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1.
We present a study on the emergence of spatial variability, or patchiness, in biophysical simulations of plankton ecosystems. Using a standard approach to modelling such ecosystems, we represent a distribution of plankton as a lattice of non-identical interacting oscillatory populations. Spatial variation is imposed in population parameters, such as maximum growth rate, leading to a spread in the natural (uncoupled) population properties. Using the methods of synchronisation theory, the emergent spatial structure of the coupled system is investigated as a function of the strength of interaction between populations. Surprisingly, a range of coupling strength is found to induce a tenfold increase in the spread in frequency of oscillation of populations in comparison with the uncoupled level of spatial variation. This apparent desynchronisation corresponds to the formation of temporally evolving clusters of local synchronisation: the interplay of grid-cell scale variability and dispersal between populations leads to patchiness at larger scales. However, the occurrence and length-scale of this patchiness is found to be sensitive to typical simulation parameters such as spatial resolution and strength of dispersal, with emergent spatial structure altering abruptly from patchy to homogeneous as these parameters are varied. These results indicate that whilst cluster synchronisation may be a genuine mechanism for the formation of spatial structure in plankton distributions, biophysical modellers should be aware of the possibility of artificial patchiness arising from the basic physical structure of their model. 相似文献
2.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1999,46(8):1369-1389
The purpose of local studies within the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is to determine something, typically a model with parameter values, that is useful for making regional or global estimates of fluxes. An iterative process of improvement should lead towards a model that fits available local data well, and local data that constrain the range of possible models well, so that the extrapolation from local to global can be made with confidence. This paper addresses issues in evaluating the fit of models and the constraining power of data. For illustrative purposes it treats the data and the form of the model as fixed, so that improvement is confined to the parameter values of the model. The plankton model of Fasham et al.(1990) (Journal of Marine Research, 48, 591–639) fits the data of the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment of 1989 reasonably well, and that data set constrains the parameters of that model reasonably well. Studying their interplay suggests directions for improvement in both. 相似文献
3.
At interannual to multidecadal time scales, much of the oceanographic and climatic variability in the North Atlantic Ocean can be associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). While evidence suggests that there is a relationship between the NAO and zooplankton dynamics in the North Atlantic Ocean, the phytoplankton response to NAO-induced changes in the environment is less clear. Time series of monthly mean phytoplankton colour values, as compiled by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, are analysed to infer relationships between the NAO and phytoplankton dynamics throughout the North Atlantic Ocean. While a few areas display highly significant (p < 0.05) trends in the CPR colour time series during the period 1948–2000, nominally significant (p < 0.20) positive trends are widespread across the basin, particularly on the continental shelves and in a transition zone stretching across the Central North Atlantic. When long-term trends are removed from both the NAO index and CPR colour time series, the correlation between them ceases to be significant. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain the observed variability in the CPR colour and its relationship with climate in the North Atlantic. 相似文献
4.
The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey was conceived from the outset as a programme of applied research designed to assist the fishing industry. Its survival and continuing vigour after 70 years is a testament to its utility, which has been achieved in spite of great changes in our understanding of the marine environment and in our concerns over how to manage it. The CPR has been superseded in several respects by other technologies, such as acoustics and remote sensing, but it continues to provide unrivalled seasonal and geographic information about a wide range of zooplankton and phytoplankton taxa. The value of this coverage increases with time and provides the basis for placing recent observations into the context of long-term, large-scale variability and thus suggesting what the causes are likely to be. Information from the CPR is used extensively in judging environmental impacts and producing quality status reports (QSR); it has shown the distributions of fish stocks, which had not previously been exploited; it has pointed to the extent of ungrazed phytoplankton production in the North Atlantic, which was a vital element in establishing the importance of carbon sequestration by phytoplankton.The CPR continues to be the principal source of large-scale, long-term information about the plankton ecosystem of the North Atlantic. It has recently provided extensive information about the biodiversity of the plankton and about the distribution of introduced species. It serves as a valuable example for the design of future monitoring of the marine environment and it has been essential to the design and implementation of most North Atlantic plankton research. 相似文献
5.
