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1.
Blidberg E 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):793-797
Giant clams (Family: Tridacnidae) are endangered species distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae were studied for three days in ambient water (32 psu), copper (2.5 microg Cu(2+) L(-1)), reduced salinities (25 and 20 psu) and the combination of copper and 25 psu salinity. No significant differences were found in larval development between treatments. The survival rates decreased considerably with reduced salinities although the combination of copper and reduced salinity gave synergistic effects. As a consequence, this could limit population growth of giant clams in coastal areas and could also explain the absence of larval settlement on reefs close to harbours or river mouths. More research is needed to understand the basic requirements and stress tolerance in giant clam larvae for reef restoration and other management actions to be successful. 相似文献
2.
Bivalve tissue samples were examined over a range of spatial and temporal scales (1993-2001) to determine PAH distributions, trends, and possible sources. Mussels (Mytilus californianus), oysters (Crassostrea gigas), and clams (Corbicula fluminea) were deployed for three months in the estuary at stations remote from known point source discharges. The range of summation operatorPAH detected in bivalves was oysters 184-6899 microg/kg dry wt (mean 678 microg/kg dry wt), mussels 21-1093 microg/kg dry wt (mean 175 microg/kg dry wt), and clams 78-720 microg/kg dry wt (mean 323 microg/kg dry wt). Linear regression analysis showed no statistically significant (p>0.05) temporal trends in clam and mussel summation operatorPAH at any of the deployment stations or estuary segments. On the other hand, a statistically significant (p<0.05) decreasing trend was found in summation operatorPAH in oysters at the Petaluma River station, and in the North Estuary segment. PAH isomer pair ratios applied as diagnostic indicators suggested that the bioaccumulated PAH were derived primarily from petroleum combustion, with lesser amounts derived from biomass and coal combustion, and unburned petroleum. 相似文献
3.
Response of antioxidant systems to copper in the gills of the clam Ruditapes decussatus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Copper (Cu) is an essential element for biological systems, however, when present in excess, is toxic. Metallothioneins can play an important role in Cu homeostasis and detoxification. Moreover, Cu can catalyse the production of toxic hydroxyl radicals that cause lipid peroxidation but defence systems in the cells can limit the oxidative damage. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of three Cu concentrations (0.5, 2.5 and 25 microg l(-1)) on the response of antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathion peroxidase and total glutathion peroxidase), total proteins, metallothioneins (MT), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the gills of the clam, Ruditapes decussatus. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and total proteins, MT and MDA concentrations were measured in the gills of the clams after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of Cu exposure. Results indicate that Cu only induces an imbalance in the oxygen metabolism during the first week of Cu exposure due to a decrease in mitochondrial SOD and CAT, selenium-dependent and total glutathion peroxidase activities. Cu also causes lipid peroxidation, measured by the MDA formation, that was Cu dependent. In the gills of clams exposed to 25 microg Cu/l, the excess of Cu triggers the induction of MT synthesis after 3 days of exposure. 相似文献
4.
海南岛沿岸海域砗磲资源调查及保护前景展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
砗磲是珊瑚礁海域的重要贝类之一,对维护珊瑚礁生态系统平衡起着重要作用。然而,近年来海洋的大力开发和利用给我国沿海砗磲资源造成严重威胁。本研究通过截线样带法对海南岛沿岸海域砗磲的种类和分布进行实地调查,结果表明,海南岛沿岸海域砗磲覆盖度呈现南北差异,东南沿岸海域砗磲覆盖度明显高于西北沿岸海域,这种差异可能是由自然因素和人为因素共同造成。调查海域共发现3种砗磲:诺亚砗磲(Tridacna noae)最多,占砗磲样品总数的58.6%;其次是番红砗磲(T. crocea),占34.3%;鳞砗磲(T. squamosa)最少,仅占7.1%。海洋管理部门应该加强对砗磲多样性的保护力度,合理开发和可持续利用并重,从而有效保护砗磲、珊瑚礁乃至海洋生态系统。 相似文献
5.
