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1.
黄河中游新近系红粘土粒度分布表现出明显的三峰分布，说明它是由多种成因组份构成，而且每种成因组份对整体的贡献率也不同。其粒度组成主要是以粉土粒级(5～50μm)为主，而250μm以上的颗粒少见。除小于1μm和小于2μm粒级含量变化相对稳定外，其余粒级均表现出旋回起伏的特征。大于63μm和大于30μm及中值曲线变幅较大，说明当时冬季风比较盛行，而且变化强度比较大；而小于2μm粒级曲线变化相对稳定，说明当时夏季风很弱，而且没有太大变化。粒度曲线与野外岩性所得结论相一致，说明当时气候总体上是以干冷为背景，但也有干冷与暖湿的交替。野外岩性上表现为粘土层与钙结核层相互交替，粒度曲线上表现为峰谷旋回起伏的变化，同时也有古生物证据与岩石学证据相佐证。 相似文献
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新疆罗布泊湖盆沉积物剖面粒度与磁学特征及沉积环境 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对新疆罗布泊东南部阿奇克谷地西部LB剖面沉积物中的粒度组分及磁化率特征进行研究,综合沉积序列及岩性变化特征,分析了罗布泊阿奇克谷地第四系以来的沉积环境。结果表明,LB剖面湖相沉积物粒度组分主要集中于粉砂粒级,沉积物含有少量亚铁磁性矿物,超顺磁颗粒物含量较高。沉积物磁化率值的大小与粒度存在相关性,沉积物的中值粒径、粘土组分(小于2μm)及砂组分(大于63μm)含量与磁化率呈正相关,粉砂组分(2~63μm)含量与磁化率呈负相关。根据沉积物的粒度与磁化率组合的变化特征,结合岩性特征,将LB剖面划分为4个阶段:新近系末期(4.14~3.32m)气候以暖干为主;中更新世晚期(3.32~2.93m)粗颗粒呈现先降低后增加的趋势,水动力增强,磁化率的波动升高并保持较高水平,气候转向暖湿;晚更新世(2.93~1.44m)气候湿润,入湖的河道与水流量不断的发生改变,河流带入湖中的的外源物质的量不稳定,粒度和磁化率值波动变化较大,气候呈现暖干—暖湿的波动变化;全新世时期(1.44~0m)沉积物颗粒偏粗,磁化率值呈波动增加趋势,气候向冷湿转变,最终向干旱化发展。第四系以来沉积环境与古气候均有明显变化,本区气候环境经历了暖干—暖湿—暖干—冷湿的变迁过程,并最终向干旱趋势发展,体现为冷期湿润、暖期干旱的特征。 相似文献
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通过对江汉平原北部的野外考察,结合屈家岭剖面粒度、Rb/Sr比值、磁化率和已有孢粉结果的综合分析,揭示了该地区全新世中晚期沉积环境和气候变化特征。结果表明,该剖面沉积物中粉砂(62.5～4μm)、粘粒(<4μm)约占其总量的95%以上,属于略含细砂的粘土质粉砂,概率累积曲线以三段式为主。结合地貌和岩性分析,确认该剖面以河流相沉积为主。沉积物粒度组成以粒径<30μm组分为主,同黄土的众数组分类似。也有部分样品的概率累积曲线呈现出北方黄土和下蜀黄土多见的两段式,但概率累计曲线段的斜率和中、细粒组分的相对含量都同黄土有差异。粒度组成方面同黄土沉积的某些相似特征说明,青木垱河流域广泛分布的黄土沉积可能影响了该剖面的沉积特征。沉积样品的磁化率、Rb/Sr比值和已有的孢粉分析结果反映的气候变化趋势基本上是同步的。5.2kaBP以来屈家岭遗址附近区域气候变化可以分成3个阶段:5.2～4.2kaBP期间,是较为温暖湿润的时期,水热条件好于现在,后期暖湿程度有波动性降低的趋势;4.2kaBP开始气候暖湿程度明显下降,气候转向干凉;2.0kaBP以来,本地区气候暖湿程度有所回升。该地区包括气候在内的环境变化,一定程度上影响了新石器晚期文化的演化历史。 相似文献
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陕西旬邑新近系红土剖面粒度组成的古气候意义 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
