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1.
通过研究印度对布拉马普特拉河的开发现状及计划,分析其开发对上下游国家的影响,发现印度在布拉马普特拉河流域已建水电工程8座,在建1座,拟建19座,并且布拉马普特拉河在印度的连通计划中占有举足轻重的地位,JTF(布拉马普特拉河-恒河)和MSTG(布拉马普特拉河-恒河)工程分别占印度北部水系连通计划总体投资的12.04%和14.53%。这些开发计划使中印的边界问题更加复杂,并且当中国开发雅鲁藏布江时,将会对印度的水利工程的运作带来影响;印度为了缓解能源问题以及调节印度境内的水电工程,在不丹境内建造了大量的水电工程,这使不丹更加依赖印度,并给不丹带来生态灾难;孟加拉国位于印度的下游,上游过多的水电工程使其旱季供水不足影响农田灌溉,改变河流水文条件影响其渔业,并使海水倒灌至使土地盐碱化。 相似文献
2.
中国跨境水资源的脆弱性及其影响因子 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Competitive use of transboundary freshwater resources is becoming one of the key factors influencing regional peace and political
relationship among states. In China, 18 major international river basins are concentrated in three regions, of which the total
annual outflow at the border is 7320×108 m3, occupying 26.8% of the total annual runoff of China, and the inflow at the border is only 172×108 m3. In this paper, we analyzed the major drivers affecting shared water vulnerability in China, namely: (1) changes in physical
conditions affecting the availability of water; (2) competing objectives between economic development and ecological conservation;
(3) lack of emergency response mechanisms; (4) unsound administrative institutions; and (5) shortcomings in the development
of regional cooperation based on transboundary waters. We concluded by identifying four pathways for reducing vulnerability:
(1) encouraging scientific research cooperation; (2) constructing information-sharing channels; (3) establishing early-warning
mechanisms; and (4) promoting further coordination and negotiation.
Foundation: The National Key Project for Basic Research on Ecosystem Changes in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region and Transboundary Eco-security
of Southwest China, No.2003CB415105
Author: Feng Yan (1967–), Ph.D and Professor, specialized in coordinated management of international river basins related to international
water law and water policy, natural resources sustainable uses in mountainous areas. 相似文献
3.
Competitive use of transboundary freshwater resources is becoming one of the key factors influencing regional peace and political relationship among states. In China, 18 major international river basins are concentrated in three regions, of which the total annual outflow at the border is 7320×108 m3, occupying 26.8% of the total annual runoff of China, and the inflow at the border is only 172×108 m3. In this paper, we analyzed the major drivers affecting shared water vulnerability in China, namely: (1) changes in physical conditions affecting the availability of water; (2) competing objectives between economic development and ecological conservation; (3) lack of emergency response mechanisms; (4) unsound administrative institutions; and (5) shortcomings in the development of regional cooperation based on transboundary waters. We concluded by identifying four pathways for reducing vulnerability: (1) encouraging scientific research cooperation; (2) constructing information-sharing channels; (3) establishing early-warning mechanisms; and (4) promoting further coordination and negotiation. 相似文献
4.
The key indicators of transboundary water apportionment based on international laws and cases 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Transboundary water, more competitive utilization and uncertain availability under the globalization trend, the issue of its apportionment which directly impacts national benefits of each riparian state is becoming one of the important topics in the world. Water is scarce in China, the most important upstream state in Asia, and this task has to be thought over in the coming future. Based on ＂International Freshwater Treaties Database＂ （1820-2007） by Oregon State University, and publications and reports on transboundary water utilization and management since 1999, 28 indicators of water apportionment adopted in 49 international treaties and cases in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the adopted indicators are analyzed in order to find the key indicator（s） of transboundary water apportionment. The major results include： the major adopted indicators, have significant differences among 5 regions/continents, the indicators at rank first and second place in the developed region （North America and Europe） according to the adopted times are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂, but in the developing region （Asia, Africa and South America）, the ranking order of the above two indicators is reversed; the major adopted indicators in the watersheds with insufficient water are ＂mean annual runoff＂ and ＂keeping minimum water flow＂, the ones in the watersheds with sufficient water are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂; the international treaties signed from the first phase to the fourth phase, the developing process shows a progress of ＂fewer-increasing a lot-decreasing rapidly-equation basically＂, the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from the developed region to the developing one, especially to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators shifts from ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1864-1945, to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂ in 1946-1971, then to ＂hydraulic facility operation＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1972-1991, and finally to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1992-2002, the process shows similar a loop. Finally, the key indicator on transboundary water apportionment can be determined as ＂keeping minimum water flow＂. 相似文献
5.
