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1.
Accessibility and transportation possibilities are key factors influencing societal conditions and land use patterns in rural areas. Thus, information on the spatial patterns of accessibility and transportation can be of paramount importance in understanding regional differences in development, human livelihood and land use patterns. Analysing spatio-temporal transportation patterns is particularly challenging in areas where everyday transportation is based on unscheduled public transportation and a naturally controlled seasonal transportation network, such as rivers. Here, our aim is to provide information on the seasonal dynamics of riverine transportation and its effects on accessibility patterns in Peruvian Amazonia. We analysed riverine transportation speeds using a low-cost GPS-based riverboat observation system. Spatio-temporal accessibility patterns were generalised from the GPS-observations that were classified according to seasons into the high water season, intermediate season and low water season. We show that navigation along the rivers has a clear seasonal and directional (upstream/downstream) variation, which varies with different types of rivers based on channel morphology. In addition, we conducted interviews with local people to study their perceptions of the seasonal changes in navigation and the accuracy of transportation schedules. As the travel distances in Peruvian Amazonia are generally long, seasonal and directional differences have clear impacts on the overall accessibility patterns in the area and on the livelihoods of riverine inhabitants. Furthermore, the lack of clearly scheduled transportation causes considerable uncertainty about transportation options for local communities. The baseline information of the seasonal and directional variation of riverine transportation and travel speeds provided by our work is usable in further accessibility and livelihood analyses for Peruvian Amazonia, but it may also be useful in other areas relying on riverine transportation. 相似文献
2.
Distance is a key variable in explicating environmental, social, and economic conditions and in defining spatial and temporal patterns. Prior research has primarily focused on using simple to complex algorithms for calculating distances along road networks. In contrast, few algorithms are available for distance calculations along fluvial networks which are often more erratic, divergent and transient than road networks. Fluvial transportation is relied upon worldwide, particularly in developing regions, where communities use river networks for transportation, access to natural resources and for trade and commerce. This paper presents a methodology developed for mapping complex fluvial networks for travel distance analysis. The methodology was applied in four major river basins in western Amazonia over some 35,000 km of river length and incorporating 919 communities as origins/destinations. A cost path and network analysis methodology was created using vector and raster datasets in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess interactions among communities and the distances traveled by river to reach district capitals, major urban centres and marketplaces. An accuracy assessment using distance values calculated from a previous study using a different methodological approach in the region as well as Google Earth Pro, found a high degree of concordance for distance calculations. Our methodology creates a very flexible approach for complex river systems that can be use to calculate river distances in an adaptive and efficient manner and that can be use in other regions of the world where rural communities must rely on rivers for transportation. 相似文献
3.
A Nationwide Comparison of Driving Distance Versus Straight-Line Distance to Hospitals 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Many geographic studies use distance as a simple measure of accessibility, risk, or disparity. Straight-line (Euclidean) distance is most often used because of the ease of its calculation. Actual travel distance over a road network is a superior alternative, although historically an expensive and labor-intensive undertaking. This is no longer true, as travel distance and travel time can be calculated directly from commercial Web sites, without the need to own or purchase specialized geographic information system software or street files. Taking advantage of this feature, we compare straight-line and travel distance and travel time to community hospitals from a representative sample of more than 66,000 locations in the fifty states of the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The measures are very highly correlated (r 2 > 0.9), but important local exceptions can be found near shorelines and other physical barriers. We conclude that for nonemergency travel to hospitals, the added precision offered by the substitution of travel distance, travel time, or both for straight-line distance is largely inconsequential. 相似文献
4.
It is essential to ensure equal accessibility to services, such as sport and recreation facilities or green and water environments. Differences in accessibility can potentially cause negative health and social welfare implications. Accessibility and service area analyses from the perspective of access equality are typically rather simple. They are often based on arbitrary travel-distance thresholds and made only with a single mode of transport in mind. Thus, they exclude the multidimensional nature of accessibility where individuals' travel behavior and perceived accessibility also play an important role. In this paper, a PPGIS method was used to empirically investigate distances and durations that respondents travel with different modes of transport to access popular water environments. Service area analyses were built on person-based and objectively measured threshold values that not only take into account the spatio-temporal elements of transport networks and a land use component but also recognize the requirements and preferences of individuals and their capacity to access and participate. The results showed that the most common mode of transport to access waters is walking. Generally, the residents travel by foot for 1.7 km to access water environments. Cars were found as the second most common mode of transport used, and most of the popular water environments are accessible by car from every corner of the study area in a given travel threshold time. The results demonstrate the importance of deriving local parameters and the potential of the PPGIS approach for accessibility and service area delineation. 相似文献
5.