Garth L. Brand Robin V. Horak Nadine Le Bris Shana K. Goffredi Susan L. Carney Breea Govenar & Paul H. Yancey 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(1):208-218
Vesicomyid clams, vestimentiferans, and some bathymodiolin mussels from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps possess thiotrophic endosymbionts, high levels of hypotaurine and, in tissues with symbionts, thiotaurine. The latter, a product of hypotaurine and sulfide, may store and/or transport sulfide non‐toxically, and the ratio to hypotaurine plus thiotaurine (Th/[H + Th]) may reflect an animal's sulfide exposure. To test this, we analyzed seep and vent animals with in situ sulfide measurements. Calyptogena kilmeri clams occur at high‐sulfide seeps in Monterey Canyon, while C. (Vesicomya) pacifica clams occur at seeps with lower levels but take up and metabolize sulfide more effectively. From one seep where they co‐occur, both had gill thiotaurine contents at 22–25 mmol kg−1 wet mass, and while C. (V.) pacifica had a higher blood sulfide level, it had a lower Th/[H + Th] (0.39) than C. kilmeri (0.63). However, these same species from different seeps with lower sulfide exposures had lower ratios. Bathymodiolus thermophilus [East Pacific Rise (EPR 9°50′ N)] from high‐(84 μm ) and a low‐(7 μm ) sulfide vents had gill ratios of 0.40 and 0.12, respectively. Trophosomes of Riftia pachyptila (EPR 9°50′ N) from medium‐(33 μm ) and low‐(4 μm ) sulfide vents had ratios of 0.23 and 0.20, respectively (not significantly different). Ridgeia piscesae vestimentiferans (Juan de Fuca Ridge) have very different phenotypes at high‐ and low‐sulfide sites, and their trophosomes had the greatest differences: 0.81 and 0.04 ratios from high‐ and low‐sulfide sites, respectively. Thus Th/[H + Th] may indicate sulfide exposure levels within species, but not in interspecies comparisons, possibly due to phylogenetic and metabolic differences. Total H + Th was constant within each species (except in R. piscesae); the sum may indicate the maximum potential sulfide load that a species faces. 相似文献
6.
Jebali J Banni M Gerbej H Boussetta H López-Barea J Alhama J 《Marine environmental research》2008,65(4):358-363
Metallothionein was quantified in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with different Cu, Cd and Hg doses (50-250 microg kg(-1) wet wt) after 48 h exposure. A distinct peak with 16.8 min retention time was obtained by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-FD) with the three metals. Total metallothionein levels assayed in unheated liver extracts by RP-HPLC-FD were significantly higher (1.3-1.95-fold) than those obtained by the well-established spectrophotometric method. In the RP-HPLC-FD method, metallothionein increased linearly with Cu and Hg doses, being saturated beyond 100 mug kg(-1) Cd. Maximum induction was obtained at 100 microg kg(-1) Cd (5.3-fold), and 250 microg kg(-1) Cu or Hg (8- and 5.1-fold, respectively). At low doses no metallothionein induction was shown by the less sensitive spectrophotometric assay. 相似文献
7.
