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赣东北双桥山群首次发现大量深水类型的波痕 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以往常常认为 ,波痕大量出现和富集是“浅水”沉积的标志 ,而近年来在赣东北的国土地质调查中 ,发现双桥山群自下而上产有多层位的、不同类型的大量波痕 ,这种波痕呈一边陡、一边缓的不对称。这种深水环境的流水波痕的形态与淡水流水波痕无根本的异同。关于在深水环境中发现大量流水波痕 ,继西秦岭报道外 (晋慧娟 ,李育兹 ,1995 ) ,是我国华南地区前震旦系地层的又一次的发现 ,表明深水环境的沉积作用也是十分活跃的 ,尚待人们进一步去认识。赣东北双桥山群自下而上各个组均产有大量流水波痕 ,它们的形态也比较多样 ,有直线形、弯曲形、菱形… 相似文献
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复合流由单向流和振荡流叠加而成,属于不同流体相互作用范畴,其研究起源于水槽实验中对复合流波痕的观察,一开始便和沉积学结合在一起.复合流沉积对于复杂水动力条件下的沉积学研究具有非常重要的意义,是目前确定沉积岩沉积时流体相互作用的主要依据.以现有复合流文献为基础,从复合流底床形态与垂向序列谱系、沉积效应与层理构造谱系和泥质底床上的层面构造谱系等3个方面进行了总结.复合流沉积特征受单向流速度和振荡流速度的双重控制,各底床形态及相关的纹层构造均表现出从对称到不对称的连续变化,其不对称程度随单向流速度的增大而增加.垂向序列介于单向衰弱流悬浮沉积和双向振荡流悬浮沉积之间,鲍玛序列和风暴序列是其两个端元类型.复合流沉积虽然以粉砂和细砂颗粒为主,但是在较粗的颗粒中(如扁平砾屑)也可以形成特殊的颗粒组构.在层面构造中,由于单向流和振荡流速度的变化(包括大小和叠加方向)在泥质底床上也会形成不同的底痕谱系.因此,对复合流沉积的研究,将是注重振荡流与单向流相互作用的沉积过程研究,从而有别于传统沉积学在不同沉积环境下的模式研究. 相似文献
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在进行庵东潮坪水文要素定点测量的基础上,对地貌特征,沉积粒度,沉积构造及重向剖面作了全面分析与研究。结果表明,滩地位于杭州湾进、退潮流的交会点,控制其发育的主动力为潮汐作用,具明显的不规则半日潮特性,涨潮流强度远大于落潮流,造就了宽达十余公里的潮滩地貌。滩地水动力深受湾内水流影响,高潮期服从其总体潮流流向,导致潮坪上发育众多与杭州湾深槽系统相连的潮沟,破坏了沉积物正常分布规律,高潮坪存在一定向平行岸线的大型潮沟,受强劲水流影响,沉积粒度粗化,并因快冲快淤而产生变形构造;中潮坪接受退潮期潮沟漫岸物质,粒度相对较小,分选性变差,沉积构造以直脊流水波痕及板状交错层理为主;低潮坪潮流作用大、沉积粒度粗,分选性最佳,发育小型流水波痕,内部构造以槽状交错层理,“青鱼刺”层理及再作用构造为特征。潮坪近岸处潮沟迁移层序及浪成波痕层理的发现反映水动力异常强大,威胁人工海塘的安全,建议停止进一步围垦滩涂,采取促淤方法,抑制潮沟的发育,以维持滩地稳定。 相似文献
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洪水型重力流是重力流沉积学的研究热点,以往研究认为洪水型重力流具有紊流支撑的流体性质,对于其流体性质转化及其沉积记录的识别不够深入。近年研究揭示重力流沉积过程中可形成多种过渡型流体,具有特殊流体转换机制和沉积特征。通过调研国内外最新文献,系统介绍了过渡型流体基本特征、沉积机制方面的研究进展,并讨论了其对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义。研究结果表明：在少量黏土矿物影响下,沉积物重力流流体的性质即可由紊流向层流转化,形成特殊的过渡型流体。转化过程主要取决于黏土矿物含量和类型控制的流体内聚力和流速控制的紊流应力二者之间的相互作用。过渡型流体可以产生大型流水沙纹（large current ripple）、砂质纹层—泥质纹层间互形成的低幅度沙波（low amplitude bed wave）等独特的底床类型。尽管实验研究揭示了过渡型流体可能形成的沉积底床特征,针对洪水型重力流沉积记录中过渡型流体的解释仍十分缺乏,尤其是过渡型流体转换机制及其沉积响应仍亟待深入探索。过渡型流体的沉积底形是研究洪水型重力流沉积动力机制的重要载体,可为深入理解洪水型重力流沉积过程提供新视角,同时可能具有更广泛的沉积学研究价值。 相似文献
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洪水型重力流是重力流沉积学的研究热点,以往研究认为洪水型重力流具有紊流支撑的流体性质,对于其流体性质转化及其沉积记录的识别不够深入。近年研究揭示重力流沉积过程中可形成多种过渡型流体,具有特殊流体转换机制和沉积特征。通过调研国内外最新文献,系统介绍了过渡型流体基本特征、沉积机制方面的研究进展,并讨论了其对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义。研究结果表明：在少量黏土矿物影响下,沉积物重力流流体的性质即可由紊流向层流转化,形成特殊的过渡型流体。转化过程主要取决于黏土矿物含量和类型控制的流体内聚力和流速控制的紊流应力二者之间的相互作用。过渡型流体可以产生大型流水沙纹(large current ripple)、砂质纹层—泥质纹层间互形成的低幅度沙波(low amplitude bed wave)等独特的底床类型。尽管实验研究揭示了过渡型流体可能形成的沉积底床特征,针对洪水型重力流沉积记录中过渡型流体的解释仍十分缺乏,尤其是过渡型流体转换机制及其沉积响应仍亟待深入探索。过渡型流体的沉积底形是研究洪水型重力流沉积动力机制的重要载体,可为深入理解洪水型重力流沉积过程提供新视角,同时可能具有更广泛的... 相似文献
