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1.
1Introduction Ithasbeenapprovedthatoceanisthenetsink foratmosphericcarbondioxide(Sabineetal.,2000;Milleretal.,2002;Takahashietal.,2002;DeGrandpreetal.,2002;Song,2004).Thereare twoprincipalwaysinwhichcarbonisdrawndown fromthesurfaceocean:thereductionofinor… 相似文献
2.
工业革命以来,人类活动导致的以二氧化碳为代表的温室气体持续排放,被认为与全球气候变化密切相关,引发诸多极端气候事件,导致海平面上升、海水酸化、海水暖化等一系列环境负面效应。海洋是地球最大的活跃碳库,增汇潜力巨大。为应对全球气候变化,人为干预海洋生态系统、促进其对大气二氧化碳额外吸收封存的海洋负排放技术体系成为国际研究热点。根据负排放技术的应用场景,目前海洋负排放技术体系涵盖侧重于生态保护和修复的滨海湿地蓝碳、侧重于环境友好型养殖产业的海水养殖环境碳汇和借助生态工程技术手段的负排放工程增汇。海洋负排放技术在实现人为增汇的同时,有望通过促进海洋生物的生长和繁殖、提高海洋生态系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力、促进海洋生态系统内部及其与陆地生态系统之间的资源循环利用,发挥其生态治理功能,从而应对海洋环流改变、海水酸化脱氧等全球海洋环境恶化以及人类活动污染的局部胁迫。 相似文献
3.
Yu. A. Shtabkin K. B. Moiseenko A. I. Skorokhod A. V. Vasileva M. Heimann 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2016,52(1):45-56
Contributions of climatically significant natural and anthropogenic emission sources in northern Eurasia to seasonal carbon monoxide (CO) variations observed at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in Central Siberia in 2007–2011 have quantitatively been estimated using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. It is shown that the formation of a stable continental pollution plume from sources in Western Europe, European Russia and southern Siberia during winter plays an important role in the regional balance of surface CO and allows one to explain 55–80% of the amplitude of the CO annual cycle observed at the ZOTTO station (~70–90 ppbv). During the warm period, the effect of the anthropogenic factor is weakly pronounced, and the background concentration of CO is regulated, first and foremost, by the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds and fire activity in the region. 相似文献
4.
HNLC海区间现场加铁实验的比较 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
综述了在赤道太平洋、南大洋和亚北极太平洋3个典型的高硝酸盐、低叶绿素a(high-nitrateandlow-chlorophylla,HNLC)海区不同研究小组现场加铁实验的结果,并阐述了铁限制与光限制、硅限制以及浮游动物摄食等其它限制因素之间的关系。加铁后,各海区的浮游植物生物量都增加了,但不同海区的浮游植物生物量、种群结构、颗粒有机碳通量等方面却有不同的响应,因而通过对大洋施铁以缓解大气中CO2增加的设想的可行性还需作进一步验证。 相似文献
5.
6.
Kerstin Güssow Alexander Proelss Andreas Oschlies Katrin Rehdanz Wilfried Rickels 《Marine Policy》2010
Despite large uncertainties in the fertilization efficiency, natural iron fertilization studies and some of the purposeful iron enrichment studies have demonstrated that Southern Ocean iron fertilization can lead to a significant export of carbon from the sea surface to the ocean interior. From an economic perspective the potential of ocean iron fertilization (OIF) is far from negligible in relation to other abatement options. Comparing the range of cost estimates to the range of estimates for forestation projects they are in the same order of magnitude, but OIF could provide more carbon credits even if high discount rates are used to account for potential leakage and non-permanence. However, the uncertainty about undesired adverse effects of purposeful iron fertilization on marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry has led to attempts to ban commercial and, to some extent, scientific experiments aimed at a better understanding of the processes involved, effectively precluding further consideration of this mitigation option. As regards the perspective of public international law, the pertinent agreements dealing with the protection of the marine environment indicate that OIF is to be considered as lawful if and to the extent to which it represents legitimate scientific research. In this respect, the precautionary principle can be used to balance the risks arising out of scientific OIF activities for the marine environment with the potential advantages relevant to the objectives of the climate change regime. As scientific OIF experiments involve only comparatively small negative impacts within a limited marine area, further scientific research must be permitted to explore the carbon sequestration potential of OIF in order to either reject this concept or integrate it into the flexible mechanisms contained in the Kyoto Protocol. 相似文献
7.