哈萨克斯坦是中亚地区的“大国”,与四周比邻的国家均存在跨界水体联系,有44%的地表水来自邻国。跨界河流水资源开发利用与生态环境保护问题,是涉及国家政治、经济、安全、外交大局的重大战略问题。通过分析哈国地表水分布特点,简要回顾总结了与其邻国在跨界河流方面的合作情况;对哈国所担忧的水安全问题及采取的主要对策,进行了深入剖析,并就跨界河流管理未来的合作路径、跨界河流利用未来的分水原则、哈俄跨界河流水污染未来的解决途径、中亚国家间解决咸海危机的前提条件等问题,进行了分析讨论;指出对共享水资源的管理既可以成为中亚地区和平的力量,也可能成为冲突的因素,管理这种相互依存的资源是当今国际社会面临的一项关系人类发展的重大挑战。研究哈萨克斯坦跨界河流国际合作及其对核心利益问题的观点、认识、所采取的不同策略,对于处理好中哈跨界河流问题具有积极现实意义。 相似文献
6.
跨界族群以及由此造成的分离主义运动一直是民族学、社会学与国际关系等学科研究的重点议题。本研究对安哥拉卡宾达飞地分离主义运动的研究着重探讨特殊地理位置为安哥拉政府带来的治理困境。对卡宾达分离主义运动的发展历史进行回顾,发现跨界族群问题是卡宾达分离主义运动产生的根源,而飞地属性则从不同角度增加了安哥拉在治理该问题上的难度,主要表现为未能使当地人产生对安哥拉的国家认同,大幅降低了外部干涉难度以及难以满足该地居民的发展诉求。本研究还认为跨界族群的分离主义思潮看似合理,但其文化特殊性并不一定能转化为分离主义运动的政治合理性。虽然非洲国家很多现有边界存在不合理之处,但对它的改变未必能让跨界族群获得更好的社会经济发展。另外,边界对分离主义组织运行模式的影响也是一个值得深入研究的议题。 相似文献
7.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(5):265-276
Barquet, K. 2015. Building a bioregion through transboundary conservation in Central America. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography. Vol. 69, 265–276. ISSN 0029-1951.Proponents of transboundary conservation argue for the formation of a bioregional scale of governance. How such rescaling should be done remains an undiscussed issue. Through a study of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor in Central America and Si-A-Paz, a transboundary protected area in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the author investigates how a transboundary scale of conservation is enacted. The study shows that in order to meet the conditions of a bioregion, actors involved in transboundary conservation in Central America produced accounts of social and ecological integrity that did not entirely match local narratives. Moreover, transboundary conservation provided actors with increased mobility across governance scales and sources of funding. In turn, this scalar mobility enhanced the power of already powerful actors in the area, helped states to attract international sources of funding, and empowered previously marginalized local groups at the expense of others. The author concludes that actors involved in transboundary conservation attempt to create new meanings of nature and understandings of society in order to produce a new scale of conservation. However, the study highlights the problems of matching discourses of nature to accounts of social unity, and underlines the political nature of scalar projects. 相似文献
8.
Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to be-come involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation (a zero-sum game) to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities (enabler, regulator and buyer), to improve adaptive transboundary ecological compensation mechanisms, government must develop as soon as possible data sharing platforms, standards of water consumption behaviors and intergovernmental policies (or ordinances). 相似文献
9.
土地利用变化引发的水资源问题往往成为跨界流域各国矛盾的焦点,如何充分考虑跨界流域的特殊性和复杂性,对土地利用变化研究提出了新的要求。本文利用 MODIS产品提取了伊犁河流域2001-2009年土地利用数据,划分流域的产水/耗水区,结合流域跨界特点分析其土地利用变化特征。研究时段内,伊犁河流域土地利用以农田和天然植被为主,农田总面积有所下降,天然植被面积基本稳定。其中上中游产水区林地出现萎缩,草地面积增幅较大;中游水库耗水区内农田大幅度转化为天然植被;下游三角洲耗水区土地利用开发受限,人类干预程度下降。产流区内中国农田面积相对境外持续增加,而天然植被面积相对境外则持续缩小。受制度影响,哈萨克斯坦境内土地利用变化波动明显,中国境内土地利用变化幅度相对稳定。 相似文献
10.
随着气候变化、人口增长和经济发展,全球水资源供需矛盾日益突出,国际河流跨境水冲突不断加剧。地处中东的约旦河是世界上跨境水冲突最严重的河流。1948—2008年约旦河跨境水冲突事件数量占全球总量的1/5,战争性跨境水冲突数量占同级别总量的2/3。本文以地缘价值、地缘关系和地缘结构为模块构建国际河流跨境水冲突地缘环境分析框架,考察约旦河跨境水冲突事件的时空演化及其形成的地缘机制。研究发现,约旦河跨境水冲突的地缘目标集中于水资源战略要地,且按水资源地“主要→核心→次要”空间转移;跨境水冲突事件在时序上呈现从以色列争夺水权为主向域内阿拉伯国家讨还水权为主演化;跨境水冲突地缘体结构中以色列主动发起的跨境水冲突占六成多,域内阿拉伯国家和域外地缘体发起的各约占二成。基于地缘环境分析框架的研究得出以下结论：约旦河流域区位的地缘价值吸引域外大国直接介入,促成跨境水冲突向有利于美国—以色列利益的方向发展;域内地缘体的“水资源地”竞争地缘关系强于“水量”竞争地缘关系,对约旦河跨境水冲突具有强化作用;以色列作为约旦河地缘结构中的水霸权,对该流域跨境水冲突的基本态势和时空分布格局具有主导作用。 相似文献
11.
The Mekong River Commission: transboundary water resources planning and regional security 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Jacobs JW 《The Geographical journal》2002,168(4):354-364
The Mekong River Commission (MRC) was established in 1995 and represents a third chapter in the Mekong Project's organizational history. The MRC's predecessors – the Mekong Committee (1957–78) and the Interim Mekong Committee (1978–95) – operated under difficult circumstances, yet made many contributions to transboundary river basin planning and international diplomacy. The MRC's 2001 Work Programme represents a shift in Mekong basin planning from the era of the Mekong Committee. This shift is largely embodied by a change from a project–oriented focus to an emphasis on better management and preservation of existing resources. The MRC is in a position to help address the related issues of population growth, environmental preservation and regional security. In doing so, the MRC will benefit from the programmes and international collaboration established by its predecessors. 相似文献
12.
国外学界已对跨国界的“和平公园”或保护区进行大量研究并取得了丰硕成果,但目前仍存在概念和术语使用混乱的问题,需要进一步深入探讨。在对相关概念进行系统梳理的基础上,统一使用“国际和平公园”这一术语并对其概念进行界定,同时指出它与国内通常所说的和平公园有着本质上的区别。归纳总结出国际和平公园的4个基本特征,即空间分布的跨境性、发展目标的多维性、合作水平的多样性、联合管理的复杂性。进一步从项目可行性、规划与建设、开发与保护、监测与评估等方面提出一些研究议题供国内旅游地理学界参考,以便开拓本学科研究新领域。 相似文献
13.