H. Htún M.R. Payne G. Beaugrand P.C. Reid A.B. Sand H. Drange B. Hansen J.A. Jacobsen D. Bloch 《Progress in Oceanography》2009,80(3-4):149-162
Pronounced changes in fauna, extending from the English Channel in the south to the Barents Sea in the north-east and off Greenland in the north-west, have occurred in the late 1920s, the late 1960s and again in the late 1990s. We attribute these events to exchanges of subarctic and subtropical water masses in the north-eastern North Atlantic Ocean, associated with changes in the strength and extent of the subpolar gyre. These exchanges lead to variations in the influence exerted by the subarctic or Lusitanian biomes on the intermediate faunistic zone in the north-eastern Atlantic. This strong and persistent bottom-up bio-physical link is demonstrated using a numerical ocean general circulation model and data on four trophically connected levels in the food chain – phytoplankton, zooplankton, blue whiting, and pilot whales. The plankton data give a unique basin-scale depiction of these changes, and a long pilot whale record from the Faroe Islands offers an exceptional temporal perspective over three centuries. Recent advances in simulating the dynamics of the subpolar gyre suggests a potential for predicting the distribution of the main faunistic zones in the north-eastern Atlantic a few years into the future, which might facilitate a more rational management of the commercially important fisheries in this region. 相似文献
6.
初步构建了一个以浮游植物（P）、浮游动物（Z）和营养盐（N,包括无机氮和活性磷酸盐）为生态变量的NPZ简单生态模型,并通过与POM三维水动力模型的耦合,建立了三维浮游生态动力学模型,开展了厦门湾全海域三维浮游生态系统时空变化的模拟研究.结果显示,厦门海域浮游动植物有明显的季节变化,春、夏季生物量最高,秋、冬季较低,但不同的海区达到峰值的季节并不相同;活性磷酸盐含量冬季最高,春季最低,与浮游植物量值有较明显的反位相关系,表明厦门湾海域浮游植物的生长主要受活性磷酸盐含量限制.模拟结果符合历史观测特征,且模拟值与实测值量级比较吻合,因此所建立的三维浮游生态动力学模型可用于描述厦门湾海域浮游生态的时空变化特征. 相似文献
7.
The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey has sampled plankton on 14 routes off the coasts of the northeast United States and Canada between 1959 and 2000. Six of these routes are still operating and are sampled on a monthly basis. Some 2047 CPR tows have been made to the end of 2000 and the resulting database represents the most extensive time series of marine plankton available anywhere in the northwest Atlantic. The location and time span of coverage of each route is presented. In addition selected information is presented on:
- 1. zooplankton abundance as departures from baselines for the northeast US continental shelf;
- 2. interannual variation in seasonality of Gulf of Maine phytoplankton;
- 3. zooplankton relationships to local hydrography of the Gulf of Maine and to the North Atlantic Oscillation;
- 4. time-space matrices of zooplankton abundance and anomalies southeast of New York City;
- 5. time series of phyto- and zooplankton on the Scotian Shelf;
- 6. seasonal cycles of Phytoplankton Colour and of zooplankton on the Scotian Shelf and Georges Bank, and in the Gulf of Maine; and
- 7. monthly abundance of zooplankton in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island.
8.
9.
A new class of phytoplankton models with a mechanistic basis has been presented in a companion paper (Baklouti, M., Diaz, F., Pinazo, C., Faure, V., Queguiner, B., 2006. Investigation of mechanistic formulations depicting phytoplankton dynamics for models of marine pelagic ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography). It is the default class of models implemented in our new numerical tool Eco3M, which is dedicated to Ecological, Mechanistic and Modular Modelling. A brief overview of its main features is given in Section 2 of the present paper. In the next sections, a particular phytoplankton model among the aforementioned class has been tested with special emphasis on the mechanistic photosynthesis component relating the photosynthetic rate to the proportion of open photosystems II. The present study encompasses several essential steps that are inherent to any modelling, including model reduction, model sensitivity analysis and comparison of model outputs with experiments. The global sensitivity analysis of the plankton model for one-at-a-time parameter perturbations revealed a restricted set of parameters having major influence on the model outputs. Sensitivity tests involving simultaneous parameter perturbations within the range actually encountered in the literature provided a confidence interval for the outputs. Chemostat experiments performed on nitrate-limited diatoms grown under low (LL) and high-light (HL) conditions have been used for comparison with model outputs. The good fit between measured data and model outputs using the same parameter values in both the LL and HL cases demonstrates the ability of our model to represent the main features of phytoplankton dynamics including photoacclimation. Finally, Eco3M is ultimately intended to include explicit bacterial and zooplankton compartments, as well as to be coupled with ocean circulation models, but the intrinsic behavior of the phytoplankton model has been investigated first, independently of physical forcing. 相似文献
10.
