共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
以热水及矿水的水文地球化学场为主要标志,以构造格局和构造活动性、历史地震活动规律为主要划分依据,再结合地球物理场、地温场及区域地层的组合分布状况,进行了地震危险区带的划分。将中国大陆划分为6个地震危险区、23个危险亚区和30个危险带,并对各个危险亚区和危险带的主要水文地球化学特征及构造进行了论述。通过对地下水水文地球化学特征和水文化学场的研究,分析构造特征及其活动性,确定地震与水文地球化学特征及化学场的耦合关系。这对地震水文观测孔的布置和地震预测具有重要意义。通过长期监测地下水中水化学成分的变化,就有可能为预测预报地震提供一种新的前兆信息。 相似文献
2.
断裂两盘井水位同震响应特征对比分析——以北京八宝山断裂带中段大灰厂两观测井为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震常引起分布于断层两盘观测井的水位同震响应动态变化特征不同。而研究断裂两盘观测井同震响应能力、水位变化特征的差异性及其控制因素,有助于揭示断裂带的渗透性演化过程、可深化地下水位对地震响应机理的认识,对于指导地震观测井网布局具有重要意义。本文尝试从北京八宝山断裂带中段（大灰厂）上下两盘井的水位同震响应次数、形态、幅度、记震能力等方面进行对比分析,通过去除趋势项,采用数字滤波求取井孔气压系数,采用Baytap-G程序求取潮汐参数,并反演出7次大地震对大灰厂区两口井所在含水层产生的体应变量,进而判别两盘震前震后渗透性的变化。结果显示,两口井同震响应特征具有明显差异,上盘井对大震的同震响应次数较多、能力较强;这不仅与断裂带起屏蔽作用有关,而且与井所处含水层渗透性呈不同规律变化密切相关。 相似文献
3.
4.
Hiroo Kanamori 《Tectonophysics》1974,21(4):341-356
In view of the potential importance of long-period ground motion in the design of large structures, near-field ground displacement is computed by the elastic dislocation theory for several earthquake fault models. The validity of such computations is confirmed by comparing the computed seismogram with the observed long-period seismogram of the 1923 Kanto earthquake. The ground motions are computed for three hypothetical earthquakes, a hypothetical Kanto earthquake, Tokai earthquake and Nemuro-Oki earthquake. The location and the nature of the faulting of these earthquakes are predicted by plate tectonics and precise earthquake mechanism studies. Major conclusions are: Tokyo may suffer, in the hypothetical Kanto earthquake, ground motions about half as large as those experienced in the 1923 Kanto earthquake; Hamamatsu, a large city on the Tokai coast, may experience in the hypothetical Tokai earthquake ground motions which are as large as, or even larger than, those experienced in the epicentral area of the 1923 Kanto earthquake; the hypothetical Nemuro-Oki earthquake may cause ground motions as large as those experienced in the 1968 Tokachi-Oki earthquake on the coastal cities in Hokkaido. 相似文献
5.
汶川地震断裂作用研究新认识 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
王焕 李海兵 司家亮 孙知明 付小方 刘栋梁 裴军令 李成龙 张佳佳 宋圣荣 郭力伟 MORI James 薛莲 BRODSKY E. Emily 云锟 龚正 《地球学报》2015,36(3):257-269
2008年汶川地震后,人们不得不思考问题是:大地震是如何发生的?下一次大地震什么时候发生?也就是涉及地质学家和地球物理学家一直未解决的科学问题:断层是如何破裂的?震后断裂是如何愈合的?我们试图通过对汶川地震断裂带结构、断裂摩擦行为和断裂愈合过程的研究来回答这些问题。本文将介绍通过对地表露头和汶川地震断裂科学钻探一号孔(WFSD)岩心中汶川地震主滑移带的详细研究,以及钻孔中长期温度监测来分析有关汶川地震断裂动态弱化和摩擦行为,并结合钻孔中长期水文监测计算所得断裂带渗透率变化,分析震后断裂愈合过程,进而探讨和认识汶川地震断裂作用所涉及的上述问题。经过详细研究,确定了汶川地震断裂带(映秀—北川断裂带)宽105~240 m、具有五个不同断裂岩组合的内部结构,是一条经常发生大地震、具多种弱化机制的断裂带;发现了汶川地震不仅具有同震石墨化作用,而且测量到目前世界上最低的动态摩擦系数(≤0.02),同时首次记录到大地震后断裂快速愈合信息。这些研究结果不仅直接回答了一直困扰在地震地质和地震物理学领域几十年的关键问题,而且对完善地震断裂理论和认识汶川地震机制具有极其重要的意义,为防震减灾提供了理论依据。 相似文献
6.