为了解TYR基因与蛤仔免疫的关系,本实验利用荧光定量PCR技术研究了菲律宾蛤仔五个群体(白蛤、白斑马蛤、斑马蛤、养殖和野生群体)的鳃组织和肝胰腺组织在LPS胁迫下TYR基因在不同时间(0 h、3 h、12 h、24 h、48 h)的表达特性。结果表明,在LPS注射后鳃组织中TYR6基因表达水平在白蛤和白斑马蛤3 h、6 h、12 h,野生蛤仔3 h,斑马蛤3 h、6 h,养殖群体6 h、12 h显著上调(P0.05),3h野生蛤仔和斑马蛤达到峰值, 6 h白蛤、白斑马蛤、养殖群体达到峰值(P0.05);在肝胰腺中,养殖群体和白斑马蛤6 h,白蛤6 h、24 h,野生群体24 h,斑马蛤3 h显著上调, 3 h野生蛤仔和斑马蛤达到峰值,6h养殖群体、白蛤、白斑马达到峰值(P0.05);鳃组织中TYR10基因表达水平在白蛤、野生群体和白斑马蛤3 h,养殖群体3 h、6 h,斑马蛤3 h、12 h显著上调(P0.05),肝胰腺组织中TYR10基因表达水平在白蛤3 h,野生群体3 h、6 h、12 h,斑马蛤、养殖群体6 h显著上调(P0.05),推测TYR基因在五个菲律宾蛤仔群体的鳃和肝胰腺中参与了免疫应答。通过对TYR基因的氨基酸序列进行二级结构分析和系统发育树分析,找到两个铜离子结合位点和6个组氨酸残基,并发现TYR6基因和长牡蛎同源性最高,为39.43%, TYR10基因和大珠母贝同源性最高,为51.04%。本文首次探讨在LPS胁迫下菲律宾蛤仔TYR基因的表达特性,为进一步探究TYR基因与菲律宾蛤仔免疫应答机制提供参考。 相似文献
8.
Suze Chora Brian McDonagh David Sheehan Mireille Starita-Geribaldi Michèle Roméo Maria J Bebianno 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):95-97
Environmental pollutants, such as metals, are widespread in aquatic environments and can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly toxic in marine species since they can cause serious reversible and irreversible changes in proteins including ubiquitination and modifications such as carbonylation. This study aimed to confirm the potential of ubiquitination and carbonylation as markers of oxidative stress in the clam Ruditapes decussatus (Veneroida, Veneridae) exposed to cadmium (40 microg/L). After 21 days of exposure clams were dissected into gills and digestive gland. Cytosolic proteins of both tissues were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D SDS-PAGE) and analysed by immunobloting. Higher ubiquitination and carbonylation levels were in digestive gland of contaminated organisms. These results confirm the potential of ubiquitination and carbonylation as a sensitive and specific marker of oxidative stress in marine bivalves. In this approach, changes in protein structure provide options for affinity selection of sub-proteomes for 2D SDS-PAGE, simplifying the detection of protein biomarkers using proteomic approach. 相似文献
9.
Copper is currently the most common biocide in antifouling paints. Levels of this metal were measured in the water, particulate matter and sediments from a shellfish farming area in the Sacca di Goro (Northern Adriatic Sea) over one year. With respect to the 1980s, copper environmental level increased twofold. The release of copper from shellfish farmers' boats was also estimated to be > 250 kg Cu y(-1). Clams Tapes philippinarum were collected in the same area and seasonally exposed to a sublethal (10 microg Cu l(-1)) concentration of copper. Physiological traits were significantly affected by copper exposure (scope for growth declined as a result of reduced clearance rate, increased oxygen consumption and a generally lower absorption efficiency). The results of this study are cause for concern for shellfish farming activities at least in Northern Adriatic, where shellfish farming is a monoculture of T. philippinarum. A strict interpretation of the precautionary principle might suggest that more rigorous regulatory action to control copper inputs in the field would be justified. 相似文献
10.
Bioaccumulation of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Antarctic gammaridean amphipod collectives, Orchomene plebs (Hurley, 1965), was investigated during a cruise of RV "Polarstern" to the Wedell Sea. With the sole exception of Cd the organisms accumulated metals during exposure and depurated them in uncontaminated seawater. Four independent toxicokinetic experiments and one field study were modelled simultaneously to calculate the following size-dependent bioconcentration factors for organisms with body length 10 mm (BCF(10 mm)): 130 (Co), 4030 (Cu), 190 (Ni), 2900 (Pb), and 5210 (Zn). On the time scale of our experiments the data suggest an increased metal uptake by previously exposed test organisms. The collectives investigated may be regarded as potentially suitable biomonitors for Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn but not for Cd. An approach to evaluate the sensitivity of Orchomene plebs as a biomonitor of waterborne metals in the field indicates minimal increments of the ambient exposure concentrations of 0.01 microg Co l(-1), 0.2 microg Cu l(-1), 0.4 microg Ni l(-1), 0.6 microg Pb l(-1) and 0.3 microg Zn l(-1). 相似文献
11.
