物理量——热力切变散度参数,并据此对台风"凤凰"的强降水过程做进一步诊断分析,结果表明在整个研究时段内,地面雨区被热力切变散度参数的异常值区始终覆盖,二者具有较一致的空间分布和时间演变趋势。基于GFS(Global Forecast System)预报产品的动力释用分析表明,利用数值预报场计算的热力切变散度参数的强信号出现在强降水区,而弱信号出现在非降水区,该参数对强降水落区有较好的指示作用。 相似文献
4.
雷暴大风过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2014年5月31日北京发生一次雷暴大风过程。以雷达资料同化结果为初始场,对此次过程进行高分辨率数值模拟。采用非静力平衡和非地转平衡的经向动量方程和质量权重动能方程,利用模拟资料,对雷暴大风过程中经向动量和质量权重动能进行收支分析,以此来研究雷暴过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征,讨论地面大风的可能成因。分析结果表明,在对流层中低层,经向动量通量散度是影响经向动量局地变化的主要强迫项。雷暴系统后部的入流把中低层的经向动量倾斜向下输送,系统前部对流云区中低层的下沉气流也向下输送经向动量。这两支下传动量通量先后与近地面经向动量的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送经向动量。在北京西北部地形阻挡作用下,经向动量通量在系统前端近地面辐合,促进那里的经向动量局地增长,有利于增强那里的南风。质量动能收支的特征与经向动量收支类似,在近地面层质量动能的局地变化主要是由质量动能通量散度引起的。系统后部入流把中层质量动能向下传输到近地面层,然后与近地面质量动能的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送质量动能。相对来说,近地面层经向动量和质量动能的水平通量比下传通量更重要,这主要与低层较强的东南急流有关。 相似文献
5.
大气动力学中三种Rossby波作用通量的特征差异和适用性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大气动力学诊断Rossby波的传播时,通常用波作用通量来表示。常用的三种波作用通量分别为Plumb波作用通量,T-N波作用通量和局地E-P通量。本文详细讨论了这三种方法的特征差异,并结合2016年1月的一次寒潮事件,比较了三种方法在该事件中的适用性。结果表明:1)Plumb波作用通量的纬向分量较大而经向分量较小,适用于振幅较小的纬向均匀的西风带Rossby长波的诊断。2)T-N波作用通量是对Plumb波作用通量的改进,经向分量得以增强,能更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅的西风带Rossby长波扰动。T-N波作用通量计算时,背景场取多年平均的当月气候场较合适,能更好地反映当前季节内的Rossby波传播异常。3)局地E-P通量可以诊断一段时间内天气尺度瞬变波对背景场(定常波)总的调控作用,但无法直接反映Rossby长波的逐时演变(T-N波或Plumb波作用通量则可以)。 相似文献
6.