The solubility of iron in oxic waters is so low that iron can be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth in the open ocean. In order to mimic low iron concentrations in algal cultures, Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is commonly used. The presence of EDTA enables culture experiments to be performed at a low free metal concentration, while the total metal concentrations are high. Using EDTA provides for a more reproducible medium. In this study Fe speciation, as defined by EDTA in culture media, is compared with complexation by natural organic complexes in ocean water where Fe is thought to be limited. To grow oceanic species into iron limitation, a concentration of at least 10−4 M EDTA is necessary. Only then does the calculated [Fe3+] concentrations resemble those found in natural sea water, where the speciation is governed by natural dissolved organic ligands at nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, EDTA influences the redox speciation of iron, and thus frustrates research on the preferred source of Fe-uptake, Fe(III) or Fe(II), by algae. Nowadays, one can measure the extent of natural organic complexation in sea water, as well as the dissolved Fe(II) state, and can use ultra clean techniques in order to prevent contamination. Therefore, it is advisable to work with more natural conditions and not use EDTA to create iron limitation. This is especially important when the biological availability of the different chemical fractions of iron are the subject of research. Typically, many oceanic algae in the smallest size classes can still grow at very low ambient Fe and are not easily cultivated into limitation under ambient sea water conditions. However, the important class of large oceanic algae responsible for the major blooms and the large scale cycling of carbon, silicon and other elements, commonly has a high Fe requirement and can be grown into Fe limitation in ambient seawater. 相似文献
8.
厘清河口-陆架连续体的碳源/汇机制是认识海洋在“碳中和”中作用的重要基础。本研究基于2017年春季长江口-东海的走航CO2分压(pCO2)及温、盐等资料,分区域阐述春季长江口-东海连续体pCO2的空间分布格局,半定量解析水团分配、有机质生产及降解等过程对pCO2的控制作用。结果表明：水团来源是决定春季长江口-东海连续体pCO2分布及碳源/汇格局的主要因素,而有机质生产或者降解可强烈影响长江口-东海连续体碳源/汇格局。春季长江口门及浙江沿岸受长江径流影响而具有较高的pCO2,碳源强度可达5.36mmol·m-2·d-1;研究区域北部和东部分别受冲淡水及黑潮表层水的影响,表现为大气碳汇,北部碳汇强度为-15.44mmol·m-2·d-1。2017年春季研究区域平均碳通量为-6.73mmol·m-2·d-1。端元混合模型结果表明陆源有机质降解导致河口pCO2增加了约200μatm,促使春季河口由大气CO2的弱汇转变为碳源;陆架区域在仅考虑水团分配下同样为碳汇,而藻华过程进一步降低了pCO2(下降144μatm),增强了其碳汇能力。 相似文献
9.
Katsumi Matsumoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(6):887-902
Iron fertilization of nutrient-rich surface waters of the ocean is one possible way to help slow the rising levels of atmospheric
CO2 by sequestering it in the oceans via biological carbon export. Here, I use an ocean general circulation model to simulate
a patch of nutrient depletion in the subpolar northwest Pacific under various scenarios. Model results confirm that surface
fertilization is an inefficient way to sequester carbon from the atmosphere (Gnanadesikan et al., 2003), since only about 20% of the exported carbon comes initially from the atmosphere. Fertilization reduces future production
and thus CO2 uptake by utilizing nutrients that would otherwise be available later. Effectively, this can be considered as leakage when
compared to a control run. This “effective” leakage and the actual leakage of sequestered CO2 cause a significant, rapid decrease in carbon retention (only 30–45% retained after 10 years and less than 20% after 50 years).
This contrasts markedly with the almost 100% retention efficiency for the same duration using the same model, when carbon
is disposed directly into the northwest Pacific (Matsumoto and Mignone, 2005). As a consequence, the economic effectiveness
of patch fertilization is poor in two limiting cases of the future price path of carbon. Sequestered carbon in patch fertilization
is lost to the atmosphere at increasingly remote places as time passes, which would make monitoring exceedingly difficult.