Geret F Manduzio H Company R Leboulenger F Bebianno MJ Danger JM 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):619-623
The potential of the first line of the active oxygen-scavenging system, partial cDNA encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) was isolated in three aquatic mollusc species: Ruditapes decussatus (marine clam), Dreissena polymorpha (continental water mussel) and Bathymodiolus azoricus (hydrothermal vent mussel). These SOD cDNA fragments were amplified by PCR with degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from the amino acid sequence conserved in the Cu/Zn-SOD from several other organisms. A partial cDNA of CuZn-SOD was obtained for R. decussates (510 bp), D. polymorpha (510 bp) and B. azoricus (195 bp). The deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity among the three mollusc species (57-63%) and among other species (50-65%). The residues involved in coordinating copper (His-47, 49, 64, 121) and zinc (His-64, 72, 81 and Asp-84) were well conserved among the three Cu/Zn-SOD sequences. 相似文献
12.
流式细胞术比较研究4种双壳贝类血细胞的分群 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
应用流式细胞术对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)4种双壳贝类的血细胞分类进行了比较。根据其血细胞的前向角散射光(FSC)和侧向角散射光(SSC)特性的不同将血细胞分群,FSC和SSC二维图分析发现太平洋牡蛎、海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝的血细胞都可分为3个亚群,即透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞,而毛蚶的血细胞只可区分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞2个亚群。同时还对这4种双壳贝类各种血细胞所占比例进行了比较研究,发现各亚群细胞所占比例差异很大。 相似文献
13.
Florence Geret Angela Serafim Luisa Barreira Maria Joo Bebianno 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5)
Copper (Cu) is an essential element for biological systems, however, when present in excess, is toxic. Metallothioneins can play an important role in Cu homeostasis and detoxification. Moreover, Cu can catalyse the production of toxic hydroxyl radicals that cause lipid peroxidation but defence systems in the cells can limit the oxidative damage. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of three Cu concentrations (0.5, 2.5 and 25 μg l−1) on the response of antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathion peroxidase and total glutathion peroxidase), total proteins, metallothioneins (MT), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the gills of the clam, Ruditapes decussatus. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and total proteins, MT and MDA concentrations were measured in the gills of the clams after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of Cu exposure. Results indicate that Cu only induces an imbalance in the oxygen metabolism during the first week of Cu exposure due to a decrease in mitochondrial SOD and CAT, selenium-dependent and total glutathion peroxidase activities. Cu also causes lipid peroxidation, measured by the MDA formation, that was Cu dependent. In the gills of clams exposed to 25 μg Cu/l, the excess of Cu triggers the induction of MT synthesis after 3 days of exposure. 相似文献
14.
Zhang L Liu X You L Zhou D Wu H Li L Zhao J Feng J Yu J 《Marine environmental research》2011,72(1-2):33-39
Copper is an important heavy metal contaminant with high ecological risk in the Bohai Sea. In this study, the metabolic responses in the bioindicator, Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), to the environmentally relevant copper exposures were characterized using NMR-based metabolomics. The significant metabolic changes corresponding to copper exposures were related to osmolytes, intermediates of the Krebs cycle and amino acids, such as the increase in homarine, branched chain amino acids and decrease in succinate, alanine and dimethylamine in the copper-exposed clam gills during 96 h exposure period. Overall, Cu may lead to the disturbances in osmotic regulation and energy metabolism in clams during 96 h experimental period. These results demonstrate that NMR-based metabolomics is applicable for the discovery of metabolic biomarkers which could be used to elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of marine heavy metal contaminants. 相似文献
15.
