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1.
The typology of the American metropolis: monocentricity,polycentricity, or generalized dispersion? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Although the spatial structure of employment in large US metropolitan regions is a well-researched topic, few studies focus on medium-sized and small US metropolitan regions. Consequently, there is no overall typology relating small-to-medium urban form to employment distribution. We address this gap by investigating the spatial structure of employment in 356 metropolitan regions. We conceptualize six typologies based on three categories that have overlapping properties: “monocentricity,” “polycentricity,” and “generalized dispersion.” The study has three main findings. First, the three types of urban form that we identify as “hybrid” outnumber the three “pure” types by almost four to one. Second, job dispersion is a dominant characteristic in almost 70% of all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) (including the hybrid types), and polycentricity (56.7% of MSAs) is somewhat more common than monocentricity. Third, there is a strong relationship between population size and density. The population of medium-sized metropolitan areas is generally more dispersed than that of small and large metropolitan areas. Polycentricy emerges mostly in large metropolitan regions, while monocentrity is found in both small and large metropolitan regions. 相似文献
2.
2000―2010年广州人口空间分布变动与多中心城市空间结构演化测度 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于广州市第五次和第六次人口普查中的常住人口数据,运用空间分析法、单中心密度模型和多中心密度模型分析法对广州市人口空间分布和多中心城市空间结构进行研究。结果表明,研究时段内广州人口空间动态变化表现为“内圈层（近郊区）快速增长、外圈层慢速增长、核心圈层（核心区）和外圈低速增长”,核心圈层的人口继续增长并向四周扩散,表明广州人口变动的郊区化现象明显,已呈现多中心特征,由2000年的“1个中心（人民公园）2个次中心（白云区的新景街和海珠区的凤阳街）”演变至2010年的“1个中心（人民公园）4个次中心（白云区的同德街、海珠区的凤阳街、天河区的棠下街和沙河街）”,次中心的人口集聚功能逐渐增强,对城市人口分布影响逐渐增大。 相似文献
3.
1984 年以来北京零售业空间发展趋势与特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在采用虚拟变量对密度函数进行调整的基础上, 借助扩展方法引入时间变量构建计量经济模型测度北京零售业空间发展的分异与趋势, 并利用GIS技术研究了新型零售业的空间布局特征。结果表明:① 1984-2010 年, 近郊区零售业保持着强劲的增长势头, 增速是远郊区的近两倍, 而远郊区快于中心区, 说明中心区零售业地位的相对下降, 类似于20 世纪中期美国大都市区的发展特征。② 2000 年以来, 远郊区零售业增速下降, 近郊区小幅提升, 而中心区发展速度明显回升, 说明部分学者提出的20 世纪90 年代末期旧城区零售业“空洞化”、“边缘化”的发展趋势并未延续。③ 紧随人口的郊区化, 90 年代中期兴起的连锁超市以三环路为基础外向发展, 三、四环路和五、六环路之间数量较多, 而传统百货商店则主要布局在三环路以内。④ 以超市为代表的新型零售业空间布局呈现大分散、小集聚的特征, 没有表现出明显的等级性, 集聚区域既包括近郊人口密集区, 也包括远郊新城和城郊大型居住区。零售业的空间发展趋势与超市的空间特征共同显示, 北京应进一步提升远郊零售业的连锁化水平, 提高服务水平和质量, 促进居住与消费的空间平衡。 相似文献
4.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):498-522
Critical geographic perspectives argue that employment access in U.S. metropolitan areas is more complex than traditional understandings, calling for research utilizing approaches that reflect the spatially dynamic structure of cities. This study uses a job proximity indicator of employment access among the working poor, with cluster analysis and spatial regimes modeling, to explore the spatial dimensions of geographic context (neighborhood characteristics) at a localized scale. The findings indicate that: (1) patterns of high or low employment access are not consistent with neoclassical conceptualizations of metropolitan areas; and (2) the statistical relationship between geographic context indicators and the measure of job accessibility were not spatially constant, but varied across the urban landscape. This supports the critical geographic arguments that a high degree of complexity underlies the employment access problem. To better inform public policy, future empirical research needs access to more sophisticated data and methodological approaches to analyze this complex sociospatial phenomenon. 相似文献
5.
