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1.
基于计算机视觉的地形3D重建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
构造3D地形模型有很多种方法．本文提出一种用数码相机获得的未标定照片获取三维地形模型的简单方法．这种方法仅需要从两幅或多幅照片中选取对应点,根据这些对应点,求出基本矩阵,摄像机矩阵,进而进行三维地形表面的估计,实验结果及算法分析表明,本文提出的特征匹配算法精确度较高,实现地形重建方法切实可行,生成的模型可视效果较好。 相似文献
2.
Acquiring high-resolution topography and performing spatial analysis of loess landslides by using low-cost UAVs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sheng Hu Haijun Qiu Xingang Wang Yu Gao Ninglian Wang Jiang Wu Dongdong Yang Mingming Cao 《Landslides》2018,15(3):593-612
The Loess Plateau is a region in China prone to frequent geological disasters, where thousands of loess landslides can be found. Conventional field survey methods are inadequate for the requirements of fine spatial analysis of landslides. Due to its numerous advantages (fast, efficient, low cost, safe, and able to acquire high-resolution data), structure from motion (SfM) technique to photogrammetric orientation of flights and modeling applied to photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a camera has become a powerful new tool for the generation of high-resolution topography that has emerged in recent years, which has become a powerful new technique for acquiring high-resolution topographic data. In this study, we conducted nearly two months of field UAV surveys of loess landslides on the Loess Plateau, eventually established 3D digital models for 11 loess landslides, and produced high-resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital elevation models (DEMs). High-resolution spatial analysis of the loess landslides (mainly including characteristic parameter extraction, topography profile analysis, surface feature analysis, and hydrologic analysis) was performed using Agisoft PhotoScan, ArcGIS 10.2, Global Mapper 17, and Origin Pro 9.0. The UAV technique allows us to further understand the micro-level internal spatial and structural characteristics of loess landslides. Moreover, not only does it allow us to accurately measure the characteristic geometric parameters but also enables us to detect the surface details of loess landslides (e.g., textures, fissures, and micro-landforms). Manifestly, we can also deduce the original structural characteristics and possible inducement mechanism of landslides based on a combination of high-resolution data acquired by UAVs, proper ground surveys, and theoretical knowledge. In summary, the low-cost UAVs are highly and especially suitable for surveys and digital terrain analysis of landslides on the Loess Plateau with sparse vegetation. 相似文献
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Hassan Ahmadi Arun Das Mehdi Pourtaheri Chooghi Bairam Komaki Houshang Khairy 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(2):711-722
The accurate delineation of area plays a key role in the surveying of land change detection and the classification of land covers. In a hydrologic system, the watershed delineation and the detection of the boundaries among watershed is a basic method for performing spatial analyses. After recent advances in image processing and raster-based spatial analysis in geographic information systems, and being easily accessible data via various sources especially through remote sensing, the reliable determination of topographical boundaries possible is possible. Therefore, an integrated approach of data analysis and modeling can accomplish the task of delineation. The main aim in this research is to evaluate the delineation method of watershed boundary using four different digital elevation models (DEM) including advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), digital topography, and topographic maps. In order to determine a true reference of boundary of watershed, sample data were also obtained by field survey and using global positioning system (GPS). The comparison reference points and the results of these data showed the average distance difference between reference boundary, and the result of ASTER data was 43 m. However, the average distance between GPS reference and the other data was high; the difference between the reference data and SRTM was 307 m, and for digital topographic map, it was 269 m. The average distance between topographic map and the GPS points differed 304 m as well. For the statistical analysis of comparison, the coordinates of 230 points were determined; the paired comparisons were also performed to measure the coefficient of determination, R 2, as well as analysis of variance in SPSS software. As a result, the R 2 values for the ASTER data with the digital topography and topographic map were 0.0157 and 0.171, respectively. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in distances among the four means of the selected models. Therefore, considering other three methods, the ASTER DEM is the most suitable applicable data to delineate the borders of watersheds, especially in rugged terrains. In addition, the calculated flow directions of stream based on ASTER are close to natural tributaries as well as real positions of streams. 相似文献
4.