The presence of chemical contaminants in marine coastal waters is a major subject of concern since many molecules are potentially immunotoxic, even at low concentration. During the last decade, studies in sentinel species, such as the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, or the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, have revealed that immunosuppressive responses can be related to xenobiotic exposure, in the laboratory and in the field. In the present study, European flat oysters were experimentally exposed to heavy metals, to investigate possible alterations of their immune function. Several hematological and functional parameters of hemocytes were measured by flow cytometry, a technique allowing rapid, sensitive, cell-by-cell measurements in large cell populations. Results reveal a depression of phagocytosis and several subcellular, physiological changes in oysters exposed to cadmium alone or to cadmium and copper, suggesting an overall alteration of the phagocytic function. 相似文献
16.
探讨了不同浓度Cu2+长期暴露对三角褐指藻生长、光合作用、呼吸作用和色素含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明:三角褐指藻在较低浓度下(0.25mg·L-1,0.5mg·L-1)生长受到刺激,而在高浓度下(1.5mg·L-1)则下降。叶绿素荧光参数有效光化学效率(Yield)与最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)对Cu2+非常敏感,它们均随Cu2+的升高而显著下降;Cu2+暴露对光合作用速率也具有抑制作用;而在Cu2+长期暴露下,类胡萝卜素含量比对照组高,但提高的程度随Cu2+浓度升高而下降。这些结果说明,叶绿素荧光参数可以作为三角褐指藻受到Cu2+胁迫的灵敏指标;光合作用与生长并不耦合;类胡萝卜素含量和呼吸作用速率升高可能能够降低Cu2+对三角褐指藻的毒性。 相似文献
17.
砗磲科(Tridacnidae)的种类全部生活在热带浅水珊瑚礁。它们只分布在印度太平洋动物区系区。1956-1958年中国科学院海洋研究所在西沙群岛获得许多砗磲科的标本；1975年作者参加西沙群岛的考察,又特别注意观察、采集这类动物,得到较多的标本和资料。
砗磲科是双売类中一群高度特化的种类,它的外套膜大、很发达,有大量的单细胞藻虫黄藻(Zooxanthellae)与之共生;外套膜中还有一种特殊的结构叫玻璃体(hyaline organ),它们能聚合光线使虫黄藻大量繁殖作为自身养料的一部分,这一过程 Yonge(1936)取名叫“耕殖”(farm),这种蛤一藻的特殊关系叫互惠共生(Symbiotic mutualism)。
砗磲科贝壳方位的辨识与正常双壳类相反,这是由于它与虫黄藻共生的特殊关系导致外套膜面积增加,以致使这类动物生活时原来在背面的壳顶、铰合部和韧带朝下成为腹面;原来的腹面由于植物耕殖组织(plant farming tissue)的发达而移到背面,也即贝壳的自由端朝上。动物体的软体部也有少量“逆转”,前闭売肌消失,前收足肌移到后面;后闭壳肌和后收足肌相邻移到贝壳中央;足和足丝从贝壳铰合部的对应端——腹斜面的足丝孔伸出,直接在底面固着。
为了叙述方便,确定砗磲科贝壳方位时按以下方法:把壳顶朝下,铰合部与手持者相对,这样铰合部的末端是前端、相反的一方是后端;贝売的游离端朝上为背部,壳顶和足丝孔朝下为腹部,在手持者左面为左売,右面为右売。
根据 Rosewater(1965)的意见砗磲科全世界只有6种,这6种在我国西沙群岛都有分布。 相似文献
18.