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古洪水沉积物是研究地史时期极端降水事件和古环境演化的重要载体。基于地质记录开展古洪水重建研究,可以为揭示区域洪水历史过程及机制提供依据,对水资源利用和工程建设等具有重要的现实意义。本文以漕河古河道北岸出露较好的李迪城村剖面为研究对象,综合地层序列、野外沉积特征、沉积构造及沉积物粒度分析,对白洋淀地区漕河古河道沉积记录的古洪水事件进行了识别,发现该剖面具有以下主要特征:古洪水沉积层与下伏地层存在明显的冲刷侵蚀面,沉积体形态呈透镜状,由泥砾、炭屑、双壳类及灰黑色粉细砂混杂组成,发育中小型交错层理;洪水沉积物粒度指标(中值粒径、砂含量、黏土/粉砂值及Q90)表现为高值,以细砂为优势组分,含混杂的粉砂及少量黏土,分选较差;古洪水沉积层中古树与双壳类集中埋藏,呈定向排列,其指示的方向与遥感影像揭示的古河道方向一致。通过该剖面沉积特征及地层AMS 14C年代分析,确定漕河在全新世早期约10.8~9.6 ka BP发生了4期古洪水事件,这4期古洪水事件可以与该时期华北地区其它古洪水事件进行对比。当时正值全新世早期,东亚夏季风增强,为气温和降水频繁波动上升时期,据此推断白洋淀地区全新世早期的古洪水事件是当时气候背景下的产物。 相似文献
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第四纪巨型堰塞湖溃决产生的高能洪水是地球及其他星球上已知规模最大的陆地淡水事件。越来越多的研究证明高能洪水事件具有普遍性,广泛发育于欧亚大陆、北美洲和南美洲等地区。研究者发现不同地区高能洪水事件的沉积特征具有一定的共性,但其典型沉积序列却依然缺失。本文首先回顾了全球已报道高能洪水案例并介绍了高能洪水的定义,总结了高能洪水沉积的特征与地层层序,归纳了其典型沉积序列及其标志性特性。同时,沉积证据是高能洪水的唯一记录,本文通过沉积层序的解读以期重建单次或多次高能洪水的流量过程、水动力条件和物质输送方式。典型高能洪水沉积物多呈块状构造,席状展布,缺乏黏土和粉砂粒级,发育层合并现象、“漂浮”碎屑、内碎屑、脱水构造和同生变形构造。高能洪水典型沉积序列由下往上包括底部粗粒平行、大型斜坡沉积、水平纹层、波纹和沙垄交错层理、粉砂层和顶部泥石流沉积。该沉积序列由高浓度悬浮质的快速沉积主导,可对应于单次的水流增强与减弱;从洪水过程曲线的时间尺度理解,其代表了洪水的涨水和消落过程,其间伴随着水流的周期性强烈脉动。最后,简单介绍了我国已发现的高能洪水事件,展望了我国的高能洪水研究。 相似文献
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一种现代不对称波痕的成因特征及类比分析——以民和盆地红古城地区下白垩统第8岩组为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以黄河边上现代不对称波痕的形成为例,结合民和盆地下白垩统第8岩组沉积环境进行类比分析,一改过去传统的"浅水"认识,而把它定为三角洲平原相沉积。因而不对称波痕不能作为某一种沉积环境,它可以广泛生成于不同的环境。因此应更多强调综合分析、类比分析、层序基本单元和体系域分析,使盆地岩石地层单位的古环境解释建立在可靠的理性基础上。 相似文献
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B. CHARLOTTE SCHREIBER GERALD M. FRIEDMAN† ARVEDO DECIMA‡ EDWARD SCHREIBER 《Sedimentology》1976,23(6):729-760
In Sicily, Messinian evaporitic sedimentary deposits are developed under a wide variety of hypersaline conditions and in environments ranging from continental margin (subaerial), to basin-margin supratidal, to intertidal, to subtidal and out into the hypersaline basin proper. The actual water depth at the time of deposition is indeterminate; however, relative terms such as ‘wave base’ and ‘photic zone’ are utilized. The inter-fingering relationships of specific evaporitic facies having clear and recognizable physical characteristics are presented. These include sub-aerial deposits of nodular calcium sulphate formed displacively within clastic sediments; gypsiferous rudites, arenites and arenitic marls, all of which are reworked sediments and are mixed in varying degrees with other clastic materials (subaerial, supratidal, and intertidal to deep basinal deposits). Laminated calcium sulphate alternating with very thin carbonate interlaminae and having two different aspects; one being even and continuous and the other of a wavy, irregular appearance (subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal deposits). Nodular calcium sulphate beds, usually associated with wavy, irregular laminated beds (supratidal, sabkha deposits); very coarsely crystalline gypsum beds (selenite), associated with more