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1.
Dynamical features of the East Greenland Current (EGC) are synthesized from a survey conducted by the Swedish icebreaker Oden during the International Arctic Ocean - 02 expedition (AO-02) in May 2002 with emphasis on the liquid freshwater transport and Polar Surface Water. The data include hydrography and lowered acoustic doppler current profiler (LADCP) velocities in eight transects along the EGC, from the Fram Strait in the north to the Denmark Strait in the south. The survey reveals a strong confinement of the low-salinity polar water in the EGC to the continental slope/shelf—a feature of relevance for the stability of the thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean. The southward transport of liquid freshwater in the EGC was found to vary considerably between the sections, ranging between 0.01 and 0.1 Sverdrup. Computations based on geostrophic as well as LADCP velocities give a section-averaged southward freshwater transport of 0.06 Sverdrup in the EGC during May 2002. Furthermore, Oden data suggest that the liquid freshwater transport was as large north of the Fram Strait as it was south of the Denmark Strait.  相似文献   

2.
The continental-shelf morphology is dominated by glacial erosion and deposition. Erosion is prominent on the near-shore shelf and deposition along the outer shelf edge. The continental slope is characterized by delta-shaped progradations (glaciomarine-sediment fans) seaward of the shelf channels. Canyons cross the continental slope only in the region southeast of Cape Farewell. The continental rise is incised by a number of submarine canyons. Broad sediment ridges on the upper continental rise are probably canyon-eroded remains of extensive Plio-Pleistocene fans. A mid-ocean channel which crosses the continental rise is possibly related to the axis of maximum depth of Denmark Strait. Despite the presence of strong bottom currents, there is no indication of depositional sediment drifts along the continental margin of Greenland between Cape Farewell and Denmark Strait. This may be a function of high current velocity or low sediment load.Sea floor older than 60 m.y. B.P. is present just seaward of the Greenland continental margin implying either downwarped continental material or an early rift formed prior to the separation of Greenland from the European plate. A left lateral offset of anomalies 20 and 21 at 65°N indicates a major fracture zone related to the Greenland continental margin offset nearby.  相似文献   

3.
The recently discovered East Greenland Spill Jet is a bottom-intensified current on the upper continental slope south of Denmark Strait, transporting intermediate density water equatorward. Until now the Spill Jet has only been observed with limited summertime measurements from ships. Here we present the first year-round mooring observations demonstrating that the current is a ubiquitous feature with a volume transport similar to the well-known plume of Denmark Strait overflow water farther downslope. Using reverse particle tracking in a high-resolution numerical model, we investigate the upstream sources feeding the Spill Jet. Three main pathways are identified: particles flowing directly into the Spill Jet from the Denmark Strait sill; particles progressing southward on the East Greenland shelf that subsequently spill over the shelfbreak into the current; and ambient water from the Irminger Sea that gets entrained into the flow. The two Spill Jet pathways emanating from Denmark Strait are newly resolved, and long-term hydrographic data from the strait verifies that dense water is present far onto the Greenland shelf. Additional measurements near the southern tip of Greenland suggest that the Spill Jet ultimately merges with the deep portion of the shelfbreak current, originally thought to be a lateral circulation associated with the sub-polar gyre. Our study thus reveals a previously unrecognized significant component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation that needs to be considered to understand fully the ocean׳s role in climate.  相似文献   

4.
Data from the East Greenland Current in 2002 are evaluated using optimum multiparameter analysis. The current is followed from north of Fram Strait to the Denmark Strait Sill and the contributions of different source waters, in mass fractions, are deduced. From the results it can be concluded that, at least in spring 2002, the East Greenland Current was the main source for the waters found at the Denmark Strait Sill, contributing to the overflow into the North Atlantic. The East Greenland Current carried water masses from different source regions in the Arctic Ocean, the West Spitsbergen Current and the Greenland Sea. The results agree well with the known circulation of the western Nordic Seas but also add knowledge both to the quantification and to the mixing processes, showing the importance of the locally formed Greenland Sea Arctic Intermediate Water for the East Greenland Current and the Denmark Strait.  相似文献   