The data acquired by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite provides a new way for monitoring groundwater storage changes in China. It is vital to understand its applications in China. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress of groundwater storage monitoring in China based on GRACE data. First, we used the bibliometric analysis and quantitative analysis to clarify trends and characteristics of related studies. Then, we elaborated on the basic principles, methods and uncertainties of groundwater monitoring based on GRACE data. Furthermore, we reviewed the research progress from the aspects of spatial range, accuracies and findings. It was found that the groundwater storage monitoring in China based on GRACE data has gradually received more attention, and the numbers of relevant publications and total citations in both Chinese and English showed an increasing trend. The methods mainly include the principle of water balance and calibration of hydrological models using GRACE satellite data. Most of the relevant studies focused on the North China Plain. The monitoring results are in good agreement with the measured groundwater data, and their correlation coefficients are higher than 0.6. We suggested that the challenges such as low spatial resolution of GRACE data and the uncertainties in monitoring should be considered. In the future, global positioning system, interferometric synthetic aperture radar and groundwater level observation data can be integrated to improve the reliability of groundwater storage monitoring in China. 相似文献
7.
Yukio Fujinawa 《Natural Hazards》1988,1(3):255-276
Data from an extensive routine network and a high-density temporary seismic observation using the ocean bottom seismometer in and around Suruga Bay, Japan, showed that a simultaneous increase of microearthquake seismicity occurred from mid-July 1984 (Ukawa et al., 1988). The area extended over a region of about 60 km (NS) × 80 km (EW), and is nearly included in the assumed fault zone of the presumed Tokai earthquake. The analyses of the bore-hole ground tilt and volumetric strain data revealed that an anomalous small ground tilt and volumetric strain change occurred at the time of the seismic activity with a duration of about a month. Data of geodetic measurements, groundwater, and radon content were examined with the result that many observational items showed small anomalies during that period. The observed crustal movement was compared with that of slip models of the Philippine Sea plate around Suruga Bay, suggesting that some type of episodic aseismic subducting motion occurred and, thus, caused a crustal movement in the overlying continental plate in the very region of the future fault zone. 相似文献
8.
Masataka Ando 《Tectonophysics》1975,27(2):119-140
Two recent and three historical earthquakes which occurred along the Nankai trough, marking the northern plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and the Asian Plate, are studied mainly on the basis of the data of crustal deformations and tsunami waves. These earthquakes are the 1946 Nankaido, the 1944 Tonankai, the 1854 Ansei I, II and the 1707 Hoei earthquakes. They are all interpreted as low-angle thrust faults at the plate boundary, with the oceanic side underthrusting northwestward against southwestern Japan. The fault parameters of the historical earthquakes are assumed here to be common to those of the recent two earthquakes, except for the magnitude of dislocation.The entire fault region, which extends for 530 km from western Shikoku Island in the west to the Tokai district in the east, is divided into four fault planes, which are denoted the planes A, B, C and D, from west to east, respectively. Then, the five earthquakes may be attributed to the planes A, B, C and D, in the following manner: the Nankaido earthquake, A + B; the Tonankai earthquake, C; the Ansei II earthquake, A + B; the Ansei I earthquake, C + D; and the Hoei earthquake, A + B + C + D.The latest cycle of earthquake migration seems incomplete as proved by the recent inactivity in D. Consequently, the future major earthquake next to occur is expected there, off the Tokai district. Eight further ancient earthquakes from A.D. 684 to 1605 are also discussed. Taking the results of the foregoing studies into consideration, their sequence is well interpreted by the four migration cycles. Topographical data, tilt of coastal terraces and location of hinge lines, prove that the thrusting has continued all along the extension of the Nankai trough for at least 300,000 years. 相似文献
9.