基于河流健康及国际法的跨境水分配关键指标及阈值 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
基于前期研究中获得的8个河流健康主要评价指标、3个主要跨境水分配指标的结果以及指标之间的相关性,确定了河流健康和跨境水分配的关键指标：多年平均水量、最大取用水量和最小维持水量。跟踪查询《国际淡水条约数据库》内1864-2002年应用3个关键指标的38个国际条约及其所涉及28条国际河流的主要水文信息,通过对条约中水分配指标的标准化计算和分析,得到各指标阈值及其区域性特征：① 最小维持水量指标得到普遍应用,其次是多年平均水量指标,而最大取用水量指标应用率明显低于前两个指标。② 应用多年平均水量指标,在界河上基本确定了平均分配方案,阈值为50%;“内河”属性支流的阈值为100%;跨境河流上产生了较多的差额分配方案和较多的上游国用水多于下游国的方案。③ 最小维持水量指标,其应用有从发达地区向发展中地区扩展、从保证用水向维持生态用水发展的特点;当该指标在跨境和界河的河流尺度上用于保证供水时,该指标阈值平均分别为41.7%和50%,且流域国家实力对其影响极为明显,而在跨境河流河段尺度上阈值平均为36.1%;用于维持河道生态水量时,阈值平均为14.7%,并有逐步增长的趋势。 相似文献
14.
Benefit sharing on transboundary rivers is an approach to address equitable and reasonable development and utilization of transboundary water resources (TWR). Through analyzing a few typical benefit sharing cases, this paper provides a systematic discussion of the theory of TWR benefits sharing. TWR features a kind of common pool resources (CPRs). Its benefit sharing subjects are the riparian countries. The shared benefits usually include flood prevention, power generation, navigation, irrigation, contributions to society and culture, etc. The benefit sharing modes mainly include shared benefits and responsibilities, reciprocal rights and obligations, equal benefit distribution, cost proportion-based benefit sharing, and demand-based benefit sharing. The first step in the realization process of benefit sharing is the sharing of data and information. Second is the benefit identification and evaluation. Third is the establishment of a mechanism to guarantee the benefit sharing. The conditions for realizing benefit sharing depends on, first, if the riparian countries are willing to cooperate with each other; second, whether the cooperation can bring incremental benefit or cost reduction in comparison with unilateral operation; and third, if the benefit distribution is equitable and reasonable and can stand the test of time. 相似文献
15.
地缘合作中的陆疆跨境生态安全及调控 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
新世纪以来,随着经济全球化和区域地缘政治经济合作的加强,世界各国的持续发展不仅日益高度依存,相互间对资源与环境的竞争也日益加剧,使跨境资源和环境因素的影响渗入到国家安全、国际经济和贸易等各个层面。在此背景下,毗邻国家间围绕国际河流开发的地缘合作发展最为迅速,导致陆疆跨境生态安全问题突出,广受关注。本文从跨境水资源利用、沿边境土地变化特征、生物跨境入侵等方面系统分析了中国地缘合作中的主要陆疆跨境生态安全问题及其研究进展,总结了基于水、陆生态系统跨境生态安全科学调控的主要机制与成效。结果表明:陆疆跨境生态问题呈现出以跨境水问题为核心,土地等自然资源利用、动植物保护与生物入侵防控、灾害监测与预防等多方面多层次发展的态势,跨境问题与全球变化相互交织,在某些区域呈现加剧的趋势。创新安全理念,进行深度地缘合作已成为应对跨境生态安全问题主流思维。本文结合"推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动",从"一带一路"沿途跨境水安全、入境河流水安全污染、流域环境风险以及大型工程的交互影响等方面展望了未来需要重点加强研究和调控的陆疆跨境生态安全问题。 相似文献
16.