本文采用位涡波作用密度和波作用方程,对一次南疆西部干旱区暴雨的组织化过程和机制进行了诊断研究,对影响暴雨对流系统组织化的关键物理过程进行了分析和讨论。位涡波作用密度耦合了多种影响对流云体演变的大气动热力扰动,能够良好描述对流系统的组织化过程。以此为基础,描述位涡波作用密度变化的波作用方程能够用来研究驱动对流系统组织化发展的物理因素。研究发现,波作用方程诊断得到的多个物理过程与扰动斜压性、扰动风切变和扰动涡度的发展演变有关,表明它们对对流组织化有重要作用,多条东西向的对流线发展为东北—西南向的带状对流系统过程中,包含强对流的维持和南北尺度的增大。对流线在东北向弱对流的发展增强与基本态气流对强对流区的热力输送引起扰动斜压性增强有关。影响对流线中部强对流的维持和南北向发展的关键过程包括:上升、下沉气流引起的热力输送导致对流线内扰动斜压性增强,扰动西风与扰动东风形成气旋性环流引起经向切变环流增强,及扰动经向风将扰动纬向风切变向对流中心区输送引起纬向切变增强、垂直环流增强。该研究表明,对流系统的组织化是大气多种动热力扰动演变和配合的结果,通过波作用演变方程能够比较清晰体现其中的关键过程,且波作用方程为波作用密度倾向,未来可探讨其对对流系统组织化的预报意义。 相似文献
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介绍了“扰动热力切变平流参数”的概念,并基于此概念及波流相互作用的理论,对登陆台风“凤凰”2008年7月27日00:00－31日00:00(世界时)的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.通过采用ARPS模式的资料,对波作用密度M和波作用通量散度▽·F进行计算,分析其与6h累积地面降水的关系.结果表明,波作用密度的异常值区始终覆盖观测雨区,二者在水平分布和时间演变趋势上比较相似,该波作用密度能够比较准确地综合表征强降水系统典型的动力场和热力场扰动的垂直结构,因而与降水系统的发生演变密切相关,其正高值区与观测的6h累积地面降水具有良好的对应关系.同时对波作用通量散度▽·F的分析表明,在登陆台风引发的暴雨过程中,非地转风位涡扰动和一阶扰动平流与动力场和热力场扰动梯度耦合项是影响扰动热力切变平流异常变化的主要强迫项.进一步分析表明扰动与基本态的交换主要是扰动热量平流交换,而扰动动量平流交换非常弱. 相似文献
10.
使用三维中小尺度扰动动力学方程组,讨论了一类与基本气流方向成任意夹角的纬向线状扰动的斜交不稳定问题,其主要分析结论如下:(1)在基本气流的切变为线性切变的情况下,可以发生斜交不稳定。但是发生斜交不稳定必须要求沿着线状扰动方向的基本气流存在切变或者垂直于线状扰动方向的基本气流存在切变。此时,斜交不稳定的波动性质是重力惯性内波,而不存在涡旋Rossby波。(2)对于基本气流具有非线性二阶切变的情形,此时斜交型不稳定中的扰动除了包含重力惯性内波之外,还包含了涡旋Rossby波。对于本文所讨论的纬向线状扰动来说,涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的经向风速V二次切变(β*=Vzz≠0),该涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流V0是单向传播的。在中尺度斜交不稳定中,涡旋Rossby波的产生主要是由于在与线状扰动相垂直的方向上存在基本气流的二阶切变,而与线状扰动相平行的方向上基本气流是否存在二阶切变无关。(3)对于通常讨论的纬向线状扰动的情况,在基本流场的南北风速V存在二次切变(β*=Vzz≠0)时,即与线状扰动相垂直的方向上存在基本气流的二阶切变,则斜交不稳定有可能是混合的涡旋Rossby—重力惯性内波的不稳定。最后采用WRF模式,对2006年6月的一次福建闽江暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,部分验证了上述结论。通过分析6月6日13时降水区域平均的东西方向风速U随高度变化的曲线,发现在950—100 hPa的大气中,纬向风速U随高度的变化具有二次切变,在对流层低层以及高层附近纬向风速较小,而在对流层中层400 hPa附近的纬向风速则较大。在这种情况下,平均纬向风速随高度变化的二阶导数不为零,因此激发产生沿着纬向传播的涡旋Rossby波,这对于暴雨区域中β中尺度雨团的移动起到比较重要的作用。再分析6月5日23时和6月6日13时的850 hPa以及500hPa降水区域平均纬向风随南北方向的变化,发现在6月5日23时和6月6日13时的850 hPa层次上,都显示出平均纬向风速在南北方向具有二次切变;而在这两个时次的500 hPa层次上,平均纬向风速在南北方向不具有二次切变,只具有线性切变。说明在垂直方向上,对流层低层涡旋Rossby波容易被激发产生;而在对流层中层以上,由于不具备产生涡旋Rossby波的条件,因此不容易激发产生涡旋Rossby波,波动只是具有重力惯性内波的特征。 相似文献
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Taking into account the effect of moisture, we derive a three-dimensional pseudoenergy wave-activity relation for moist atmosphere from the primitive zonal momentum and total energy equations in Cartesian coordinates by using the energy-Casimir method. In the derivation, a Casimir function is introduced, which is a single-wlue function of virtual potential temperature. Since the pseudoenergy wave-activity relation is constructed in the ageostrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, it may be applicable to diagnosing the stability of mesoscale disturbance systems in a steady-stratified atmosphere. The theoretical analysis shows that the wave-activity relation takes a nonconservative form in which the pseudoenergy wave-activity density is composed of perturbation kinetic energy, available potential energy, and buoyant energy. The local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density depends on the combined effects of zonal basic flow shear, Coriolis force work and wave-activity source or sink as well as wave-activity flux divergence. The diagnosis shows that horizontal distribution and temporal trend of pseudoenergy wave-activity density are similar to those of the observed 6-h accumulated surface rainfall. This suggests that the pseudoenergy wave-activity density is capable of representing the dynamical and thermodynamic features of mesoscale precipitable systems in the mid-lower troposphere, so it is closely related to the observed surface rainfall. The calculation of the terms in the wave-activity relation reveals that the wave-activity flux divergence shares a similar temporal trend with the local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density and the observed surface rainfall. Although the terms of zonal basic flow shear and Coriolis force contribute to the local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density, the contribution from the wave-activity flux divergence is much more significant. 相似文献