Regime shift and principal component analysis of a spatially disaggregated database capturing time-series of climatic, nutrient and plankton variables in the North Sea revealed considerable covariance between groups of ecosystem indicators. Plankton and climate time-series span the period 1958–2003, those of nutrients start in 1980. In both regions, the period from 1989 to 2001 identified in principal component 1 had warmer surface waters, higher Atlantic inflow and stronger winds, than the periods before or after. However, it was preceded by a regime shift in both open (PC2) and coastal (PC3) waters during 1977 towards more hours of sunlight and higher water temperature, which lasted until 1997. The relative influence of nutrient availability and climatic forcing differed between open and coastal North Sea regions. Inter-annual variability in phytoplankton dynamics of the open North Sea was primarily regulated by climatic forcing, specifically by sea surface temperature, Atlantic inflow and co-varying wind stress and NAO. Coastal phytoplankton variability, however, was regulated by insolation and sea surface temperature, as well as Si availability, but not by N or P. Regime shifts in principal components of hydrographic and climatic variables (explaining 55 and 61% of the variance in coastal and open water variables) were detected using Rodionov's sequential t-test. These shifts in hydroclimatic variables which occurred around 1977, 1989, 1997 and 2001, were synchronized in open and coastal waters, and were tracked by open water chlorophyll and copepods, but not by coastal plankton. North–central–south or open-coastal spatial breakdowns of the North Sea explained similar amounts of variability in most ecosystem indicators with the exception of diatom abundance and chlorophyll concentration, which were clearly better explained using the open-coastal configuration. 相似文献
11.
The state-of-the-art in modelling the marine ecosystem of the greater North Sea is reviewed, providing an overview especially about three-dimensional models that describe and predict how the marine ecosystem of the greater North Sea area functions and how concentrations and fluxes of biologically important elements vary in space and time, throughout the shelf and over years, in response to physical forcing. Articles with a strong concentration on modelling were selected from the available literature, and all articles around the existing “ecological modelling groups” dealing with the area of the North Sea were sorted in chronological order of their appearance in the literature. We found eleven of such groups and described their different modelling efforts. Selecting the seven three-dimensional models (NORWECOM, GHER, ECOHAM, ERSEM, ELISE, COHERENS and POL3dERSEM), we characterized the complexity of the models, by comparing the resolution in time and space, and the resolution of the trophic structure by discussing the number and kind of state variables and of the processes relating these state variables to each other.The review of biogeochemical/ecological modelling for the greater North Sea shows that important findings by model simulations have either confirmed existing knowledge derived from field work or have given new insight into the mechanisms of the functioning of the North Sea system: the temporal and spatial development and magnitude of primary production, its spreading from the coasts to the north-west over the open North Sea, its mechanisms of limitation, the functioning of the pelagic small food web and of the benthic web, the mechanisms of nutrient regeneration, the effects of riverine and atmospheric nutrient inputs causing eutrophication of coastal waters, the extent of eutrophication in the North Sea, and the budgets for nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon. The three-dimensional ecological models of the greater North Sea have provided consistent distributions and dynamics of the lower trophic levels on their regional, annual and decadal scales which cannot be derived to this degree of coverage by observations.The state-of-the-art in validation for these models is presented in part 2 相似文献
12.