even, laminated beds (subaqueous, intertidal to subtidal deposits); wavy anastomozing gypsum beds, composed of very fine, often broken crystals (subaqueous, current-swept deposits); halite having hopper and chevron structures (supratidal to intertidal); and halite, potash salts, etc. having continuous laminated structure (subaqueous, possibly basinal). Evidence for diagenetic changes is observed in the calcium sulphate deposits which apparently formed by tectonic stress and also by migrating hypersaline waters. These observations suggest that the common, massive form of alabastrine gypsum (or anhydrite, in the subsurface) may not always be ascribed to original depositional features, to syndiagenesis or to early diagenesis but may be the result of late diagenesis. 相似文献
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通过钻井、录井、测井及岩心等资料的综合分析,识别出辫状河三角洲和曲流河三角洲是鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长9油层组主要的三角洲沉积相类型。辫状河三角洲分布于盆地西部,辫状分流河道和辫状水下分流河道发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理和平行层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式。曲流河三角洲分布于盆地东部,陆上分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、平行层理和砂纹层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,也可见向上变粗的逆粒序,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式,可见四段式。进一步的对比分析表明,盆地内长9油层组辫状分流河道、辫状水下分流河道和陆上分流河道中砂体最发育,水下分流河道和河口坝砂体次之。 相似文献
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Sedimentology of a lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A 1600-m-thick succession of the Miocene Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) exposed in east-central Nevada records predominantly terrigenous clastic deposition in subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta environments and nearshore and offshore lacustrine environments. These four depositional environments are distinguished by particular associations of individual facies (14 defined facies). Subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta facies associations include: ungraded, matrix-and clast-supported conglomerate; normally graded, matrix- and clast-supported conglomerate; ungraded and normally graded sandstone; and massive to poorly laminated mudstone. Subaqueous fan-delta deposits typically have dewatering structures, distorted bedding and interbedded mudstone. The subaerial fan-delta environment was characterized by debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows and minor sheetfloods; the subaqueous fan-delta environment by debris flows, high- and low-density turbidity currents, and suspension fallout. The nearshore lacustrine facies association provides examples of deposits and processes rarely documented in lacustrine environments. High-energy oscillatory wave currents, probably related to a