起伏地形对可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)响应具有强烈的影响,因此在CSAMT数据处理解释时需要考虑地形。同时,实际的地下地质情况和地表的地形情况通常比较复杂,地质结构和地形大部分情况下都是三维的。在水平地表三维有限差分CSAMT数值模拟算法的基础上,推导了利用地下交错网格采样点处的总磁场计算起伏地形下空气-地下介质分界面处的总电场和总磁场的表达式,从而实现了起伏地形下三维CSAMT数值模拟算法。在算法实现过程中,采用伪δ函数代替麦克斯韦方程中的场源项和直接计算总场的策略,避免了原有的将总场分离成背景场和二次场的策略在复杂地质条件下难以选择合适背景电阻率的问题。为了直接模拟总场,起伏地形下三维CSAMT数值模拟算法给出了新的三维正演方程的边界条件。将模拟水平地表三维异常体和三维山峰地形两个理论模型得到的响应结果与前人算法的计算结果进行对比,验证了所实现算法的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
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Paul F. Czeglédy 《Mathematical Geology》1972,4(4):291-305
On the basis of samples taken from a known topographic surface, the parameters of two types of linear models are estimated. The first category is defined by polynomials or trigonometric functions, whose parameters are simultaneously computed from available data. In the second category a set of local centers is defined, and in the neighborhood of each center a fixed-degree polynomial is developed. An approximative resemblance index is calculated, and contour maps corresponding to various models are compared with the topographic map. It is found that with an increasing number of grid points, maps of local polynomials are converging both in continuity and in resemblance. For a sufficient number of grid points, this resemblance is always higher than those produced by models of the first category. 相似文献
7.
针对国家深部探测项目地震数据采集及表层速度结构模型建立的需求,在辽西葫芦岛东部二维地震勘探工区开展了表层结构调查工作。该地区地表起伏大,表层结构复杂,低、降速层厚度和速度多变,静校正问题突出,做好表层结构速度建模工作成为该区地震勘探的关键问题之一。由该工区实验点多种表层调查方法对比实验结果,确定了该工区表层调查工作方式：以井中微测井方法为主,在满足小折射地表条件的区段辅以成本较低的小折射方法作为补充;同时对留作微测井的生产井进行岩性录井。基于以上方法,分析了表层调查野外施工的难点和对策,确定了微测井采集参数。本次表层调查工作测线长度16.9 km,设计了8口微测井,根据微测井解释成果得到如下结果：该测线表层分2~3层;低速层厚度为1.68~4.33 m,速度为350~1 000 m/s;降速层厚度为5.00~12.00 m,速度为1 000~2 800 m/s;高速层主要为岩性致密的花岗岩,速度为2 800~4 900 m/s。根据井中微测井结果及层间相似系数,建立了该测线的表层模型,设计激发井深13.00~15.00 m,并获得静校正量数据。 相似文献
8.