We examined seasonal and interannual patterns of zooplankton functional groups in the Balearic Sea from 1994 to 2003 and revealed a conspicuous increase in zooplankton variance at community and population levels. The change occurred in 1999–2000, and paralleled modifications in the North Atlantic climate that cascaded down affecting the water column thermal gradient in the Balearic Sea. The observed modifications in both hydroclimate and ecological compartments raise the question of a potential ecological shift in the pelagic ecosystem of the Western Mediterranean in the late 1990s. 相似文献
13.
LI Keqiang WANG Xiulin LIANG Shengkang SHI Xiaoyong ZHU Chenjian CHEN Hu 《海洋学报(英文版)》2008,27(5):98-110
A nitrogen and phosphorus dynamic model of mesocosm pelagic ecosystem was established according to the summary and synthesis of the models available, in which seven state variables （DIN, PO4-P, DON, DOP, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus） were included. Logically it had five modules--phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic nutrients and detritus. The results showed that this model could simulate the variations of DIN, PO4-P, DON, DOP, POC and phytoplankton biomass in pelagic ecosystem in mesocosm properly, based on the site experiment data in the Jiaozhou Bay in the autumn of 1999 and the summer of 2000. Not only the logical structure but also the model parameters were feasible, and about 20 parameters were made to fit for the Jiaozhou Bay during the simulation. All of these are necessary to study the control mechanism of nutrients biogeochemical cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay and other China＇ s coastal waters. 相似文献
14.
Productivity, trophic levels and size spectra of zooplankton in northern Norwegian shelf regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Meng Zhou Kurt S. Tande Yiwu Zhu Sünnje Basedow 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(21-22):1934
Many studies have been conducted in northern Norwegian shelf regions to assess distributions and abundances of zooplankton in the last decade using towed Scanfish-conductivity, temperature and depth sensors (CTD)–optical plankton counter (OPC), and plankton nets. Significant progresses have been made in understanding dominant species, life histories and behavior, and in using size-structured data to identify dominant species in a certain size range. Using these Scanfish–CTD–OPC data, the analysis of zooplankton community size structures, compositions and their relationships with water types is made along the shelf region from Lofoten, North Cape to Varangerfjorden. From the relationships between the water types and zooplankton communities, the transports and exchanges of zooplankton communities between the Norwegian Coastal and Norwegian Atlantic Waters in regions near Malangsgrunnen and Nordvestbanken are examined. The biovolume (biomass) spectra are further analyzed for the productivity, trophic levels and seasonality of communities in these regions, indicating a steeper slope of the biovolume spectrum for a community dominated by herbivorous species in spring and a flatter slope for a community dominated by carnivorous–omnivorous species in winter. The comparison with the zooplankton biovolume spectra obtained in areas west of Antarctic Peninsula is made to examine and understand the differences in the zooplankton biovolume spectra, their trophic dynamics and potential human impacts between different regions. 相似文献
15.
16.
国际海洋浮游动物研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
综述了国际上有关海洋浮游动物种群、群落结构、多样性及浮游动物对全球气候变化响应等方面研究进展。海洋浮游动物种类繁多, 数量丰富, 分布广泛, 是海洋生态系统中最重要的生物类群。在海洋食物网中, 浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物控制初级生产力, 同时, 又被更高营养阶层的动物(鱼、虾、鲸、海鸟等)捕食, 充当次级生产者的角色, 其群落结构、种群动态和物种多样性影响鱼类和其他海洋动物资源量, 浮游动物是海洋食物网中关键环节。海洋生态系统动力学过程的关键环节是浮游生物的生物学和生态学过程, 多项国际研究计划以生物多样性和年际变化趋势为研究重点并联系全球变化及响应, 因此, 浮游动物的研究已成为海洋生态研究的核心内容之一。国际上对浮游动物的研究主要集中在以下6个方向:(1)浮游动物生境、种群的分布和扩散动力学研究;(2)浮游动物的群落结构和多样性;(3)浮游动物的实验生态和现场受控生态研究;(4)浮游动物对全球气候变化的响应;(5)深海、南北极、低氧区等极端生境的浮游动物生态学研究;(6)浮游动物研究新技术和方法。 相似文献
17.