Binbin Lu Martin Charlton Paul Harris A. Stewart Fotheringham 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(4):660-681
Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is an important local technique for exploring spatial heterogeneity in data relationships. In fitting with Tobler’s first law of geography, each local regression of GWR is estimated with data whose influence decays with distance, distances that are commonly defined as straight line or Euclidean. However, the complexity of our real world ensures that the scope of possible distance metrics is far larger than the traditional Euclidean choice. Thus in this article, the GWR model is investigated by applying it with alternative, non-Euclidean distance (non-ED) metrics. Here we use as a case study, a London house price data set coupled with hedonic independent variables, where GWR models are calibrated with Euclidean distance (ED), road network distance and travel time metrics. The results indicate that GWR calibrated with a non-Euclidean metric can not only improve model fit, but also provide additional and useful insights into the nature of varying relationships within the house price data set. 相似文献
6.
Bringing Time Back In: A Study on the Influence of Travel Time Variations and Facility Opening Hours on Individual Accessibility 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Although recent studies of individual accessibility have used detailed representations of urban street networks, unrealistic measures of travel time based on assumptions about constant travel speeds through the network were often used. Utilizing constant travel times does not allow for daily congestion and assumes that the effects of congestion are uniform throughout the city and affect all people equally. This research measures individual space‐time accessibility in order to show that the incorporation of locally specific travel times within a street network allows a significant increase in the ability to realistically evaluate individual accessibility within cities. The results show that the accessibility of individuals within cities is not homogenous, and neither does access to employment or shopping opportunities vary according to common expectations about urban form and human behavior. Instead, the role of distance in predicting accessibility variations within cities is quite limited. This article also shows that incorporating time into accessibility measures in the form of congestion and business hours leads to additional (and highly spatially uneven) reductions in accessibility, revealing that the temporal dimension is very important to accurately assessing individual accessibility. 相似文献
7.
不同指标下的穗港城市走廊潜在通达性 及其空间格局 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
本文以最短时间距离以及加权平均出行时间两种指标,其中后者以未来人口数为其加权因子,在对广州至香港之间廊道状区域的陆路交通网络现状通达性数据进行计算的基础上,对其潜在通达性及其空间格局进行预测分析。由此得出,穗港走廊内部的陆路网络潜在通达性呈现出同心环状态分布的空间格局,其潜在通达性水平以环心为最优,逐渐往外层递减;两种指标换算成通达性系数进行对比,发现利用未来人口数作为加权因子之后,走廊南部在整个网络的通达性地位得到了提升,但走廊北部的通达性地位却受到了削弱;穗港走廊潜在通达性空间格局比现状更加收敛,整体通达性水平得到提升,初始通达性水平越低的地方,提升的幅度越大。 相似文献
8.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):226-240
Although recent studies of individual accessibility have used detailed representations of urban street networks, unrealistic measures of travel time based on assumptions about constant travel speeds through the network were often used. Utilizing constant travel times does not allow for daily congestion and assumes that the effects of congestion are uniform throughout the city and affect all people equally. This research measures individual space-time accessibility in order to show that the incorporation of locally specific travel times within a street network allows a significant increase in the ability to realistically evaluate individual accessibility within cities. The results show that the accessibility of individuals within cities is not homogenous, and neither does access to employment or shopping opportunities vary according to common expectations about urban form and human behavior. Instead, the role of distance in predicting accessibility variations within cities is quite limited. This article also shows that incorporating time into accessibility measures in the form of congestion and business hours leads to additional (and highly spatially uneven) reductions in accessibility, revealing that the temporal dimension is very important to accurately assessing individual accessibility. 相似文献
9.
Service accessibility and urban transportation choices are crucial in cities' endeavours for securing social equality and environmental sustainability. They are particularly relevant when the public service network is to be rationalized. In this paper we provide a practical example of comparing the impacts of current varying service allocation strategies on travel behaviour and the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We take libraries as a local public service to examine the CO2 emissions resulting from residents' library trips in the capital region of Finland. Our analyses are based on data on library use (library loan database, N = 420,000), accessibility (comparable models of travel-time by car, public transportation and non-motorized transport) and customer transport choices (survey, n = 584). Our results show that (1) 52% of library customers use a library that is accessible from their home with minimum CO2 emissions (the “climate-optimal” facility provider), (2) the remaining 48% that choose a non-optimal facility provider produce nearly 90% of the total CO2-emissions related to library customer flows and (3) the service allocation strategies of the different municipalities lead to markedly different CO2-emission patterns resulting from service usage. To conclude, sustainability measures (in our case the CO2 burden) provide useful information on the impact of a service network structure which may be used alongside economic rationales. 相似文献
10.