Ice wastage and landscape evolution along the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, north-central Wisconsin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
NELSON R. HAM JOHN W. ATTIG 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1996,25(3):171-186
The Chippewa and Wisconsin Valley Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet reached their maximum extent in north-central Wisconsin about 20 000 years ago. Their terminal positions are marked by a broad area of hummocky topography, containing many ice-walled-lake plains, which is bounded on the up-ice and down-ice sides by ice-contact ridges and outwash fans. The distribution of these ice-disintegration landforms shows that a wide zone of stagnant, debris-covered, debris-rich ice separated from the active margins of both lobes as they wasted northward during deglaciation. Accumulation of thick, uncollapsed sediment in ice-walled lakes high in the ice-cored landscape indicates a period of stability. In contrast, hummocky disintegration topography indicates unstable conditions. Thus, we interpret two phases of late-glacial landscape evolution. During the first phase, ice buried beneath thick supraglacial sediment was stable. Supraglacial lakes formed on the ice surface and some melted their way to solid ground and formed ice-walled lakes. During the second phase, buried ice began to melt rapidly, hummocky topography formed by topographic inversion, and supraglacial and ice-walled lakes drained. We suggest that ice wastage was controlled primarily by climatic conditions and supraglacial-debris thickness. Late-glacial permafrost in northern Wisconsin likely delayed wastage of buried ice until after about 13 000 years ago, when climate warmed and permafrost thawed. 相似文献
9.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(10):855-860
In regolith-dominated terrains, the nature of contemporary processes and the surface distribution of regolith materials may be a poor guide to the character and history of regolith materials at depth. The nature of regolith materials at depth is often critical to unravelling the development of a landscape. Conventional mapping aids such as air photos, multispectral remote sensing and airborne radiometrics are not wholly adequate in this context, as they penetrate limited depths (<0.4 m). Airborne electromagnetics (AEM) on the other hand, has the potential to map regolith materials to considerable depths (>100m).The application of AEM to regolith mapping and its potential as a tool in geomorphology are illustrated by reference to an AEM survey flown at Lawlers in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. At Lawlers, AEM identifies a palaeochannel that has no surface expression. It cannot be seen in images of the Landsat, airborne radiometric or airborne magnetic data. The disposition of this channel in the landscape, and in particular its association with ferruginous materials forming breakaways, suggest that inversion of relief has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Lawlers landscape.The AEM data at Lawlers have also been used to map the weathering front. The topography of the weathering front not only reflects the movement of water through the landscape in a general sense, but also reflects the influence of lithology and structure. Different lithologies are clearly weathering to different depths. Information on the nature of the weathering front is potentially an important constraint on models of groundwater flow, and by association, models of solute dispersion. 相似文献
10.
大地电磁测深二维地形影响及其校正方法研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
采用有限元法实现ＭＴ二维模型的正演模拟,将地形条件下的二维地电模型的ＭＴ响应分解为地形引起的畸变场和与测点高程位置有关的稳定场两部分进行分析。用有限元法模拟二维地形条件下地电结构的ＭＴ 响应和纯地形的ＭＴ响应,采用比值法消除地形引起的干扰场,然后,将消除地形影响后的视电阻率值通过延拓方法获水平地形条件下二维地电结构的视电阻率分布,完善大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线的地形校正。 相似文献
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An innovative approach in the investigation of complex landscapes for hydraulic modelling applications is the use of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) that can lead to a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM). Another notable factor in flood modelling is the selection of the hydrodynamic model (1D, 2D and 1D/2D), especially in complex riverine topographies, that can influence the accuracy of flood inundation area and mapping. This paper uses different types of hydraulic–hydrodynamic modelling approaches and several types of river and riparian area spatial resolution for the implementation of a sensitivity analysis for floodplain mapping and flood inundation modelling process at ungauged watersheds. Four data sets have been used for the construction of the river and riparian areas: processed and unprocessed TLS data, topographic land survey data and typical digitized contours from 1:5000-scale topographic maps. Modelling approaches combinations consist of: one-dimensional hydraulic models (HEC-RAS, MIKE 11), two-dimensional hydraulic models (MIKE 21, MIKE 21 FM) and combinations of coupled hydraulic models (MIKE 11/MIKE 21) within the MIKE FLOOD platform. Historical flood records and estimated flooded area derived from an observed extreme flash-flood event have been used in the validation process using 2 × 2 contingency tables. Flood inundation maps have been generated for each modelling approach and landscape configuration at the lower part of Xerias River reach at Volos, Greece, and compared for assessing the sensitivity of input data and model structure uncertainty. Results provided from contingency table analysis indicate the sensitivity of floodplain modelling on the DEM spatial resolution and the hydraulic modelling approach. 相似文献
13.