large fetch, reworked grains as large as 2 cm into horizontally stratified sand and gravel. Offshore-directed currents produced uncommonly large (typically 1–2 m thick) trough cross-stratified sandstone. In addition, stromatolitic carbonate interbedded with stratified coarse sandstone and conglomerate suggests a dynamic environment characterized by episodic terrigenous clastic deposition under high-energy conditions alternating with periods of carbonate precipitation under reduced energy conditions. Massive and normally graded sandstone and massive to poorly laminated mudstone characterize the offshore lacustrine facies association and record deposition by turbidity currents and suspension fallout. A depositional model constructed for the Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) precludes the existence of all four depositional environments at any particular time. Rather, phases characterized by deposition in subaerial fan, nearshore lacustrine and offshore lacustrine environments alternated with phases of subaerial fan-delta, subaqueous fan-delta and offshore lacustrine deposition. This model suggests that high-energy nearshore currents due to deep water along the lake margin reworked sediment of the fan edge, thus preventing development of a subaqueous fan-delta environment and promoting development of a well-defined nearshore lacustrine environment. Low-energy nearshore currents induced by shallow water along the 相似文献
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浙西皖南晚奥陶世复理石的沉积环境,兼谈鲍马层序应用问题 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
本文研究的复理石具有多种类型的递变层理,有大量波痕,尤其是干涉波痕及浪成波痕发育,古水流方向有双向性,有多级别韵律发育等,说明这一复理石是由波浪、底流、潮流等多种水动力作用叠加而形成的,其沉积环境属浅海直至潮坪。 相似文献
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陆上与水下喷发火山岩的区别及其对储层的影响——以松辽盆地营城组为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
陆上与水下喷发火山岩在岩性、结构构造、蚀变特征、产状、与下伏地层接触关系、孔隙和裂缝发育特点等6方面有显著区别。陆上喷发火山岩包括各种熔岩、碎屑熔岩、火山碎屑岩和沉火山碎屑岩;熔岩流纹构造发育,火山碎屑岩除发育常见层理外,还可见反丘构造;同生蚀变弱;与下伏地层多呈角度不整合接触,古风化壳常见,常含有陆相植物;主要储集空间为原生孔隙和冷凝收缩节理缝、次生溶蚀孔、矿物解理缝和构造裂缝。水下喷发火山岩多为具玻璃质结构的熔岩和含晶屑玻屑的层/沉凝灰岩、膨润土/伊利石岩/蒙脱石岩/沸石岩;常具枕状、球状构造,水平层理、粒序层理、变形层理;蚀变强烈;水下熔岩呈穹隆状、透镜状,凝灰岩为层状,近火山口的膨润土/伊利石岩/蒙脱石岩/沸石岩呈松散团窝状并夹有火山弹;与下伏地层呈整合、假整合或侵蚀接触;原生气孔、杏仁体内溶蚀孔和炸裂纹,岩球岩枕间孔和粒间孔,基质和斑晶蚀变孔缝,后期构造缝是主要储集空间。松辽盆地营城组陆上、水下喷发火山岩均有发育。其陆上喷发火山岩的典型标志为流纹构造、柱状节理,含炭化木/硅化木,与下伏地层呈角度不整合接触。水下喷发火山岩典型标志为珍珠岩、玻璃质结构、枕状构造、纹层状凝灰岩和膨润土。松辽盆地营城组的储层火山岩以陆上喷发火山岩为主;水下喷发火山岩中侵出相内带亚相珍珠岩为优质储层。 相似文献
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根据以往钻孔及其测井资料,对鸳鸯湖矿区早-中侏罗世延安期的沉积环境及沉积类型进行了划分：即垂向正层序湖泊三角洲平原相沉积与反层序的三角洲前缘相、湖湾相沉积。前者表现为浅湖泊三角洲的推进,后者表现为浅湖泊三角洲的废弃。其中三角洲平原相沉积类型包括分流河道天然堤沉积组合,决口扇泛滥平原沉积组合,以及泥炭、沼泽沉积组合;三角洲前缘相沉积类型包括河口坝沉积（近端坝、远端坝）、水下分流河道沉积、水下天然堤、分流间湾沉积。通过对比各种沉积组合在自然伽马、视电阻率等测井曲线形态上的反映特征,指出测井曲线异常形态能够反映本区的沉积旋回,并以此总结出了鸳鸯湖矿区的成煤环境、沉积旋回的划分及聚煤规律。 相似文献
18.
