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1.
本文以震群型的邢台大震序列、主震—余震型的唐山大震序列、前震—主震—余震型的海城大震序列为例,取余震区中的余震来研究强余震前的b值异常变化。结果发现,强余震前的b值确实发生异常变化,其变化形态与大震前b值在较大区域内的变化相似,即震前有个明显的峰值期。而且,这种变化形态与地震序列类型无明显的关系。强余震与大震前b值变化的相似性,可能表明发生在余震区中的强余震也经历着与大震孕育发展的类似过程。但孕震时间比大震短。利用余震区内的强余震震前的b值异常变化,可对大震后不太长的时间内的强余震进行临震预测。 相似文献
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地震b值与地应力具有密切的关系,即高应力对应低b值,研究汶川地震区b值的时空变化可以获得地震前后的应力演化过程.本文通过震源位置和速度模型联合反演的方法和双差定位法对龙门山地区汶川地震(M_s8.0)前后的地震进行了重定位工作,在此基础上精确计算了汶川地震前后不同时间段内b值大小的变化趋势及b值空间分布.结果显示:(1)b值在深度上存在明显的分层性,15 km以上b值较高,15 km以下b值较低,反映上部岩石为脆性,下部岩石为韧性的特征;(2)区域平均b值在汶川地震之后出现下降,而后有所恢复并逐渐增加,芦山地震后又降低,反映了龙门山断裂带的同震变化和震后愈合过程;(3)分时段b值空间分布结果显示,在芦山地震之后,汶川地震破裂区b值下降,即应力增加,这意味着汶川芦山地震之间的空段存在韧性变形,且芦山地震的发生促进了汶川地震破裂区的愈合;(4)映秀附近彭灌杂岩区在震前呈现低b值异常,反映该区域存在较大的差应力,可能是震后最大位错发生在该区域的根本原因. 相似文献
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本文讨论了海城、唐山大震前,辽宁及其邻近地区几个中强震震前b值的异常变化.通过对1972年至1984年十二年地震观测资料的分析和处理,发现在所研究的区域范围内,中强震震前b值的异常变化遵循着开始升高,中期下降,后期继续下降或稍有回升时发震的规律:地震在所研究的区域范围以外,震前b值开始处于低值状态,然后持续上升,到达峰值时发震;而某些Ms=4.5级左右地震,震前小范围内b值低,中期大幅度升高,后期迅速下降发震;大震震源区小范围内的余震序列的b值已不再遵循震前的变化规律.从而可以说明震前b值的表现形态与所选取的区域范围有关,与地震类型有关. 相似文献
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在研究了 1 990年 4月 2 6日共和 7.0级强震前 ,青海东北部地区的小震活动和前兆异常总台频次的变化 ,以及地下流体 ,电磁 ,形变等前兆异常的时空演化特征的基础上 ,得出在大震前 1～ 7个月前兆异常台项总频次的升高和 2 .0～ 3.9级地震形成的条带和空区 ,以及 3.5级以上地震频次增加在时间上是同步的。而且 ,2 .0～ 3.9级地震形成的条带和空区对未来大震的震中位置具有指示意义。这种前兆异常在时间上的同步性可能是大震前的异常由中期向短期过渡的时间标志 ,震前 2个月出现的前兆台项总频次异常峰值以及形变前兆异常场兆变化则是异常进入短临的时间。 相似文献
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智利俯冲带是全球地震活动最为活跃的地区之一,2010年以来已经发生了3次8级强震。本文在调研了该地区地震地质、历史地震、运动学特征等方面研究成果的基础上,梳理了其中与地震预测预报有关的观测现象,总结了相关科学问题的研究进展和认识过程。结果显示:(1)智利俯冲带历史地震记录丰富,基于现代大地测量的断层震间闭锁研究深入,近年来多次8级地震均发生在历史地震破裂空段和滑动亏损较大的强闭锁区;(2) 2010年Maule M_W8.8地震和2014年Iquique M_W8.1地震震前均有不同程度的前兆变化,Maule M_W8.8地震前主要是"一类空区"和"二类空区"的嵌套;而Iquique M_W8.1地震前还伴有b值持续降低,前震活动频繁,GPS时间序列瞬态变化等一系列短临异常变化;(3)同震位错和震间闭锁的空间分布显示智利俯冲带断层摩擦性质复杂;(4)孕震物理力学机制复杂,不同学者不同方法之间还存在一些认识争议。 相似文献
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基于应力与b值之间的负相关关系,b值一直是地震预测研究和地震危险性分析的内容之一.在b值分析时,一个是特定时段的空间扫描分析,另一个是选定空间范围内的时间进程分析.b值的空间分布可以反映各个地区b值的差异性,但难以将其与地震孕育相联系.同样,在进行b值随时间变化分析时,难以保证所选取的区域完全包含b值异常区.有震例研究表明,地震发生前b值存在数月-数年的下降变化过程.本文中,我们着眼于b值下降变化过程,通过格点搜索法,分析1976年唐山Ms7.8地震前b值异常特征.结果 表明:b值下降异常大面积集中分布在京-津-唐一带地区,在这个异常区内唐山Ms 7.8地震发生前b值大约从1973年6月到1974年10月经历了17个月的下降过程,从1.1降至0.72,相对下降幅度约为35％.在之后的20个月中,b值一直维持在低值,没有明显变化.在b值处于低值期间,从1975年4月 1976年6月,b值异常区的应变释放是加速的. 相似文献
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汶川MS8.0地震前云南地区出现了显著的前兆观测异常. 该文从大地震的孕育范围出发分析认为这些地震前兆异常可能与汶川MS8.0地震有关, 并认识到前兆观测出现的显著极值异常可能是MS≥7.0大地震的前兆; 有学者认为大震震源区没有或较少出现前兆观测趋势异常是大地震的共性特征, 汶川MS8.0地震的前兆观测异常也是相同的; 地震前兆观测异常开始和结束时间是多样的, 前兆异常的分布是复杂的, 因此利用震后总结的共性特征, 在震前对汶川MS8.0地震作出预测是困难的. 相似文献