2.5维起伏地表条件下坐标变换法直流电场数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
研究起伏地表对视电阻率分布的影响是进行地形校正的基础。由于很难处理不规则边界,计算简洁且效率高的有限差分方法很少用于解决起伏地表问题。为了解决该问题,引入曲化平思想,实现了一种基于坐标变换法的起伏地表条件下的直流电场数值模拟方法。方法从传统的2.5维基本方程及边界条件出发,通过坐标变换将起伏地表问题转化为水平地表问题,并利用有限差分法求解水平地表问题,最后再通过坐标映射得到起伏地表条件下的电位和视电阻率分布。精度分析及计算实例表明：本方法实现简洁,计算误差主要集中在震源附近,整个计算区域内的平均相对误差为1.39%,计算结果满足起伏地表条件下的电位和视电阻率的分布规律。 相似文献
14.
大河既是人类文明的发源地,也是大陆地貌乃至地球表层系统中最重要的组成部分。大河水系形成与演化的决定性因素是大陆构造演化引起地形的改变。传统观念认为,大河水系的演化主要受板块构造的影响即“构造地形”,但越来越多的证据表明,地球地形并非单纯由板块水平运动塑造,还包括由地幔对流造成的“动力地形”的影响。从深部地幔对流控制下的动力地形与地貌演化模型两方面,分别介绍了其概念,模拟计算以及模型验证。并以北美、澳大利亚、南美以及非洲的大河水系演化为例,阐明了大河水系的演化与长波长动力地形之间存在的耦合关系,相对于构造作用的局部影响,长波长动力地形能影响甚至改变大陆尺度上的水系演化模式。最后简要综述了亚洲的构造背景及动力地形研究进展,亚洲特别是东亚地区从侏罗世开始就受到了多阶段板块汇聚与俯冲的影响,动力地形情况复杂,但最近的研究表明东亚地区的水系演化与动力地形之间存在相应联系,这对亚洲地区的构造—沉积演化研究具有重要的指示意义。 相似文献
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在风化壳覆盖区应用传统化探方法和矿物地球化学找矿方法开展斑岩型矿床深部找矿存在一定制约。土壤微细粒分离测量技术是一种可应用于覆盖区找矿的穿透性地球化学勘查技术,在干旱地区已取得良好的应用效果,亟需开展多景观、多矿种应用试验。基于此,本文选择为红土风化壳覆盖的福建省罗卜岭斑岩铜钼矿为研究区,开展风化壳土壤微细粒分离测量技术有效性实验。结果显示,与不含矿酸性岩体风化壳相比,研究区明显富集铜钼矿成矿及伴生元素,尤其是Mo、Cu、Au显著富集,与此同时,含矿岩体风化壳中元素变异系数较低,符合斑岩型矿床元素含量富集系数高、变异系数低的典型特征。元素空间分布特征与矿化蚀变、断裂构造、地形演化密切相关。Cu-Mo异常可以圈定矿化中心蚀变带,V、Hg则在外蚀变带富集。Cu与Mo在研究区西北部的分异指示了紫金山矿田由SE向NW主成矿作用由Cu-Mo演变为Cu-Au。元素剖面分布特征进一步验证了成矿蚀变、地形演化对元素分布的控制作用。地形演化决定了蚀变带在地表的分布,进而控制元素的分布。罗卜岭铜钼矿体呈马鞍状分布于古背斜两翼,在后期风化剥蚀作用下,背斜核部演化为负地形,使得中心蚀变带接近出露地表,表现为Cu的正异常;古背斜两翼现今为正地形,矿体埋深较大,前缘晕元素Hg表现为正异常。因子分析结果很好地展示了元素的组合与分异特征。总体上,可以根据Cu-Mo异常判断矿体中心位置,根据Hg判断矿体埋深,根据Sn、V、Cr等识别花岗闪长斑岩体边界。本研究系统证明微细粒土壤测量在风化壳覆盖区探测隐伏斑岩铜钼矿的有效性。 相似文献
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Cape Henlopen, Delaware is a coastal spit complex located at the confluence of Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. This region was occupied by prehistoric peoples throughout the evolution of ancestral Cape Henlopen. A ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted at one of the prehistoric archaeological sites (7S‐D‐30B) located within the Cape Henlopen Archaeological District. The site was in a remote location in the center of a tide dominated back‐barrier marsh. Ground‐penetrating radar waves penetrated to depths of 7 m, and four major sets of reflections were observed. Three sets were interpreted to be GPR images of geomorphic units associated with the spit complex, and the fourth was identified as the GPR image of a shell midden deposit. The GPR survey was used to determine the approximate dimensions of the shell midden, including its depth below ground surface (up to 2.1 m) and horzontal extent (∼250 m2), and to establish the paleoenvironmental setting and antecedent topography of the site prior to occupation. The GPR data suggests that the shell midden was initially deposited upon an aeolian dune surface and the antecedent topography at the site included an up to 1 m deep trough located 5 m to the north of, and trending parallel to, the axis of a present‐day topographic high. This survey illustrates that GPR is a useful, noninvasive, tool that may be implemented at archaeological sites in coastal areas. It provides constraints on the environmental setting and topography of the terrain which prehistoric peoples inhabited, and it can be used in planning excavations at sites in coastal geomorphic settings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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简要叙述了现行航空摄影测量的作业模式和关键技术要求,分析了直接利用航摄像片外方位元素恢复立体模型所得到的目标点物空间位置精度以及模型点的上下视差。经对带有双频动态GPS数据的1∶2 500～1∶60 000各种摄影比例尺的覆盖多种地形航摄像片的试验表明,由摄影测量加密所获取的影像外方位元素可直接用于4D产品生产中的影像定向,而由POS系统提供的影像外方位元素还难以直接用于摄影测量测图。