5.
西格陵兰位于北极—北大西洋地区,其海洋环境演变受西格陵兰洋流中冷、暖水团的显著影响。本文运用主成分分析方法对西格陵兰Disko湾DA06-139G孔沉积物中主要硅藻属种进行研究,试图揭示5000a BP以来西格陵兰洋流中冷、暖水团强度变化对研究区海洋环境的影响。5000—3800a BP期间,东格陵兰寒流携带的极地冷水团强度较弱,而北大西洋暖水团势力较强,Disko湾地区海洋环境较为温暖。3800—2000a BP期间,西格陵兰洋流中极地冷水团势力呈现阶段性增强,此时Disko湾地区气候缓慢转冷,海冰覆盖面积逐渐增加。2000a BP以后,特别是650a BP之后,样品在主成分轴一上的得分显著增高,表明Disko湾气候明显变冷,来自东格陵兰寒流的极地冷水团强度显著增强。Disko湾中晚全新世以来的硅藻记录及样品在主成分轴一上的得分所指示的极地冷水团的强度变化与格陵兰冰芯温度及海冰变化等具有较好的一致性,说明研究区海流特征与大气温度、海冰等环境要素密切相关。  相似文献   

6.
Hydrology and circulation in central and southern Cook Strait,New Zealand   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
The circulation and hydrology of Cook Strait are defined using both the geostrophic method and the hydrologiieal characteristics of the different water masses. Cool, low salinity water in a branch of the Southland Current, which extends along the east coast of the South Island into Cook Strait, mixes above the depth of the continental shelf with warmer, more saline Subtropical Water from both the D'UrVille Current and the East Cape Current. Subtropical Water derived from the East Cape Current occupies the Cook Strait Canyon; below 100 m this water meets the Subtropical Water of the southwest‐flowing D'Urville Current in a convergence situated in the Oook Strait Narrows. Mixed water derived from all three currents passes eastwards across Cook Strait and up the east coast of the North Island.  相似文献   

7.
In order to reconstruct the circulation in the northern Greenland Sea, between 77°N and 81°N, and the exchanges with the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait, a variational inverse model is applied to the density field observed in summer 1984 during the MIZEX 84 experiment. An estimate of the three-dimensional large-scale pressure field is obtained in which the solution is decomposed into a limited number of vertical modes and the mode amplitudes are described by piece-wise polynomials on a finite-element grid. The solution should be consistent with a frictional depth-integrated vorticity balance and with the density data. The global model parameters are tuned to ensure agreement between the retrieved geostrophic velocity and independent currentmeter data. In a companion paper (Schlichtholz and Houssais, 1999b), the same method, but without dynamical constraint, is applied to the same hydrographic dataset to perform a detailed water mass analysis and to estimate individual water mass transports.A comprehensive picture of the summer geostrophic circulation in Fram Strait is obtained in which northward recirculations in the East Greenland Current (EGC) and various recirculations from the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) to the EGC are identified. It is suggested that the branch of the WSC following the upper western slope of the Yermak Plateau turns westward beyond 81°N and recirculates southward along the lower slope, then merging with a westward recirculating branch south of 79°N. At 79°N, a southward net transport of 6.5 Sv is found in the EGC which, combined with a northward net transport of only 1.5 Sv in the WSC, results in a fairly large outflow of 5 Sv from the Arctic Ocean to the Greenland Sea.The inverse solutions show that, in summer, the local induction of vorticity by the wind stress curl or by meridional advection of planetary vorticity should be small, so that, in the EGC and in the WSC, the vorticity balance is mainly achieved between the bottom pressure torque and dissipation of vorticity through bottom friction. A substantial barotropic flow associated with along-slope potential energy gradients is indeed identified on both sides of the strait.  相似文献   

8.
The importance of the circulation of fresh water within the Nordic Seas has frequently been pointed out, especially its effect on deep water formation and therefore possibly on the thermohaline circulation. The main source of fresh water is the East Greenland Current entering the Nordic Seas through Fram Strait. The Jan Mayen Polar Current and the East Icelandic Current (EIC) carry a part of the fresh water into the Greenland and Iceland Seas respectively. As a part of the EU project VEINS, Aanderaa current meters were deployed on two moorings within the EIC from June 1997 to June 1998 on a standard CTD section from Langanes, Northeast Iceland, to the central Iceland Sea in the direction towards Jan Mayen. The current was mainly concentrated along the slope where it was baroclinic, while over the deeper part a weak barotropic flow was observed. Geostrophic calculations, referenced to the current meter data, were used for estimating the volume flux and fresh water transport with the current. The total transport over the section towards the east was found to be 2.5 Sv. The fresh water transport relative to a salinity of 34.93, above 170 m, amounted to 5.5 mSv. This is roughly 4% of the fresh water transport through Fram Strait. This transport is put into a long-term perspective using hydrographic data from the Langanes section.  相似文献   