基于第三、四、五和六次人口普查资料,利用数学模型对1982~2010年广州市近30 a来的人口增长与空间分布规律深入探讨。得出以下结论：① 近30 a来广州市人口保持稳定增长,人口分布总体上趋于分散,人口变化趋于缓和,尤其是近10 a来广州中心城区人口密度缓慢降低,近郊区人口密度较快增长,远郊区人口密度逐步增加的特征更加明显;② 人口空间分布由“峰值单中心+外围小中心”结构演变为“扁平化多中心+外围小中心”;③ 广州市人口发展已进入成熟晚期阶段向老年阶段的过渡时期,但中心城区人口缺口尚未出现;④ 广州市人口郊区化始于20世纪90年代末,2000年以来郊区化明显加快,属于市中心发展型郊区化。 相似文献
6.
Despite Tokyo’s size and position in the global urban system, studies of its employment distribution have been few. This research identified the locations and ranks of the employment centers in the entire metropolitan region and analyzed the characteristics of the economic sectors in those centers by using fine scale economic census data. Minimum sizes for a center were explored at a range from as small as 250 by 250 m to 3,000 by 3,000 m, and the Local Indicators of Spatial Association technique was utilized for detecting centers in different ranks. The results showed that, from a regional view, Tokyo has a typical monocentric or concentric spatial structure. However, from a fine scale view, the distribution was revealed to be expanding along the railroads to the suburbs, and both the main central business district and the suburbs are polycentric. Through this research, the authors argue that rather than using thresholds of total employment and minimum densities as seen in the previous studies, centers can be effectively detected by comparing with the surrounding areas at different scales. This “scale-view” approach of center identification may provide a new perspective to other metropolitan regions of the world as well. 相似文献
7.
Jeremy Bryson 《Urban geography》2013,34(5):735-736
In the past decade, Beijing has experienced dramatic spatial restructuring. In this paper, we test whether the conventional monocentric model of urban spatial structure can explain recent developments in Beijing’s land market. Using official land transaction data from 2008 through 2012, we find that (1) for commercial, mixed-use, and residential land parcels, both land prices and development intensities do not decline with distance from the urban center; (2) for industrial land parcels, land prices increase with distance from the urban center. These insignificant and positive land-price gradients defy the predictions of the monocentric model; such results are explained by examining Beijing’s evolution from a monocentric to a polycentric spatial configuration, which has been driven by various urban planning efforts and institutional reforms. Our analysis of post-Olympic Beijing land market dynamics leads to a fresh understanding of the city’s emerging polycentric metropolitan structure. 相似文献
8.
中国大都市多中心空间演化过程的非均衡动态模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
构建了一个基于垄断竞争、规模经济、空间成本、消费者多样化偏好以及商品和服务差异化的大都市多中心空间结构模型,并整合基于agent的建模,借助非均衡(out-of-equilibrium)动态模拟,探讨了人口规模和消费需求、区域间和区域内商业产品及服务的替代弹性、固定成本投入、区位和交通条件等因素的"持续"变化对的大都市空间结构演化的影响过程。模拟表明:以商业为代表的经济活动往往集聚在具有区位优势、规模经济和消费能力的大都市传统中心,而交通条件的持续改善、新兴郊区次中心与传统城市中心之间以及城区内部商业产品和服务的不断差异化对大都市的多中心空间结构有重要影响,但影响的程度不同。更重要的是,大都市的人口规模和消费能力对新兴郊区次中心的形成作用显著。 相似文献
9.
10.
Employment and population spatial structure of metropolitan regions have evolved in the era of post-industrialization. Empirical and theoretical debates have consensus that monocentric model is no longer explaining the phenomenon of population and employment distribution. One argument regards polycentricity as a permanent spatial structure beyond monocentricity; another idea believes that dispersion can explain spatial variation of employment and population too. This study investigated the level of monocentricity and primacy of principal city in Tehran Metropolitan Region (TMR), in addition to sub-centering and level of polycentrism. Dispersion of employment and population in TMR was also analyzed. The results revealed that standard monocentric model is not able to explain evolution of Tehran although it is dominant core of the region. The polycentric models illustrated that although the changes from 2006 to 2011 were not considerable, employment was more concentrated than population; they also showed that there is no distinction between polycentric and dispersion and regions may have some levels of polycentricity and dispersion. 相似文献
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12.