陕西旬邑下墙新近系红土的粒度组成中,粗颗粒含量在剖面中的变化不大,<2 μm粘土粒含量有较大幅度的波动。结合其他因素分析推断,可能与当时青藏高原已升至有意义高度,冬、夏季风已初步形成,但都较弱,其中夏季风相对强一些,气候以暖湿为主,在暖湿的背景上,还存在凉干与暖湿的交替。在新近系距今 5.2Ma前后,可能有一次较明显的降温与变干。粒度曲线变化最显著的是由新近纪进入第四纪后,曲线上粗颗粒含量明显增加,<2 μ粘土粒含量明显减少,曲线由高频低幅突然变为低频高幅。这很可能主要与青藏高原在第四纪初发生剧烈隆升有关。 相似文献
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对2002年3月20日中国黑龙江省哈尔滨市遭遇的特大沙尘天气沙尘沉降物进行的粒度分析表明，沙尘沉降物属粉质亚砂土，以4～63μm的粉砂为主，占71．18％，〉63μm的砂粒组分占21．7％，〈4μm的粘土组分含量最少，仅占7．13％。粒度为二峰态分布，292～34．7μm粒级的粗粉砂形成第一主峰，含量约占7．4％，420．5-500μm粒级的中砂组分形成第二主峰，含量约占1.29％，而0.69-0．82μm粒级的细粘土组分形成第三主峰，含量约占0．52％。平均粒径Mz为28．4μm，分选系数为181，偏态为0．044，峰态为1．494，粉粘比为7．3。粒度分布显示这次哈尔滨市沙尘沉降物是迄今为止国内有见报道中最粗的，沉降物是不同来源沙尘远距离和近距离搬运的混合体，粗颗粒为低空气流搬运的近源物质。哈尔滨市或周缘邻近区域是这次特大沙尘暴的降尘中心，属大气动力条件较强的中心或近中心地带。哈尔滨城市扩展区域的疏松地表裸土、河床及漫滩细粒冲积物以及市内地表建筑沙土等都可以是哈尔滨市沙尘沉降物的主要物源。因此哈尔滨地区防治沙尘暴工作的重点应放在哈尔滨市周边沙尘源区的治理上。 相似文献
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通过对浙江金衢盆地界首红土剖面的研究,探讨其磁性特征垂向变化、影响因素及其古环境意义.结果表明,界首红土剖面粒度组成以粉砂(4～63μm)和粘土(＜4μm)为优势组分,砂含量极少,“风尘基本粒组”(10～50μm)含量较高,平均值为34％,呈现出一定的风成特性.粒度频率分布曲线显示,剖面上部(0～ 430cm)与剖面下部(430～920cm)具有相似的特性,但剖面下部更为复杂,混杂有粗粒级组分.粒度与磁性特征的相关分析表明,亚铁磁性矿物与粉砂粒级组有密切关系,而不完整反铁磁性矿物多赋存于细粒级的粘土组分中,并具有附着于石英颗粒表面的特征.界首剖面下部地层中尽管存在近源搬运或水成成因的粗粒级组分,但因其含量极少,对磁性特征的贡献往往被含量较多的细粒级组分所掩盖.该剖面磁性矿物组合自底部向上由不完整反铁磁性矿物主导向亚铁磁性矿物主导变化,这一变化特征与九江九庐(JL)风积成因红土剖面具有极大的相似性,反映了气候变化通过影响红土风化成土形成的磁性矿物组合,控制了南方红土磁性特征的变化.总体上,界首红土剖面的磁性特征自下而上的变化指示了中国南方自中更新世以来气候由湿热向冷干演变的趋势. 相似文献
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通过对毗邻中国南北地理分界线的第四系标准孔岩芯进行粒度和地球化学研究，探讨了淮北平原中更新世以来的古气候变化和沉积环境变迁。研究表明淮北平原中更新世气候在暖湿与干冷(温凉）频繁交替中总体经历了从暖湿趋于干冷，与中国东部季风区北部的温带季风气候变化趋势属同相位演变，而与受控于亚热带季风气候的长江中下游及淮河源区古气候演变模式总体呈反相位。晚更新世，气候总体经历了干冷(即温干—严寒—干冷）、温湿、转向干冷，却表现出与以长江中下游及淮河源区气候演化格局更相似，而与中国北方气候总体上由暖湿向干旱化转变步调不一致。进入全新世，淮北平原与中国南北方气候均回暖，降水相应增多。涡河流域GBK1标准孔区域沉积环境总体上经历了中更新世早中期从半深湖演化到浅湖、滨湖，到晚期湖泊快速收缩直至消失，演化为泛滥平原或河流；晚更新世以来主要为河流和泛滥平原。淮北平原区域气候变化总体上对全球变化有着积极的响应，或许因其地处中国南北地理分界线边缘，致使其气候又具区域独特性。 相似文献