9.
Fresh water flowing from the Arctic Ocean via the East Greenland Current influences deep water formation in the Nordic Seas as well as the salinity of the surface and deep waters flowing from there. This fresh water has three sources: Pacific water (relatively fresh cf. Atlantic water), river runoff, and sea ice meltwater. To determine the relative amounts of the three sources of fresh water, in May 2002 we collected water samples across the East Greenland Current in sections from 81.5°N to the Irminger Sea south of Denmark Strait. We used nitrate-phosphate relationships to distinguish Pacific waters from Atlantic waters, salinity to obtain the sum of sea ice melt water and river runoff water, and total alkalinity to distinguish the latter. River runoff contributed the largest part of the total fresh water component, in some regions with some inventories exceeding 12 m. Pacific fresh water (Pacific source water S ∼ 32 cf. Atlantic source water S ∼ 34.9) typically provided about 1/3 of the river runoff contribution. Sea ice meltwater was very nearly non-existent in the surface waters of all sections, likely at least in part as a result of the samples being collected before the onset of the melt season. The fresh water from the Arctic Ocean was strongly confined to near the Greenland coast. We thus conjecture that the main source of fresh water from the Arctic Ocean most strongly impacting deep convection in the Nordic Seas would be sea ice as opposed to fresh water in the liquid phase, i.e., river runoff, Pacific fresh water, and sea ice meltwater.  相似文献   

10.
The circulation, water masses and sea-ice of Baffin Bay   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The oceanographic, meteorological and sea-ice conditions in Baffin Bay are studied using historical hydrographic, satellite and meteorological data, and a set of current meter data from a mooring program of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. Baffin Bay is partially covered by sea-ice all year except August and September. The interannual variation of the ice extent is shown to be correlated with winter air temperature. Available hydrographic data were used to study the water masses and the horizontal and vertical distribution of temperature/salinity. Three water masses can be identified – Arctic Water in the upper 100–300 m of all regions except the southeast, West Greenland Intermediate Water at 300–800 m in most of the interior of Baffin Bay, and Deep Baffin Bay Water in all regions below 1200 m. The temperature and salinity in Baffin Bay have limited seasonal variability except in the upper 300 m of eastern Davis Strait, northern Baffin Bay and the mouth of Lancaster Sound. Summer data have a temperature minimum at 100 m, which suggests winter convection does not penetrate deeper than this depth. Current meter data and results of a circulation model indicate that the mean circulation is cyclonic. The seasonal variation of the currents is complex. Overall, summer and fall tend to have stronger currents than winter and spring at all depths. Among the different regions, the largest seasonal variation occurs at the mouth of Lancaster Sound and the Baffin Island slope. Model generated velocity fields show a basic agreement with the observed currents, and indicate strong topographic control in the vicinity of Davis Strait and on the Greenland shelves. The model also produces a southward counter current on the Greenland slope, which may explain the observed high horizontal shears over the Greenland slope. Estimates of the volume and fresh water transports through Lancaster, Jones and Smith Sounds are reviewed. Transports through Davis Strait are computed from the current meter data. The balance of freshwater budget and sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation to freshwater transport are discussed.  相似文献   

11.
Based on the observational current meter data from two mooring systems located between Chilung and the Pengjiayu Island from July 1980 to July 1981, and other oceanographic observational data in the south of the East China Sea, some problems on the flow of seawater in this area in summer are analysed in this paper. It is considered that a possible passage where the subsurface water of the Kuroshio flows into continental shelf area of the East China Sea is the lower layer of the region between Chilung and the point of 122°30′ E, 25°40′N. After passing through this passage, it flows roughly towards northeast along about 100 m isobath. The "Taiwan Warm Current" coming from the Taiwan Strait only passes through the upper layer of this area. The influence of the Taiwan Island on the flow and the eddies in this area are also discussed.  相似文献   

12.
Sea‐surface temperature data from satellite imagery is used to improve the understanding of the ocean‐current circulation of an area to the south‐east of Cook Strait, New Zealand. A dominant feature of the satellite imagery is an eddy, apparently locked in position, which has a considerable influence on the interaction of the East Cape Current and the Southland Current which meet in this region.  相似文献   