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Taking into account moisture in virtue of general potential temperature,the author derive a three-dimensional(3D) pseudomomentum wave-activity relation for the moist atmosphere from the primitive equations in Cartesian coordinates using the Momentum-Casimir method.Since the wave-activity relation is constructed in an ageostrophic and non-hydrostatic dynamical framework,it may be applicable to diagnosing the evolution and propagation of mesoscale systems leading to heavy rainfall.The theoretical analysis shows that,besides the local change of wave-activity flux divergence and source or sink,the wave-activity relation includes two additional forcing terms.The first is the zonal gradient of difference between general potential temperature and potential temperature perturbations,and the second is the covariance of the solenoid and gradient of water vapor,denoting the direct influence of moisture on wave-activity density.The wave-activity density was applied to a heavy precipitation event occurring in the Jianghuai region of China.The calculation showed that the wave-activity density was consistent with 6-h accumulated precipitation observations,in terms of both spatial distribution and temporal tendency.This suggested that the disturbance represented by wave-activity density was closely related to the heavy precipitation.Although the wave-activity flux divergence and the covariance of the solenoid and gradient of water vapor made the primary contribution to the local change of wave-activity density,the covariance was more remarkable.The zonal gradient of difference between general potential temperature and potential temperature perturbations made a weaker contribution to the waveactivity density. 相似文献
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DIAGNOSIS OF WAVE ACTIVITY OVER RAINBAND OF LANDFALL TYPHOON 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A generalized wave-activity density, which is defined as an absolute value of production of
three-dimensional vorticity vector perturbation and gradient of general potential temperature perturbation,
is introduced and its wave-activity law is derived in Cartesian coordinates. Constructed in an agoestrophic
and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, the generalized wave-activity law may be applicable to diagnose
mesoscale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. The generalized wave-activity density and
wave-activity flux divergence were calculated with the objective analysis data to investigate the character
of wave activity over heavy-rainfall regions. The primary dynamical processes responsible for disturbance
associated with heavy rainfall were also analyzed. It was shown that the generalized wave-activity density
was closely correlated to the observed 6-h accumulative rainfall. This indicated that the wave activity or
disturbance was evident over the frontal and landfall-typhoon heavy-rainfall regions in middle and lower
troposphere. For the landfall-typhoon rainband, the portion of generalized wave-activity flux divergence,
denoting the interaction between the basic-state cyclonic circulation of landfall typhoon and mesoscale
waves, was the primary dynamic process responsible for the evolution of generalized wave-activity density. 相似文献
14.