高速铁路对中国省际可达性的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
中国高速铁路网“四纵四横”客运专线规划至2015 年建成,将覆盖所有省会及90%的50 万以上人口城市,高速铁路可达性因此成为近年可达性研究的热点。本文在总结前人研究方法的基础上,运用加权平均旅行时间研究高铁时代中国省际可达性及空间格局。研究结果表明:① 采用传统客运最短旅行时间(含中转及停留)数据得到的省际可达性呈中心—外围模式,以郑州—武汉为中心,其他省份按“距离衰减规律”成为圈层式阶梯状空间格局;② 高速铁路建设带来省际联系时间缩短、可达性最优区域大幅增加等“高铁效应”,空间结构仍以武汉—郑州为中心呈现中心—外围模式;③ 高铁运营使省际可达性均衡化,可达性变化幅度在空间上呈中间凹四周高的“碗形”特点,位于客运铁路网络中心附近的省份变化幅度较小,外围地区如云南、福建等省可达性变化幅度较大。 相似文献
11.
Geographic variations in spatial accessibility to public resources, such as health care services, raise important questions about the efficiencies and inequities of the processes that determine where these services are located. Spatial accessibility can be measured many different ways, but many of methods in use today involve some measure of travel cost (in time or distance). In this study we explore a simple methodological question: how much are models of spatial accessibility influenced by the precise metric of travel cost? We address this question by comparing spatial accessibility to primary care physicians for two different methods of calculating travel cost (in time) on a street network: free-flow travel time and congested with turn penalties travel time—which augments free-flow travel times with the burden of traffic congestion and traffic intersection controls. We consider the effect of these two metrics of travel cost on a gravity-based measure of spatial accessibility to primary health care services in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Our results suggest that while travel times between locations of demand and locations of primary care providers greatly differ based on how travel cost is calculated, the gravity-based measure of spatial accessibility provides similar information for both travel cost metrics. Using congested with turn penalties travel time can be an onerous addition to the analysis of spatial accessibility, and is more useful for measuring absolute travel time rather than modeling relative spatial accessibility. 相似文献
12.
广州市地铁可达性时空演化及其对公交可达性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用GIS方法,选取2000、2003、2009和2012年4个时间节点,运用复杂网络理论构建了广州市公共交通网络模型,通过对比分析地铁站点与线路加入到公共交通网络中所产生的变化,定量分析地铁网络建设对公共交通可达性的影响,分析地铁发展不同时期内,城市公共交通可达性空间格局的演化,全面探讨地铁建设对城市公共交通可达性的影响,以期为一体化的多模式城市公共交通体系发展决策提供理论支持。结果显示:①广州市地铁网络顺利完成由树状向回路网络的转变,地铁可达性重心与广州市空间扩展方向呼应,呈现出向南、向东迁移特征;②地铁在很大程度上提高了广州城市公交网络可达性,且其改善作用随地铁线路网的增加和回路网络的发育而日益显著;③地铁网络对城市公交可达性格局的影响,打破了常规公交网络圈层式公交可达性格局,逐渐呈现出圈层式加沿地铁线路分布的廊道式格局;④地铁对公交各站点网络可达时间的影响,常规公交站点可达时间变化程度呈现出由地铁线路向外递减的空间分布趋势,当地铁网络发育形成回路网络时,大大地提升公交网络的运营效率,缩短各个站点之间的出行时间。 相似文献
13.
Social Exclusion and the Disabled: An Accessibility Approach* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Irene Casas 《The Professional geographer》2007,59(4):463-477
Understanding social dimensions (e.g., transport equity) is an important aspect of sustainable development. This holistic perspective allows the use of accessibility as a tool to identify disadvantaged groups. In this article, cumulative accessibility measures are calculated for a sample of individuals who participated in a one‐day travel diary survey for the Buffalo‐Niagara region in the state of New York. These measures, which include the number of opportunities available in an individual's activity space, are used to compare the levels of access between disabled and nondisabled groups and to determine if individuals' disabilities and other characteristics are contributing factors to their exclusion. Findings show that being young, coming from a small household, possessing a driver's license, having a steady job, living in an urban setting, and being willing to travel a long distance increase the number of opportunities available. 相似文献
14.
以北京市为例,基于340个站点的时刻表构建地铁组织网络,采用网络分析法和累积机会法,对比在“工作日”和“双休日”“高峰期”和“非高峰期”等时空约束下的可达性动态。研究发现：① 由于起始地空间区位特征及沿线土地利用功能结构的多样性,不同线路的时刻组织模式各异。② 基于运营组织网络的地铁可达性存在时刻上的动态变化,一日内早晚高峰可达性最优,双休日可达性略低于平时。③ 基于运营组织网络的地铁可达性与基于设施网络的可达性存在明显空间差异,且距市中心15~20 km处的站点工作日和双休日的可达性差异最大,与地铁网络结构特征有关。综上,基于时刻组织时空约束下的可达性分析有利于了解地铁系统的精细化管理,并有助于进一步剖析居民出行规律和城市空间结构。 相似文献
15.