13.
东海东北部春季若干重要水文结构的分析   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  
本文主要基于韩国海洋研究所在东海沿岸海洋过程试验中收集的ＣＴＤ资料，分析了１９９５年春季出现在东海东北部的一些重要水文结构。结果表明，一种锋涡状结构出现在黑潮向东转折点附近。它不仅使邻近海域的水文结构变得更复杂，而且诱发黑潮水与陆架水间活跃的交换。在陆架坡折处观测到若干孤立的陆架水块，可能是锋涡的卷挟作用所致；该海域存在４个水团，即黑潮水、对马暖流水、陆架水和混合水。对马暖流水分为上下两层：上层水为变性黑潮水，盐度比黑潮水约低０．１，底层对马暖流水仅位于冲绳海槽区，并有着与黑潮中层水相同的温、盐特性；一种双锋结构出现在邻近黑潮的陆架边缘附近。在内陆架形成的陆架锋，由北向南伸展时，愈来愈偏向陆架边缘。而黑潮锋沿九州以西深槽的陆架边缘向北伸展。在黑潮转折点附近，两锋几乎合并为一条锋。狭窄的锋带由黑潮水及其变性水和陆架水的混合水所占据。  相似文献   

14.
To determine the exchanges between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait is one of the most important aspects, and one of the major challenges, in describing the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. Especially the northward transport of Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) from the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean is little known. In the two-ship study of the circulation in the Nordic Seas, Arctic Ocean - 2002, the Swedish icebreaker Oden operated in the ice-covered areas in and north of Fram Strait and in the western margins of Greenland and Iceland seas, while RV Knorr of Woods Hole worked in the ice free part of the Nordic Seas. Here two hydrographic sections obtained by Oden, augmented by tracer and velocity measurements with Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP), are examined. The first section, reaching from the Svalbard shelf across the Yermak Plateau, covers the region north of Svalbard where inflow to the Arctic Ocean takes place. The second, western, section spans the outflow area extending from west of the Yermak Plateau onto the Greenland shelf. Geostrophic and LADCP derived velocities are both used to estimate the exchanges of water masses between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. The geostrophic computations indicate a total flow of 3.6 Sv entering the Arctic on the eastern section. The southward flow on the western section is found to be 5.1 Sv. The total inflow to the Arctic Ocean obtained using the LADCP derived velocities is much larger, 13.6 Sv, and the southward transport on the western section is 13.7 Sv, equal to the northward transport north of Svalbard. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) originating from a tracer release experiment in the Greenland Sea in 1996 has become a marker for the circulation of AIW. From the geostrophic velocities we obtain 0.5 Sv and from the LADCP derived velocities 2.8 Sv of AIW flowing into the Arctic. The annual transport of SF6 into the Arctic Ocean derived from geostrophy is 5 kg/year, which is of the same magnitude as the observed total annual transport into the North Atlantic, while the LADCP measurements (19 kg/year) imply that it is substantially larger. Little SF6 was found on the western section, confirming the dominance of the Arctic Ocean water masses and indicating that the major recirculation in Fram Strait takes place farther to the south.  相似文献   

15.
1986年7月黄海南部及东海北部海况的主要特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文简要阐明了1986年7月中美南黄海合作调查所得的东海北部和南黄海的海况特征。给出了2m,50m,底层及主要断面的温、盐度分布图、T-S图解、动力计算和漂流浮标的观测结果。从这些图表可以看出:夏季黄海暖流不再进入南黄海内部,但有经济州海峡重新回归对马暖流的迹象;黄海冷水团内部结构复杂,黄海的陆架锋对黄海水文要素的分布变化有重要影响;南黄海上层存在着封闭的密度环流;济州岛西南依然存在着气旋型海水运动等。  相似文献   

16.
Observations of deep ocean temperature and salinity in the Labrador and Greenland Seas indicate that there is negative correlation between the activities of deep convection in these two sites. A previous study suggests that this negative correlation is controlled by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In this study, we discuss this deep convection seesaw by using a coupled atmosphere and ocean general circulation model. In this simulation, the deep convection is realistically simulated in both the Labrador and Greenland Seas and their negative correlation is also recognized. Regression of sea level pressure to wintertime mixed layer depth in the Labrador Sea reveals strong correlation between the convection and the NAO as previous studies suggest, but a significant portion of their variability is not correlated. On the other hand, the convection in the Greenland Sea is not directly related to the NAO, and its variability is in phase with changes in the freshwater budget in the GIN Seas. The deep convection seesaw found in the model is controlled by freshwater transport through the Denmark Strait. When this transport is larger, more freshwater flows to the Labrador Sea and less to the Greenland Sea. This leads to lower upper-ocean surface salinity in the Labrador Sea and higher salinity in the Greenland Sea, which produces negative correlation between these two deep convective activities. The deep convection seesaw observed in the recent decades could be interpreted as induced by the changes in the freshwater transport through the Denmark Strait, whose role has not been discussed so far.  相似文献   