If all organic carbon from one-time fertilization reached the ocean bottom and remineralized there, acidification would be
about −0.05 pH unit with O2 depletion about −20 μmol kg−1. These anomalies are probably too small to seriously threaten deep sea biota, but they are underestimated in the model because
of its large grid size. The results from this study offer little to advocate purposeful surface fertilization as a serious
means to address the anthropogenic carbon problem. 相似文献
10.
研究海洋中的CO具有重要的生物地球化学意义,因为它在控制大气中羟基自由基的浓度、参与全球碳循环进而影响全球气候变化等方面起着重要作用。对过去几十年来海洋中CO的研究进展进行评述。详细介绍了海洋环境中CO浓度的分布特征、通量、来源及去除途径。指出在这一研究领域我国和国际的差距以及一些有待于进一步研究的问题。 相似文献
11.
Akio Ishida Kisaburo Nakata Shigeaki Aoki Hiroshi Kutsukake Michio J. Kishi Masahisa Kubota 《Journal of Oceanography》2001,57(4):433-450
Distributions and characteristics of water mass and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the North Pacific are investigated by using
a General Circulation Model (GCM). The anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean is estimated with velocity fields derived from the GCM experiments. The sensitivity of the uptake to
different diffusion parameterizations and different surface forcing used in the GCM is investigated by conducting the three
GCM experiments; the diffusive processes are parameterized by horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion which is used in many
previous models (RUN1), parameterized by isopycnal diffusion (RUN2), and isopycnal diffusion and perpetual winter forcing
for surface temperature and salinity (RUN3). Realistic features for water masses and CFCs can be simulated by the isopycnal
diffusion models. The horizontal and vertical diffusion model fails to simulate the salinity minimum and realistic penetration
of CFCs into the ocean. The depth of the salinity minimum layer is better simulated under the winter forcing. The results
suggest that both isopycnal parameterization and winter forcing are crucial for the model water masses and CFCs simulations.
The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in RUN3 is about 19.8 GtC in 1990, which is larger by about 10% than that in RUN1 with horizontal and vertical diffusive
parameterization. RUN3 well simulates the realistic water mass structure of the intermediate layer considered as a candidate
of oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. The results suggest that the previous models with horizontal and vertical diffusive parameterization may give the oceanic
uptake of anthropogenic CO2 underestimated.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
The Canadian Model of Ocean Carbon (CMOC) has been developed as part of a global coupled climate carbon model. In a stand-alone integration to preindustrial equilibrium, the model ecosystem and global ocean carbon cycle are in general agreement with estimates based on observations. CMOC reproduces global mean estimates and spatial distributions of various indicators of the strength of the biological pump; the spatial distribution of the air-sea exchange of CO2 is consistent with present-day estimates. Agreement with the observed distribution of alkalinity is good, consistent with recent estimates of the mean rain ratio that are lower than historic estimates, and with calcification occurring primarily in the lower latitudes. With anthropogenic emissions and climate forcing from a 1850-2000 climate model simulation, anthropogenic CO2 accumulates at a similar rate and with a similar spatial distribution as estimated from observations. A hypothetical scenario for complete elimination of iron limitation generates maximal rates of uptake of atmospheric CO2 of less than 1 PgC y−1, or about 11% of 2004 industrial emissions. Even a ‘perfect’ future of sustained fertilization would have a minor impact on atmospheric CO2 growth. In the long term, the onset of fertilization causes the ocean to take up an additional 77 PgC after several thousand years, compared with about 84 PgC thought to have occurred during the transition into the last glacial maximum due to iron fertilization associated with increased dust deposition. 相似文献
13.