一、地质概况福建下三叠统溪口组主要出露于闽西南地区,北起将乐,南至永定,西部见于清流,东部延至长泰、德化一带,以龙岩、永定、漳平、永安、大田等地最为发育。溪口组主要是一套细碎屑沉积组合,局部地区出现碳酸盐岩夹层。最大厚度可达到1484m,可分为三个岩性段:下段以泥岩、含粉砂泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主,局部夹薄层粉砂岩。东南部的安溪、长泰尚见有钙硅质胶结的细粒石英杂砂岩夹层。大部分地区岩石具不同程度的角岩化。具有 相似文献
19.
T. A. L. TEYSSEN 《Sedimentology》1984,31(2):195-211
The oolitic ironstones of the Minette were deposited during Toarcian/Aalenian times in a nearshore environment of the Paris Basin. The sedimentary sequence comprises up to 13 coarsening upward depositional cycles. The development of the cycles and different facies types are described. The iron ooids accumulated in a subtidal environment under the effects of tidal currents. Sand waves, which form an important part of the Minette sediments, were deposited under both time-velocity symmetrical and time-velocity asymmetrical tides. From the study of their internal structures the time-velocity patterns of the currents, current speeds (up to 0±9m s?1) and net transport rates have been estimated (29 g m?1 s?1 in the case of large-scale sand waves controlled by time-velocity symmetrical tides). Sand wave heights and calculated near-bed current speeds suggest a mesotidal regime. Sedimentary facies include large-scale and waves, subtidal shoals with channels and an offshore muddy shelf. Conclusions as to bathymetry are drawn from ichnofaunal associations and from the study of wave ripple marks. Finally a depositional model of the Minette iron formation is proposed which may be applicable to other oolitic ironstones. 相似文献
20.
Despite a low tidal range and relatively low wave conditions, the Mackenzie Delta is not prograding seaward but rather is undergoing transgressive shoreface erosion and drowning of distributary channel mouths. In the Olivier Islands region of the Mackenzie Delta the resultant morphology consists of a network of primary and secondary channels separated by vegetated islands. New ground is formed through channel infilling and landward-directed bar accretion. This sedimentation is characterized by seven sedimentary facies: (1) hard, cohesive silty clay at the base of primary channels which may be related to earlier, offshore deposition; (2) ripple laminated sand beds, believed to be channel-fill deposits; (3) ripple laminated sand and silt, interpreted as flood-stage subaqueous bar deposits; (4) ripple laminated or wavy bedded sand, silt and clay, representing the abandonment phase of channel-fill deposits and lateral subaqueous bar deposition from suspension settling; (5) a well sorted very fine sand bed, presumed to result from a single storm event; (6) parallel or wavy beds of rooted silt, sand and clay, interpreted as lower energy emergent bar deposits; and (7) parallel or wavy beds of rooted silt and clay, believed to represent present-day subaerial bar aggradation. The distribution of sedimentary facies can be interpreted in terms of the morphological evolution of the study area. Initial bar deposition of facies 3 and channel deposition of facies 2 was followed by lateral and upstream bar sedimentation of facies 3 and 4 which culminated with the deposition of the storm bed of facies 5. Facies 6 and 7 signify bar stabilization and abandonment. Patterned ground formed by thermal contraction and preserved in sediments as small, v-shaped sand wedges provides the most direct sedimentological indicator of the arctic climate. However, winter ice and permafrost also govern the stratigraphic development of interchannel and channel-mouth deposits. Ice cover confines flow at primary channel mouths, promoting the bypassing of sediments across the delta front during peak discharge in the spring. Permafrost minimizes consolidation subsidence and accommodation in the nearshore, further enhancing sediment bypass. Storms limit the seaward extent of bar development and promote a distinctive pattern of upstream and lateral island growth. The effects of these controls are reflected in the vertical distribution of facies in the Olivier Islands. The sedimentary succession differs markedly from that of a low-latitude delta. 相似文献