海洋浮游植物和浮游动物是海洋生态系统中的重要组成部分,支撑了整个海洋生态系统的正常运转。因此,海洋浮游植、动物的生态学研究有利于我们全面认识和了解一个海洋生态系统的状况。印太交汇区作为全球最大的海洋生物多样性中心,是国际上生物多样性研究的热点区域,但该区域对浮游生物生态学方面的研究较少,不利于我们深入认识该区域生物多样性中心形成的生态机制。本文针对当前国内、外关于印太交汇区浮游植、动物生态学研究的进展进行综述,介绍了印太交汇区的浮游植物群落结构、生物量、粒级组成和初级生产力水平,以及浮游动物群落结构特征、生物量分布及影响因素等,对未来印太交汇区浮游生态学研究的方向进行了展望,希望可以为该区域相关生态学研究提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
18.
于2019年12月使用4种不同型号网具采集了珠江口浮游动物, 进行形态学鉴定和DNA分子鉴定, 分析珠江口浮游动物的群落结构特征, 并比较不同调查方法对浮游动物丰度和生物量结果的影响。形态学镜检鉴定浮游动物36种(类), 其中浮游幼虫6类。浅水I型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为115±96ind.·m-3, 平均生物量为0.21±0.14g·m-3; 浅水Ⅱ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为3536±2444ind.·m-3, 平均生物量为0.56±0.33g·m-3; 浅水Ⅲ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为4314±4172ind.·m-3, 平均生物量为0.50±0.25g·m-3; 25#浮游生物网采集的浮游动物平均丰度为6741±3826ind.·m-3, 平均生物量为4.33±3.42g·m-3。研究结果表明网具孔径大小对浮游动物研究结果具有重要影响, 三个站点水体DNA样品注释出15种浮游动物; 使用浅水Ⅱ型网采集的DNA样品注释出19种浮游动物; 镜检样品鉴定浮游动物17种。水体DNA样品能检测出更多的微型浮游动物如原生动物等; 网采样品能过滤更多的水样, 有利于采集更多的大中型浮游动物, 更能充分反映优势类群如桡足类的种类和数量。研究结果表明, 水体DNA可检出浮游幼虫和原生动物等较难镜检鉴别的种类, 采用不同型号网具采集浮游动物可以更全面地反映研究海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。多种调查方法的结合有助于全面了解研究海域的生态环境状况。 相似文献
19.
Phytoplankton species interact through competition for light and nutrients; they also interact through grazers they hold in common. Both interactions are expected to be size-dependent: smaller phytoplankton species will be at an advantage when nutrients are scarce due to surface/volume considerations, while species that are similar in size are more likely to be consumed by grazers held in common than are species that differ greatly in size. While phytoplankton competition for nutrients and light has been extensively characterized, size-based interaction through shared grazers has not been represented systematically. The latter situation is particularly unfortunate because small changes in community structure can give rise to large changes in ecosystem dynamics and, in inverse modeling, to large changes in estimated parameter values. A simple, systematic way to represent phytoplankton interaction through shared grazers, one resistant to unintended idiosyncrasy of model construction yet capable of representing scientifically justifiable idiosyncrasy, would aid greatly in the modeling process.Here I develop a model structure that allows systematic representation of plankton interaction. In this model, the zooplankton community is represented as a continuous size spectrum, while phytoplankton species can be represented individually. The mechanistic basis of the model is a shift in the zooplankton community from carnivory to omnivory to herbivory as phytoplankton density increases. I discuss two limiting approximations in some detail, and fit both to data from the IronEx II experiment. The first limiting case represents a community with no grazer-based interaction among phytoplankton species; this approximation illuminates the general structure of the model. In particular, the zooplankton spectrum can be viewed as the analog of a control rod in a nuclear reactor, which prevents (or fails to prevent) an exponential bloom of phytoplankton. A second, more complex limiting case allows more general interaction of phytoplankton species along a size axis. This latter case would be suitable for describing competition among species with distinct biogeochemical roles, or between species that cause harmful algal blooms and those that do not. The model structure as a whole is therefore simple enough to guide thinking, yet detailed enough to allow quantitative prediction. 相似文献