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在30.1°E和30.8°E之间的北安纳托利亚断层系,从平直段到释放弯曲段,其b值从1.1上升到1.7。GPS资料对这个弯曲段的扩张特性给予了证实,观测到的扩张速率为0.3μ应变/a。在该区域断层面解从大量右旋走滑变为弯曲段中部的带法向分量的斜向滑动,这与拉张盆地构造相吻合。我们认为,由于切向和法向断层运动的叠加,地壳体高度破碎,相当于一个短的平均裂纹长度。由于现存裂纹上的低正应力,摩擦滑动被认为是地震活动产生的主要机制,引起b值升高。研究区中的最低b值(b～0.8)是在断层弯曲段和毗连段之间的交汇处发现的,这个地段恰好穿过1999年伊兹米特地震的震中。沿几何障碍体的地震活动数值模拟预示着,在这个交汇处有局部应力集中。因此,b值最低的场地被认为是大地震最容易发生的地方,这个结论被伊兹米特地震所证实,震中离预测位置约13km。在1992年年初,沿断层弯曲段的中部和西北部空间平均b值开始上升,并且对应一个强烈的水平拉张期。由于1992年没有记录到任何大地震,因此假定这种异常拉张和应力的相关变化是由无震断层滑动引起的。根据可使用的地震构造信息,计算出了因深处缓慢位错而造成的地表位移。GPS资料通过深度为10km、等效震级M_W=5.9的正断层震源而得到很好的解释。不同孕震深度的应力变化也计算了出来,基于的假设是偏应力和平均应力下降而库伦应力变化为正的地段最容易观测到b值上升,也就是说,断层已接近破裂。对于右旋走滑断层,满足这种应力条件的地点是b值上升最大的地方。伊兹米特地震的地表破裂仅同研究区西部和东部的已知断层迹线有关。沿断层弯曲部分,地表破裂从地图上标示出的断层迹线脱离出来,贯穿推测的1992年慢地震引起的正库伦应力变化区域。最大地表滑动(5m)是在最大库伦应力变化(～3bar)场地附近观测到的,这表明1992年的慢地震可能已部分地松开了其后发生的伊兹米特地震的破裂面。我们认为,沿复杂断层弯曲部分观测到b值的明显变化可用来描述构造形变在时空上的不同状态。 相似文献
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本文以震例、实验成果及粘滑理论,证实跨断层测量已经成为目前中短期预报地震的手段之一,不跨断层测量则效果较差。宁河水准点观测到的唐山地震前“临界破裂前兆蠕滑”,不同于圣安德烈斯蠕动断层震前的加速蠕滑,它是板内首次测到的大震前兆蠕滑,并更强有力地证实国内外各种岩石破裂实验中普遍观测到的前兆蠕动在震前存在。“临界破裂前兆蠕滑”可能是一种必然出现的前兆现象,因此具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。根据跨断层位移测量点预报地震的经验,可将前兆异常分为三级,列出各种干扰,建立构造、前兆二判式。这套判别系统经过验证不仅实用,且为地震预报提出了一条新的思路。 相似文献
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The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas. 相似文献
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Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica - 相似文献
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Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were... 相似文献
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V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
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Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed. 相似文献
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Josef Vykutil 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1968,12(2):217-220
Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида.
Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным
при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).
Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday
Address: Veveři 95, Brno. 相似文献
Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday
Address: Veveři 95, Brno. 相似文献
18.
Ivanka Jakubcová Věra Marvanová Miloš Pick Antonín Novotný Reviewer Z. Šimon 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1982,26(2):193-196
Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well. 相似文献
19.
Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献