Crustal deformations, tsunamis and seismic intensity are pre-estimated for a large hypothetical earthquake, which it is feared may occur in the Tokai district along the Nankai trough. The long-term seismic quiescence since 1854, as well as the high rate of the present crustal movements in the district, form the principal evidence for the risk of the approaching catastrophe. The location and the mode of faulting in this earthquake are hypothesized in reference to the source mechanisms of the recent and historical earthquakes there. The fault parameters thus assumed are as follows: dip direction: N30°W; dip angle: 25°; fault dimension : 100 km × 70 km; dislocation: 4 m (reverse dip-slip: 3.8 m; right-lateral strike-slip: 1.3 m). The following are the principal conclusions: (a) the eastern part of the epicentral region including the Point Omaezaki will rise up about 100 cm, whereas the western part covering Ise and Mikawa bays will subside about 10–30 cm; (b) the coast extending from Omaezaki to the Shima peninsula will receive tsunami waves as high as 3 m in maximum, which may be locally amplified by the factor 2 or more on the rias coast along the Shima peninsula; (c) the Tokai coastal region with thick alluvium layers may suffer seismic damages as severe as those experienced in the 1854 Ansei I earthquake. 相似文献
10.
水-岩相互作用研究的回顾与展望 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：24
总结了2 0世纪5 0年代末以来的水-岩相互作用研究历史, 初步划分为3个阶段: 第一阶段, 5 0年代末— 70年代初; 第二阶段, 70年代初— 80年代末; 第三阶段, 80年代末至今.近年来, 环境问题在水-岩相互作用研究中占的比重越来越大, 也使水-岩相互作用研究获得了更大、更持续的发展空间.简要回顾了地下水成因和地壳中水的地球化学循环, 控制水的化学成分的地球化学过程, 以及水-岩相互作用与地质灾害等方面的重大研究成果.认为有望取得创新成果的领域包括: 地下水地质作用及其资源环境效应, 地下水环境演化与全球变化, 和极端条件下的水-岩相互作用研究. 相似文献
11.
Alan L. Mayo Stephen T. Nelson John H. McBride Camille Durrant Mease David G. Tingey Dan Aubrey 《Natural Hazards》2013,69(1):545-571
At the Midway, Utah, USA fish hatchery, a groundwater development program was conducted to help transition the facility from surface to groundwater in response to contamination by whirling disease, which is caused by a trout parasite. The unconfined aquifer system that provided the hatchery water became infected through the recharge of infected irrigation water obtained from the Provo River. Whirling disease was first discovered in Utah in 1991 at a private fish farm. Infected fish from the farm quickly infected many of Utah’s waterways and infected the hatchery in 2000. Because the parasite completes its life cycle in multiple organisms and can survive for decades in a variety of harsh environments, a comprehensive study of the hydrostratigraphy and hydrodynamics at the hatchery was critical in order to understand the hazard and avoid further contamination. Drilling revealed the presence of a shallow unconfined (surface to 10 m) and two deeper confined aquifer systems (~20–35 m and >40 m bgs). Confinement is related to tufa layers, detected both by drilling and reflection seismology. The tufa layers are associated with past discharge of the thermal system. Vertical leakage is apparent from upward hydraulic head gradients and incrementally increasing unconfined aquifer discharge into downstream on-site drainage canals. High-resolution seismic profiles reveal small-offset faults that provide pathways for upward flow. Analysis of water quality data demonstrates an inverted geochemical gradient in that apparent 14C ages, solute concentrations, and temperatures decrease with depth. The origin of the inverted geochemical gradient is related to mixing of upwelling thermal, high-TDS waters with cold, low-TDS systems several kilometers up-gradient from the hatchery. Thermal upwelling appears to be fault controlled. Up-gradient of the hatchery, near-surface groundwater mixes with a larger proportion of thermal groundwater than does deeper groundwater. As these mixed systems flow toward the hatchery, a major locus of groundwater discharge, they are segregated into confined and unconfined compartments. Our study requires integration of hydrological, geochemical, and geophysical strategies in order to understand a complex natural hazard and thus may serve as a model for other similarly complex hydrological environments. 相似文献
12.