Temperature and light tolerance of representative brown, green and red algae in tumble culture revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ulva lactuca, Grateloupia turuturu and Palmaria palmata are suitable species that fit the requirements of a seaweed-animal integrated aquaculture system in terms of their viable biomass, rapid growth and promising nutrient uptake rates. In this investigation, the responses of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the five algal species in tumble culture were assessed at a temperature range of 10 - 30℃. The results revealed that Ulva lactuca was the most resistant species to high temperature, withstanding 30℃ for 4 h without apparent decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . While the arctic alga Palmaria palmata was the most vulnerable one, showing significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield at 25℃ for 2 h. The cold-water species Laminaria japonica, however, demonstrated strong ability to cope with higher temperature （24 -26℃ ） for shorter time （within 24 h） without significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . Grateloupia turuturu showed a general decrease in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield with the rising temperature from 23 to 30℃ , similar to the temperate kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yields of these algae were characterized differently indicating the existence of species-unique strategy to cope with high light. Measurements of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield after short exposure to direct solar irradiance revealed how long these exposures could be without significant photoinhibition or with promising recovery in photosynthetic activities. Seasonal pattern of alternation of algal species in tank culture in the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of 36°N was proposed according to these basic measurements. 相似文献
19.
E.A Crecelius J.T Hardy C.I Gibson R.L Schmidt C.W Apts J.M Gurtisen S.P Joyce 《Marine environmental research》1982,6(1):13-26
Studies were performed to determine the effects of dissolved substances present in natural seawater and sediment on the bioavailability of added Cu+2. Whole clams Macoma inquinata and shrimp, Pandalus danae, were exposed to four concentrations of Cu in a flow-through seawater system. Bioaccumulation of Cu was reduced in shrimp, Pandalus danae, clams, M. inquinata, and excised clam gills, Protothaca staminea, exposed to an aged, compared with an unaged, Cu-seawater solution. This is thought to be due to slow complexation of the Cu by dissolved substances present in natural seawater. In a static system, with added sediment, more than 50% of the added Cu+2 became bound to the organic fraction of the sediment and was unavailable to suspension feeding clams, Protothaca staminea. In contrast, deposit feeding clams, Macoma inquinata, placed in the sediment approximately doubled in Cu body burden within two months.Complexed Cu appears to be less bioavailable than ionic Cu and hence measurements of ionic and weakly complexed Cu by differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry provide a better prediction of bioavailable Cu than conventional measurements of total Cu-seawater concentrations. 相似文献
20.
Trace metals in seawater and copepods in the ocean outfall area off the northern Taiwan coast 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The distribution, partitioning and concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in seawater, including dissolved and particulate phases, and in copepods in the ocean outfall area off the northern coast of Taiwan were investigated. Normalization of metal concentrations to the background metal concentration to yield relative enrichment factors (EF), which were used to evaluate the contamination of dissolved and particulate trace metals in seawater around the ocean outfall. The EF results indicated that the outfall area was significantly contaminated by dissolved Fe and Zn, and by particulate Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. In addition, most trace metals were chiefly in the particulate phase. The average percentage of total metal concentrations (dissolved plus particulate phases) bound by suspended particulate matter followed the sequence Al(95%) = Mn(95%) > Pb(88%) > Cu(86%) > Fe(72%) > Zn(32%) > Cr(17.5%) > Cd(3.4%). Therefore, metal contamination is better evaluated in solid phase than in the dissolved phase. The concentration ranges of trace metals in the copepods, Temora turbinata, Oncaea venusta and Euchaeta rimana, near the outfall were: Cd, 0.23-1.81 microg g(-1); Cr, 16.5-195 microg g(-1); Cu, 14-160 microg g(-1); Fe, 256-7255 microg g(-1); Mn, 5.5-80.8 microg g(-1); Pb, 2.6-56.2 microg g(-1); Zn, 132-3891 microg g(-1); and Al, 0.21-1.13%. Aluminum, and probably Fe, seemed to be the major elements in copepods. The concentrations of trace metals in copepods, especially Temora turbinata, near the outfall were generally higher than those obtained in the background station. The mean increase in bioconcentration factor of metals in copepods ranged from 4 to 7 and followed the sequence Al(6.4) > Cu(6.2) > Fe(6.0) > Zn(5.7) > Pb(5.6) > Cr(5.5) > Cd(5.1) > Mn(4.7). Therefore, marine copepods in the waters of northern Taiwan can accumulate trace metals over background concentrations and act as contamination indicators. 相似文献