17.
Current estimates of freshwater flux through Arctic and subarctic seas   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
As the world warms, the expectation is that the freshwater outflows from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic will strengthen and may act to suppress the rate of the climatically-important Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Hitherto, however, we have lacked the system of measurements required to estimate the totality of the freshwater flux through subarctic seas. Though observations remain patchy and rudimentary in places, we piece-together the results from recent large-scale observational programmes together with associated modelling, to establish preliminary maps of the rates and pathways of freshwater flux through subarctic seas. These fluxes are calculated according to two reference salinities, S = 34.8 to conform with the majority of estimates reported in the literature, and S = 35.2, the salinity of the inflowing Atlantic water, to calculate the freshwater balance of the ‘Arctic Mediterranean’. We find that 148 mSv of freshwater enters the Nordic Seas across its northern boundary. There it is supplemented by around 54 mSv of freshwater from Baltic runoff, Norwegian runoff, P − E and Greenland ice melt, so that the total freshwater contribution to the Nordic Seas from all sources is 202 mSv. Of this, around 51 mSv of freshwater is estimated to pass south to the deep Atlantic in the dense water overflows leaving an assumed balance of 151 mSv to leave the Nordic Seas in the upper water export through Denmark Strait. The corresponding estimate for the freshwater outflow west of Greenland is 103 mSv relative to 35.2 so that the total freshwater flux reaching the North Atlantic through subarctic seas is around 300 mSv.  相似文献   

18.
The main water transformations in the Arctic Mediterranean take place in the boundary current of Atlantic Water, which crosses the Greenland–Scotland ridge from the North Atlantic into the eastern Norwegian Sea. It enters and flows around the Arctic Ocean before it exits the Arctic Mediterranean as the East Greenland Current, primarily through Denmark Strait. On route, it experiences numerous branchings and mergings. By examining how the properties of this “circumpolar” boundary current evolve, it is possible to identify and describe the processes causing the water mass transformations in the Arctic Mediterranean. It is also possible to follow the Arctic Ocean deep waters as they spread into the Nordic Seas and eventually provide 40% of the overflow water supplying the North Atlantic Deep Water.  相似文献   

19.
In order to clarify detailed current structures over the continental shelf margin in the East China Sea, ADCP measurements were carried out in summers in 1991 and 1994 by the quadrireciprocal method (Katoh, 1988) for removing diurnal and semidiurnal tidal flows from observed flows, together with CTD measurements. We discussed the process of the Tsushima Current formation in the East China Sea. The Tsushima Current with a volume transport of 2 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3s–1) was found north of 31°N. A current with a volume transport of 0.4 Sv was clearly found along the 100 m isobath. Between the Kuroshio and the current along the 100 m isobath, southeastward component of velocity was dominant compared to northwestward one. Four eastward to southeastward currents were found over the sea bed shallower than 90 m depth. Total volume transport of these four currents was 1 Sv, and they seemed to be originated from the Taiwan Strait. Intrusion of offshore water into the inner shelf northwest of Amami Oshima was estimated to have a volume transport of 0.6 Sv. It is concluded that the Tsushima Current is the confluence of these currents over the continental shelf margin with the offshore water intruding northwest of Amami Oshima.  相似文献   

20.
Hydrographic data and composite current velocity data (ADCP and GEK) were used to examine the seasonal variations of upper-ocean flow in the southern sea area of Hokkaido, which includes the “off-Doto” and “Hidaka Bay” areas separated by Cape Erimo. During the heating season (April–September), the outflow of the Tsugaru Warm Current (TWC) from the Tsugaru Strait first extends north-eastward, and then one branch of TWC turns to the west along the shelf slope after it approaches the Hidaka Shelf. The main flow of TWC evolves continuously, extending eastward as far as the area off Cape Erimo. In the late cooling season (January–March), part of the Oyashio enters Hidaka Bay along the shallower part of the shelf slope through the area off Cape Erimo, replacing almost all of the TWC water, and hence the TWC devolves. It is suggested that the bottom-controlled barotropic flow of the Oyashio, which may be caused by the small density difference between the Oyashio and the TWC waters and the southward migration of main front of TWC, permits the Oyashio water to intrude along the Hidaka shelf slope.  相似文献   

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