相似文献
18.
For quantitative landslide susceptibility mapping, this study applied and verified a frequency ratio, logistic regression,
and artificial neural network models to Pemalang area, Indonesia, using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Landslide locations
were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and field surveys; a spatial
database was constructed from topographic and geological maps. The factors that influence landslide occurrence, such as slope
gradient, slope aspect, curvature of topography, and distance from stream, were calculated from the topographic database.
Lithology was extracted and calculated from geologic database. Using these factors, landslide susceptibility indexes were
calculated by frequency ratio, logistic regression, and artificial neural network models. Then the landslide susceptibility
maps were verified and compared with known landslide locations. The logistic regression model (accuracy 87.36%) had higher
prediction accuracy than the frequency ratio (85.60%) and artificial neural network (81.70%) models. The models can be used
to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to land-use planning. 相似文献
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Estimation of snow cover distribution in Beas basin,Indian Himalaya using satellite data and ground measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the present paper, a methodology has been developed for the mapping of snow cover in Beas basin, Indian Himalaya using
AWiFS (IRS-P6) satellite data. The complexities in the mapping of snow cover in the study area are snow under vegetation,
contaminated snow and patchy snow. To overcome these problems, field measurements using spectroradiometer were carried out
and reflectance/snow indices trend were studied. By evaluation and validation of different topographic correction models,
it was observed that, the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) values remain constant with the variations in slope and
aspect and thus NDSI can take care of topography effects. Different snow cover mapping methods using snow indices are compared
to find the suitable mapping technique. The proposed methodology for snow cover mapping uses the NDSI (estimated using planetary
reflectance), NIR band reflectance and forest/vegetation cover information. The satellite estimated snow or non-snow pixel
information using proposed methodology was validated with the snow cover information collected at three observatory locations
and it was found that the algorithm classify all the sample points correctly, once that pixel is cloud free. The snow cover
distribution was estimated using one year (2004–05) cloud free satellite data and good correlation was observed between increase/decrease
areal extent of seasonal snow cover and ground observed fresh snowfall and standing snow data. 相似文献