“7.21” 暴雨过程动力因子分析和预报研究 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
针对2012年7月21～22日发生在我国华北地区的暴雨过程,利用美国全球预报系统资料对湿热力平流参数、对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、热力波作用密度、热力位涡波作用密度、热力位势散度波作用密度和湿斜压涡度等动力因子进行计算和诊断分析,结果表明,该暴雨过程是由高、低空急流、高空槽、副热带高压、冷锋和辐合切变线等多个天气系统共同作用造成的。降水区具有垂直上升运动强烈,垂直热量输送明显,湿等熵面向下伸展和水平风垂直切变显著等动、热力学特征。湿热力平流参数等动力因子综合反映了上述动、热力垂直结构特征,因而与6小时观测降水的发展移动有一定相关性。全球预报系统48小时预报的动力因子高值区在走向和落区上与6小时观测降水区比较接近,代表动力因子对降水落区有一定的指示意义。利用全球预报系统的预报场资料对动力因子暴雨预报方程进行计算,结果表明,在降水中心位置预报方面,动力因子降水预报比全球预报系统本身的降水预报更接近观测实况。ETS（Equitable Threat Score）评分计算表明,对于降水的早期预报,动力因子降水预报评分略高于全球预报系统本身的降水预报评分,说明动力因子暴雨预报方程有一定的降水预报能力,可以应用到实际天气业务预报中。 相似文献
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This paper is focused on the tracking of heavy precipitation by detecting strong wave activities in precipitating atmosphere. Based on the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV), a new wave-activity density and its wave-activity relation are first derived. The wave-activity density, which is the second-order portion of GMPV and quadratic in disturbance, is then applied to a heavy-rainfall event in North China. It is shown that the wave-activity density contains the vertical shear of wind perturbation, vertical vorticity perturbation and the spatial gradients of latent heating function perturbation associated with the moisture condensation. Due to these important characteristics of precipitating atmosphere, the wave-activity density shows strong anomalies over the precipitation region. The total GMPV and its basic-state and first-order components are also analyzed as comparisons. The result shows that the basic-state GMPV is not capable of diagnosing precipitation, while the total GMPV and the first-order GMPV, although present strong anomalies, are not capable of distinguishing precipitation and non-precipitation areas. This is likely due to the basic state information contained in GMPV and its basic-state and first-order components, which has no direct relation to the precipitation. The spatial distribution of wave-activity density further verifies its capability on detecting and tracing heavy precipitation. Moreover, the statistical result reveals the wave-activity density has a high correlation coefficient with the observational rainfall in a long time series and passes through the significance test. 相似文献
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强降水过程中热力切变平流参数的诊断分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
在以往研究的基础上, 本文把对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、水平散度和广义位温的垂直梯度有机地结合起来, 引入热力切变平流参数的概念。本文针对两次强降水过程, 利用NCEP/NCAR全球最终分析资料对热力切变平流参数进行诊断分析, 结果表明, 热力切变平流参数能够比较准确地综合表征雨区上空水平风场切变和湿等熵面漏斗状向下伸展等动力学和热力学典型的垂直结构特征, 因而该参数与降水系统的发展演变密切相关, 与观测的6小时累积地面降水区存在一定的对应关系; 在空间水平分布和时间演变趋势上, 热力切变平流参数的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区; 该参数在降水区内表现为强信号, 而在非降水区表现为弱信号。影响热力切变平流参数发展演变的因素分析表明, 该参数倾向方程中通量散度项的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区, 表明雨区内通量散度项导致的热力切变平流参数变化比较明显, 其中纬向风速与经向风速相互作用的贡献是不容忽略的。 相似文献
17.