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研究陕西旬邑下墙完整的晚新生代红土-黄土剖面后证实,磁化率也可以作为分析红土气候特征的一个替代性指标,但最好的办法是以磁化率为主,同时参考粒度、地球化学等资料进行综合分析。本区新近系红土的磁化率曲线特点是高频率、低幅度、短周期,第四系黄土-古土壤的则是低频率、长周期。结合岩性、古生物、粒度及地球化学等资料得出,新近纪的气候在总体暖湿背景下有凉干-暖湿的交替,而第四纪的气候则是在总体冷干背景下的冷干-暖湿的交替。进入第四纪的气候突变及之后的气候亚突变,主导因素是该时期青藏高原的剧烈隆升,北极冰盖的形成与扩大也起着重要的作用。 相似文献
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《地质科技情报》2021,40(1)
黄土作为典型的多物源沉积物,粒度分布常呈现多峰分布。端元分析可以从复杂的沉积物粒度中分离出代表不同沉积物源和沉积动力的端元组分,在黄土研究中得到了广泛应用。利用Paterson参数化端元模型对处于毛乌素沙漠东南缘的靖边三道沟剖面粒度进行端元分离与解释,并讨论其代表的环境意义。靖边三道沟黄土可分为4个端元:EM1(众数粒径8.93μm)为背景粉尘;EM2(众数粒径25.18μm)为与季风环流有关的组分;EM3(众数粒径39.91μm)和EM4(众数粒径56.37μm)都是与冬季风有关的组分,其中EM3为黄土高原黄土主要组分,EM4与现代沙尘暴的粒级大致相同。通过对各端元组分随年龄变化的曲线进行分析,得到以下结论:该剖面记录了靖边地区自MIS 3以来经历了MIS 3(32.8～29.8 ka BP)、LGM(29.8～22.8 ka BP)、冰消期(22.8～11.3 ka BP)和全新世(8.7～1.7 ka BP)共4个气候时期。端元组分还记录了冰消期H 1事件(16.2～13.8 ka BP)、B/A事件(13.8～12.8 ka BP)、YD事件(12.8～11.3 ka BP)共3次气候快速变化事件和D-O旋回。该剖面还记录了毛乌素沙漠末次冰期经历的3次主要的扩张-收缩旋回以及全新世8.7～8.2,6.0～5.0,3.5～2.5 ka共3次干旱沙进事件。 相似文献
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Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
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针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。 相似文献
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《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
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Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements. 相似文献
18.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
19.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect. 相似文献
20.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Harvey E. Belkin Susan J. Tewalt James C. Hower J.D. Stucker J.M.K. O'Keefe 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):260-268
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential. 相似文献