20世纪80年代以来长三角地区综合交通可达性的时空演化 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
以1986、1994、2005年为时间断面,加权平均旅行时间为指标,长三角地区20世纪80年代以来综合交通网络及其可达性的时空演化呈现如下特征:①综合交通网络的快速发展带来了综合交通可达性的不断提升,且第二阶段(1994-2005)发展速度明显快于第一阶段(1986-1994);三时间断面上海及环太湖地区均为可达性最优区域,1986及1994年可达性较优区域大致由沪宁沿线和沪杭沿线构成>形,而2005则大致由沪宁沿线(含沿江地区)、沪杭沿线及杭甬沿线构成Z形;②可达性提升中节点获益具有明显区域差异,加权平均旅行时间初始值越高的节点其值下降幅度越大,加权平均旅行时间的变化率中部地区低于南北边缘地区,但变化值及变化率在不同阶段均呈现不同特征;③从分省市角度,上海可达性最优,江苏板块次之,浙江板块较差,但上海的优势地位逐步下降,浙江板块与江苏板块间的差距正不断缩小;④综合交通可达性系数标准方差逐步下降,表明长三角地区综合交通网络发育日益成熟,但不同交通方式具有不同发展特征。 相似文献
16.
Eihan Shimizu 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11):1453-1470
A distance cartogram is a diagram that visualizes the proximity indices between points in a network, such as time–distances between cities. The Euclidean distances between the points on the distance cartogram represent the given proximity indices. This is a useful visualization tool for the level of service of transport, e.g. difference in the level of service between regions or points in a network and its improvement in the course of time. The two previously proposed methods—multidimensional scaling (MDS) and network time–space mapping—have certain advantages and disadvantages. However, we observe that these methods are essentially the same, and the merits of both these methods can be combined to formulate a generalized solution. In this study, we first formulate the time–space mapping problem, which includes the key features of both of the above stated methods, and propose a generalized solution. We then apply this solution to the time–distances of Japan's railway networks to confirm its applicability. 相似文献
17.
公共交通影响下的北京公共服务设施可达性 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
本文尝试利用大量微观空间数据从供需角度评价北京公共交通影响下的公共服务设施可达性及其空间效率和供需匹配情况,分别采用比例法与最短时间距离法测算公共服务设施的可达性,运用定序变量相关法与因子空间叠置法分析公共设施可达性的供需匹配程度。结果表明：北京居住小区公共设施总体可达性水平较高。其中,4环以内各类公共设施可达性水平最高,居住小区到公共设施的平均时间20分钟内的小区占比高达90%以上;5-6环可达性水平最差,平均时间20分钟内的小区占比在50%以下。高需求高可达性街道比重相对较高,而高需求低可达性街道主要分布于5-6环的东部和北部地区。在公共设施中,小学可达性最好,而医院和购物中心则更强调空间效率。针对识别出的公共设施的高需求低可达性街道,应从出行方式、公共交通线路与公共服务设施建设等方面采取对策,化解公共设施的供需矛盾问题。 相似文献
18.
在中国经济社会发展和交通建设出现新转向的背景下,论文基于现状和相关规划完成后的陆路综合交通网络,解析了中国城市网络通达性的演化趋势及其对国土空间结构演进的影响,重点回应了“全国123出行交通圈”建设和国土开发均衡性2个问题。结果显示,已有规划的完成能够大幅提高中国城市网络的通达性水平,在最短旅行时间上基本可以支撑“全国123出行交通圈”的建设;通过促进轴—辐组织模式和空间级联秩序发育,已有规划能够引导国土开发结构朝多中心、网络化方向演进,为区域间的协调和均衡发展提供交通基础;未来应从支撑与引导、整合与衔接、效率与公平等方面持续优化交通服务的供给结构,提升综合交通运输体系服务人民生活和社会生产的能力。 相似文献
19.
20.
Tong Zhang Shaoxuan Dong Zhe Zeng Jing Li 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(8):1649-1676
The temporal dimensions of public transit accessibility have recently garnered an increasing amount of interest. However, the existing literature on transit accessibility is heavily based on oversimplified assumptions that transit services operate at deterministic speeds using predetermined timetables. These measurements may overestimate transit accessibility, especially for large metropolitan areas where inter- and intra-modal transfers are frequent. To handle travel time uncertainty, a multi-modal transit accessibility modeling approach is proposed to account for realistic variations in travel time and service reliability. The proposed approach is applied to the mapping of transit accessibility in Shenzhen (China), where transit services exhibit significant travel time variations over space and time. Compared to traditional transit accessibility measures, our method has been demonstrated to better capture intrinsic spatial and temporal accessibility variations with complex multi-modal transit networks. Normal distribution of inter-stop travel times and constant travel speed between GPS sampling points are assumed to simply the computation, which we consider to adjust in future studies to better quantify the dynamics of transit accessibility across space and time. 相似文献