Thomas J. Cooke 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):458-467
This research tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis by comparing the employment probabilities of central city versus suburban African American males in nine metropolitan areas. Treatment effects models are used to control for the effects of both individual characteristics and residential self-selection on the probability of employment. A positive effect of suburban residential location on employment is found for the residents of Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, while no effect is found for the residents of Cleveland, Houston. Jackson, Memphis, and Newark. The general conclusion to be drawn is that the spatial mismatch effect is contingent on the particular characteristics of each metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis shows that metropolitan areas with a spatial mismatch effect are large in terms of total population and total land area, and have less efficient transportation systems. 相似文献
13.
Steven R. Holloway 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(4):445-458
The spatial mismatch hypothesis, which argues that job decentralization has had a major impact on the economic fortunes of inner-city minorities, has been a popular argument in academic and policy circles. It is possible, however, that employment decentralization was a temporary shock to inner-city labor markets and that labor supply has successfully adjusted by residential relocation and alterations in job search patterns. This paper examines this issue with an empirical analysis of the 1980 and 1990 employment probabilities of black and white male teenagers living in the largest metropolitan areas of the United States. Findings indicate that the impact of job accessibility on employment probabilities declined between 1980 and 1990, especially for black male teenagers not enrolled in school. Accessibility had a declining effect for this group because of losing the advantage of accessibility rather than overcoming the disadvantage of inaccessibility. By 1990, black male teens living in job-accessible areas no longer enjoyed as much of an employment advantage relative to teens living in job-inaccessible areas as they did in 1980. We should thus be cautious about ascribing too much theoretical or policy importance to job accessibility factors. 相似文献
14.
基于垄断竞争的大都市商业空间结构动态模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文构建了一个基于垄断竞争、规模经济、交通成本、消费者多样化偏好以及商品和服务差异化的大都市两区域商业空间结构模型。提出了经济学演绎模型与基于agent 的计算实验相结合的研究路径,通过对商家、消费者等大量微观自主体(agent) 的相互作用来“动态地”观察和讨论大都市新、老城区宏观商业空间结构的微观基础、影响因素和演化过程。研究结果表明,①在商品和服务替代性、购物交通成本设定的情形下,新、老城区商业固定成本投入差距越大,则商业空间分布越不均衡,越易形成核心-边缘结构。② 由于居民的消费存在多样化偏好,因此强化区域间的差异性有助于改变商业的市场份额。③ 商业往往集聚在具有区位优势、人口规模优势以及固定成本优势的地区,而且交通条件的改善将加速商业的空间集聚。研究认为,空间经济学演绎模型与推导→基于agent 的地理计算→实证分析与计量检验是一个值得探索的技术路线。 相似文献
15.
We investigate spatial patterns of residential and nonresidential land use for 257 United States metropolitan areas in 1990 and 2000, measured with 14 empirical indices. We find that metropolitan areas became denser during the 1990s but developed in more sprawl-like patterns across all other dimensions, on average. By far, the largest changes in our land use metrics occurred in the realm of employment, which became more prevalent per unit of geographic area, but less spatially concentrated and farther from the historical urban core, on average. Our exploratory factor analyses reveal that four factors summarize land use patterns in both years, and remained relatively stable across the two years: intensity, compactness, mixing, and core-dominance. Mean factor scores vary by metropolitan population, water proximity, type, and Census region. Improved measurement of metropolitan land use patterns can facilitate policy and planning decisions intended to minimize the most egregious aspects of urban sprawl. 相似文献
16.