利用波作用理论对台风莫拉克登陆期间的降水进行诊断分析。结果表明:波作用密度异常能在一定程度上指示暴雨雨区发展移动,其异常值的空间分布能够反映雨区上空动力场和热力场的典型垂直结构特征。台风内中尺度波动与暴雨落区宏观上具有一定联系。为了详细研究台风内部的波动特征,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)模式模拟的高分辨率资料对台风登陆过程中波动特征进行分析,低波数波动的传播主导强对流的非对称分布,2波在登陆初期对对流分布起着关键作用,中尺度波动中同时存在涡旋罗斯贝波以及重力惯性波的特征,对登陆期间涡旋混合的现象有重要作用。 相似文献
18.
The East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) is one of the most important factors modulating the Meiyu rainfall in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, China. This article analyzed periods of the medium-term EASWJ variation,wave packet distribution and energy propagation of Rossby waves along the EASWJ during Meiyu season, and investigated their possible influence on abnormal Meiyu rain. The results showed that during the medium-term scale atmospheric dynamic process, the evolution of the EASWJ in Meiyu season was mainly characterized by the changes of3-8 d synoptic-scale and 10-15 d low-frequency Rossby waves. The strong perturbation wave packet and energy propagation of the 3-8 d synoptic-scale and 10-15 d low-frequency Rossby waves are mostly concentrated in the East Asian region of 90°-150°E, where the two wave trains of perturbation wave packets and wave-activity flux divergence coexist in zonal and meridional directions, and converge on the EASWJ. Besides, the wave trains of perturbation wave packet and wave-activity flux divergence in wet Meiyu years are more systematically westward than those in dry Meiyu years, and they are shown in the inverse phases between each other. In wet(dry) Meiyu year, the perturbation wave packet high-value area of the 10-15 d low-frequency variability is located between the Aral Sea and the Lake Balkhash(in the northeastern part of China), while over eastern China the wave-activity flux is convergent and strong(divergent and weak), and the high-level jets are strong and southward(weak and northward). Because of the coupling of high and low level atmosphere and high-level strong(weak) divergence on the south side of the jet over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, the low-level southwest wind and vertically ascending motion are strengthened(weakened), which is(is not)conducive to precipitation increase in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin. These findings would help to better understand the impact mechanisms of the EASWJ activities on abnormal Meiyu from the perspective of medium-term scale Rossby wave energy propagation. 相似文献
19.
The mesoscale orographic effects on typhoon Aere＇s precipitation are simulated using an Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model （AREM） version 3.0. In particular, the effects of the latent heat release are studied by two comparable experiments： with and without condensational heating. The results show that the typhoon rainfall is tripled by the southeastern China mesoscale terrain, and the condensational heating is responsible for at least half of the increase. One role of the latent heat release is to warm the atmosphere, leading to a depression of the surface pressure, which then causes a larger pressure difference in the zonal direction. This pressure gradient guides the water vapour to flow into the foothills, which in turn amplifies the water vapour flux divergence amplified, causing the typhoon rainfall to increase eventually. The other role of the latent heat release is to make the convection more organized, resulting in a relatively smaller rain area and stronger precipitation. 相似文献
20.
2005年7月一次大暴雨过程的模拟和诊断分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于2005年7月9—10日河南、安徽等地一次大暴雨的巨大影响,利用中尺度模式（MM5）对此次过程进行了模拟,并使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和模式输出产品作了多种物理量诊断分析,结果表明,贝加尔湖附近阻高、下游的东北冷涡及其伴随的高空槽造成了有利的环流形势,低层切变线及急流是此次暴雨过程的最主要影响系统。散度、涡度、垂直速度、螺旋度及位温的分布和演变反映出在此次降水发生过程中,暴雨区出现了很强的辐合上升运动,中低层大气层结不稳定性强,上下层大气物质交换强烈,在暴雨区上空螺旋度呈＂下正上负＂的垂直结构,螺旋度正的大值区对应强降水中心;水汽通量散度的分布说明暴雨区有充足的水汽供应,而锋生条件为降水的形成和维持提供了一定的能量。 相似文献