随着全球气候变化和人类社会经济高速发展,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,国际河流流域跨境水冲突不断加剧,其时空演化规律成为当前跨学科研究的热点和难点。为此,从水冲突“事件—关系”视角,对1948—2018年间全球跨境水冲突的时空演化规律进行系统分析发现：① 1948—2018年全球跨境水冲突规模总体呈非单调波动增长态势,在1987年前后发生显著突变,表现出兼具趋势性、突变性和波动性等多维特征的非单调动力过程;② 全球跨境水冲突事件以围绕水文干预和资源权属争夺的低强度事件为主,大坝等水利工程建设引发的冲突显著增加,南亚、西亚和东非地区成为主导全球跨境水冲突趋势演化的“序参量”;③ 全球跨境水冲突呈现由单中心向多中心格局转变的空间扩散趋势,但“北多南少、东多西少、相对集中”的总体不均衡格局基本锁定,形成以30°N为中心、横跨南亚—中亚—西亚—东非高水资源压力区的水冲突密集带;④ 国家间跨境水冲突关系趋于普遍化、复杂化和网络化,发育多个流域性网络社团,但水冲突关系的“马太效应”和极化分布特征持续显著,产生“路径锁定”效应;水冲突“规模—强度”关系存在一定的空间错配。 相似文献
17.
跨界民族文化景区核心利益相关者的共生整合机制——以泸沽湖景区为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文章运用利益相关者(stakeholder)理论并协同共生(symbiosis)理论的分析方法,对跨界民族文化景区的核心利益相关者作了界定,并就其共生关系、共生模式进行了模型建构;结合泸沽湖景区典型案例,构建了该类景区核心利益相关者共生博弈框架。研究表明:"S-S"理论的协同应用,对于跨界民族文化景区业已显现的核心利益相关者关系问题的剖析与诊断具有较强的分析力和解释力,可为整合冲突与建立协作机制提供理论依据;对滇、川两省告别"一湖两治",共同申报泸沽湖世界自然与文化双重遗产具有现实意义。 相似文献
18.
19.
《The Geographical journal》2002,168(4):380-382
Books reviewed:
Bjørn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the real state of the world
B. Dalal–Clayton and D. Dent, Knowledge of the Land: Land resources information and its use in rural development
Krishna B. Ghimrie, The Native Tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries 相似文献
Bjørn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the real state of the world
B. Dalal–Clayton and D. Dent, Knowledge of the Land: Land resources information and its use in rural development
Krishna B. Ghimrie, The Native Tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries 相似文献
20.
Management of transboundary water resources: lessons from international cooperation for conflict prevention 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tensions over freshwater resources may become more frequent as pressures on water resources grow due to increased demand and variability of rainfall. Conflicts may take place between or within countries or between competing sectoral users. This paper focuses on institutional approaches for enhancing cooperation between countries for sustainable development of transboundary freshwater bodies and contributing basins. It is assumed that instead of being zones of conflict, shared water resources can provide a basis for cooperation and benefit–sharing provided that threats to the international waters are recognized and collaborative structures are created. The paper draws upon experiences gained within the international waters focal area of the Global Environment Facility, the main funding mechanism for countries to support the environmental management of transboundary water resources. Lessons for promoting peaceful cooperation for environmental management, benefit–sharing and sustainable use of transboundary freshwater resources are highlighted through examples from Africa, Central Asia and Latin America. Experience shows the importance of processes that bring together all sectors and actors whose actions affect the transboundary waterbody at regional, national and local levels. The development of a science–based diagnostic analysis is essential to identify the threats to the transboundary ecosystem and to break down the issues into manageable parts with the aim of developing a strategic action programme. Ensuring political commitment that can result in institutional, policy and legal reforms in the countries concerned is the key to sustainable development of the transboundary resource. 相似文献