2000-2010年广州市居住空间结构演变及机制分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
首先运用因子生态分析方法对广州市2010年的居住空间结构与居住人口特征进行分析,提取出6个主因子并划分为9类居住区,得出广州市居住空间具有明显的分异性。然后与2000年的居住空间结构进行比较,归纳出广州市居住空间演变具有历史延续性、市场及政策因素影响突出、空间拓展与城市发展同步、整体居住空间呈现“圈层+扇形”融合发展等特征。根据不同的空间层次特征,概括出四种演变模式：中心区稳定发展模式、近郊区商品房拓展模式、远郊区糅合发展模式和特定区保障房镶嵌模式。探讨了广州市居住空间结构的演变机制,包括历史发展惯性、房地产发展带动、住房保障影响、城市规划引导等四个方面。最后结合国内其他大城市相关研究推导出转型期中国大城市的居住空间结构。 相似文献
17.
基于LandScan全球人口和ESA全球土地利用数据,构建2000—2015年中国省域人口空间结构数据库,刻画省域人口空间结构的时空格局,进而运用面板固定效应法、两阶段最小二乘法和差分GMM法探索空间结构对省域经济绩效的影响及这种影响对不同规模省域的差异,最后从省会城市集聚（不）经济的角度分析其内在机制。结果发现：① 2000—2015年,中国所有省会城市的人口规模都得到了显著增加,省域人口空间结构存在单中心化的演变趋势,且中西部地区省域人口空间结构相对偏单中心化;② 对所有省份尤其是人口规模相对较小的省份而言,人口空间结构单中心化倾向于提高省域经济效率,而对人口规模相对大的省份,人口空间结构单中心化很可能不利于省域经济效率的提高;③ 省会城市自身已经初显集聚不经济的迹象。 相似文献
18.
借鉴都市区概念,采用“六普”城乡统计口径,以区、县为基本单元,利用人口密度、城镇化率等指标界定了128个大都市区。其次,对2000~2010年中国大都市区人口规模结构和空间分布的特征及变动进行了研究。从规模结构上看,以大都市区人口表征的中国城市规模分布符合位序规模法则,且属于较为分散的类型,但斜率q从2000年的0.787提高到2010年的0.891,显示都市区的规模分布趋向集聚,且高等级都市区仍有一定发展空间。从空间分布上看,东部是中国大都市区的主要分布地带,且人口有进一步向该地区集聚的趋势,并形成了三大都市区连绵地区;中部地区都市区数量增加较多,但人口比重有所下降;西部地区大都市区发展最为滞后,都市区极化现象十分突出。最后就中国大都市区的发展提出了建议。 相似文献
19.
2000~2010年南京都市区人口空间变动特征研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
利用南京市第五次、第六次人口普查数据研究南京都市区2000~2010年人口空间变动及其规律。研究发现,① 10 a间南京都市区各地域人口均呈现增长态势,近郊区成为人口增长最为剧烈的区域;人口重心逐渐向南移动,同时人口分布的核心区域有向内收敛的趋势。② 根据测定系数、F检验与图像分析的综合判断,对数正态模型能够较好拟合人口分布的单核心结构,两年份曲线的变化表明郊区化的主体仍然是近郊区,尚未发展到远郊化的程度。多核心模型的拟合表明南京都市区已初步形成多核心结构,且主中心对人口仍具有强大吸引力;而多核心与单核心模型同时具有良好的拟合效果说明多核心结构尚未发育成熟。③ 南京都市区人口分布的空间异质性越来越高,人口分布趋于复杂,表明都市区正在向更加高级的阶段发展。 相似文献
20.
杭州市半城市化地区空间分布变化 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
随着我国工业化、城市化和全球化进程的加快,在许多大城市周边发育和形成了大量的半城市化地区,其社会经济结构变化剧烈、城乡职能与土地利用混杂交错,是乡村向城市转变过程中的新型地域类型。选取杭州市开展案例研究,探讨我国半城市化地区判别指标的选择与判别标准的确定,实证分析1990年和2000年杭州市半城市化地区的空间分布及其在1990~2000年期间的变化,进一步辨识出半城市化地区的不同类型,并以萧山区和富阳市为例,对持续半城市化地区和新增半城市化地区在发展程度、工业与建设用地规模、动力机制等方面进行比较分析,旨在推进对半城市化地区动态变化及其内部差异性的认识。 相似文献