The carbon cycle of lower trophic level in the Bohai Sea is studied with a three-dimensional biological and physical coupled model. The influences of the processes (including horizontal advection, river nutrient load, active transport etc. ) on the phytoplankton biomass and its evolution are estimated. The Bohai Sea is a weak sink of the CO2 in the atmosphere. During the cycle, 13.7% of the gross production of the phytoplankton enter the higher trophic level and 76.8 % of it are consumed by the respiration itself. The nutrient reproduction comes mainly from the internal biogeochemical loop and the rem-ineralization is an important mechanism of the nutrient transfer from organic form to inorganic. Horizontal advection decreases the total biomass and the eutrophication in some sea areas. Change in the nutrient load of a river can only adjust the local system near its estuary. Controlling the input of the nutrient, which limits the alga growth, can be very useful in lessening the phytoplankton biomass. 相似文献
14.
Contrasting decrease and increase trends of sea surface temperature（SST） have been documented in the western Subarctic（WSA） and the rest of the Northwest Pacific（NWP） from 1958 to 2017, respectively. Consequently, more（less） total carbon dioxide（TCO2） due to ocean cooling（warming） is transported to the surface, which leads to increase（decrease） of oceanic surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide（pCO2）. With the combined influence of the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide（C... 相似文献
15.
The likelihood that the carbon fluxes measured as part of the US-JGOFS field program in the equatorial Pacific ocean (EgPac) during 1992 yielded a balanced carbon budget for the surface ocean was determined. The major carbon fluxes incorporated into a surface carbon budget were: new production, particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export, CaC03 export, C02 gas evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) supply, and the time rate of charge. The ratio of the measured concentration gradients of DOC and DIC provided a constraint on the ratio of POC/DOC export. Uncertainties of ±30–50% for individual carbon flux measurements reduce the likelihood that a carbon balance can be measured during a JGOFS process-type study. As a benchmark, carbon fluxes were prescribed to yield a hypothetical surface carbon budget that was, on average, balanced. Given the typical errors in the individual carbon fluxes, however, there was only about a 30% chance that this hypothetical budget could be measured to be balanced to ±50%. Using this benchmark, it was determined that there was a 95 % chance that the carbon flux measurements yielded a surface DIC budget balanced (to ±50%) during El Nino conditions in boreal spring 1992, when the total organic carbon export rate was - 5 mmol C m-2 day- 1 and the POC export was 3 mmol C m−2 day−1. In boreal fall 1992, during cold period conditions, there was a 70% chance that the surface carbon DIC budget was balanced when the total organic carbon export rate was 20 mmol C m−2 day−1 and export was -13 mmol C m-2 day-'. The DOC to DIC concentration gradient ratio of - -0.15, measured in depth profiles down to 100m and in surface waters, was used as an important constraint that most (> 70%) of the organic carbon exported from the euphotic zone was POC rather than DOC. If a balanced surface DIC budget was used to test the compatibility of individual carbon fluxes measured during EgPac, then a three- to four-fold increase in total and particulate organic carbon export between spring and fall is indicated. This increase was not reflected in the POC loss rates measured by drifting sediment trap collections or estimated by234Th deficiencies coupled with the C/Th measured on suspended particles. 相似文献
16.
全球范围内有植被定植的海岸带栖息地(红树林、盐沼和海草床)是巨大的沉积物有机碳碳库,同时也是自然生态系统中最密集的碳汇之一,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。针对江苏盐城海岸盐沼湿地沉积物有机碳的研究,区域上的稀疏性和偏向性限制了其作为区域碳汇能力的可靠估计。本研究采用47个100 cm深沉积柱样的现场调查数据,探讨了江苏盐城海岸盐沼湿地沉积物有机碳含量、密度和储量特征。结果表明,0～100 cm深度沉积物有机碳平均含量和平均密度分别为1.68%和23.07 kg/m3,不同盐沼群落沉积物有机碳含量和密度存在一定的差异,其中有机碳平均含量大小排序依次为互花米草>芦苇>盐地碱蓬,有机碳密度排序为芦苇>互花米草>盐地碱蓬。总体而言,3种盐沼群落沉积物有机碳含量的垂向变化趋势与有机碳密度变化趋势具有一致性,芦苇和互花米草表聚性明显。沉积物有机碳含量与其理化性质有关,互花米草群落沉积物有机碳含量具有明显的粒度控制效应,而其他群落不显著。3种盐沼湿地类型0～100 cm深度沉积物总碳储量约为6195.27×103Mg C。研究成果揭... 相似文献
17.
全球碳增汇需求高涨,海冰消退后的北冰洋被期待是一个主要的潜在碳增汇区。北冰洋太平洋扇区因受控于楚科奇海及其邻近海域较高的海洋固碳效率和碳深海封存量,在整个北冰洋碳循环中起着举足轻重的作用。开展该海域碳循环过程对环境快速变化的响应机制研究是实现北冰洋碳汇精准预测的基础。本文重点阐述了楚科奇海及其邻近海域碳循环过程（即海洋对大气二氧化碳的吸收、生物固碳、太平洋入流携带碳经陆架生物地化过程后向深海输出封存的陆架泵）对北冰洋环境快速变化的响应,并提出未来研究需要聚焦的关键科学问题。 相似文献
18.
C. Svensen D. Vili
i&#x; P. Wassmann E. Arashkevich T. Ratkova 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,71(3-4):381-390
The aim of this study was to investigate phytoplankton abundance, composition and vertical export in the highly stratified Krka estuary, Croatia. The estuary is stratified throughout the year, and an interface between fresh- and brackish water plays an important role in production and degradation of biogenic matter. Vertical export of particulate organic carbon (POC), phytoplankton carbon (PPC) and faecal pellet carbon (FPC) was studied by deploying sediment traps in the middle and lower reach of the estuary and in the adjacent coastal zone. Zooplankton faecal pellet (FP) production experiments were conducted to provide additional information on the potential contribution of FP to the total carbon flux. High suspended concentrations of POC, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton was found in the lower reaches of the Krka estuary, adjacent to a source of anthropogenic eutrophication. The fraction of organic detritus to the total POC flux was 61–69% inside the estuary but only 7% at the marine station. This indicates that the primary producers in the surface layer of the Krka estuary are decomposed in and below the interface and then settle as detritus to the bottom. Low sedimentation rates in the coastal zone outside the estuary revealed that the eutrophication does not spread out of the estuary. Mesozooplankton played a modest role in vertical flux regulation, due to their low abundance and dominance of smaller forms as well as low faecal pellet production rates. It is concluded that processes taking place at the freshwater-seawater interface are of major importance for the vertical carbon flux in the investigated area. 相似文献
19.
Roles of Biogeochemical Processes in the Oceanic Carbon Cycle Described with a Simple Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To evaluate the contribution of biogeochemical processes to the oceanic carbon cycle and to calculate the ratio of calcium
carbonate to organic carbon downward export, we have incorporated biological and alkalinity pumps in the yoked high-latitude
exchange/interior diffusion-advection (YOLDA) model. The biogeochemical processes are represented by four parameters. The
values of the parameters are tuned so that the model can reproduce the observed phosphate and alkalinity distributions in
each oceanic region. The sensitivity of the model to the biogeochemical parameters shows that biological production rates
in the euphotic zone and decomposition depths of particulate matters significantly influence horizontal and vertical distributions
of biogeochemical substances. The modeled vertical fluxes of particulate organic phosphorus and calcium carbonate are converted
to vertical carbon fluxes by the biological pump and the alkalinity pump, respectively. The downward carbon flux from the
surface layer to the deep layer in the entire region is estimated to be 3.36 PgC/yr, which consists of 2.93 PgC/yr from the
biological pump and 0.43 PgC/yr from the alkalinity pump, which is consistent with previous studies. The modeled rain ratio
is higher with depth and higher in the Pacific and Indian Oceans than in the Atlantic Ocean. The global rain ratio at the
surface layer is calculated to be 0.14 to 0.15. This value lies between the lower and higher ends of the previous estimates,
which range widely from 0.05 to 0.25. This study indicates that the rain ratio is unlikely to be higher than 0.15, at least
in the surface waters. 相似文献
20.
An evaluation is made of the effectiveness of the ocean's biological pump in driving the deep-sea excess CO2 from the atmosphere. It is based on sediment-trap data available in the literature and on estimates of present and future inputs of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorous. The fraction of annual CO2 production from fossil fuel combustion going into this sink turns out to be insignificant in the total budget of man-made CO2. A discussion is presented on the formation of macroflocs under oceanic conditions, a process that has been believed to be important for the effectiveness of the biological pump. 相似文献