随着人类经济社会活动的加剧,地下水遭受污染的范围和强度不断加大,尤其是浅层地下水面临污染的风险更大。如何及时发现并科学评价浅层地下水污染程度和治理的效果,迫切需要简单易行、有效可靠的浅层地下水分层监测井。传统的浅层地下水分层监测井存在占地多,监测层位少等问题,巢式监测井监测5层,连续多通道监测井口径小,因此有必要研究即占地少,又能监测多层,而且监测井井管口径能满足不同种类监测仪器的安装要求。通过室内和野外试验,研究了集束式浅层地下水分层监测井建设过程中止水方法、止水材料、粒径、止水层厚度及止水效果检验、下管方式等关键技术,实现同一孔内监测100 m以内的多层含水层或多个含水段的分层监测,施工口径小,占用土地少,建设成本经济。集束式监测井可以应用到地下水监测、环境污染调查研究等多个领域,该研究将为集束式浅层地下水分层监测井建设施工提供理论依据和技术支撑,使未来的监测更加精细化、准确化,为今后监测井的发展提供新的思路和研究方向。 相似文献
13.
The average temperature of Thailand is projected to increase by 2-3 °C, and the annual rainfall is projected to increase by 25% and up to 50% in certain areas. The climate change in future is expected to provide changes in hydrological cycle and therefore impacts the groundwater resources too. In this study, we analyzed the general climate change trends and reviewed the groundwater conditions of Thailand. The climate changes, hydrologic variability and the impact of climate change on groundwater sustainability are also discussed based on a national groundwater monitoring program. Currently, there are 864 groundwater monitoring stations and 1 524 monitoring wells installed in Thailand. Moreover, the impact of climate change on groundwater-dependent systems and sectors is also discussed according to certain case studies, such as saline water intrusion in coastal and inland areas. Managing aquifer recharge and other projects are examples of groundwater adaptation project for the future. 相似文献
14.
《China Geology》2020,3(3):455-461
Many landslide disasters, which tend to result in significant damage, are caused by typhoon-triggered rainstorms. In this case, it is very important to study the dynamic characteristics of the hydrological response of landslide bodies since it enables the early warning and prediction of landslide disasters in typhoon periods. To investigate the dynamic mechanisms of groundwater in a landslide body under typhoon-triggered rainstorm conditions, the authors selected the landslide occurring in Zhonglin Village, Wencheng County, China (also referred to as Zhonglin Village landslide) as a case study. The transient seepage field characteristics of groundwater in the landslide body were simulated with two different rainfall models by using the finite element method (FEM). The research results show that the impact of typhoon-triggered rainstorms on landslides can be divided into three stages: (i) Rapid rise of groundwater level; (ii) infiltration of groundwater from the surface to deeper level, and (iii) surface runoff erosion. Moreover, the infiltration rate of groundwater in the landslide body is mainly affected by the intensity of typhoon-induced rainfall. It can be deduced that higher rainfall intensity leads to a greater potential difference and a higher infiltration rate. The rainfall intensity also determines the development mode of landslide deformation and destruction. 相似文献
15.
北京城市未来发展中地壳环境的潜在危机 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过研究北京地区不同时期和不同时间尺度内地壳运动的规律性和特殊性，认为地震是北京城市未来发展中较为重要的潜在危机之一：（１）北京地区ＮＥ和ＮＷ向两组主控断层目前仍在活动，大多属继承性活断层；（２）４５ａ来北京地区地形变具有北升南降和西升东降特点。地形变等值线的区域分布具有突出的上升区、下降区及高梯度区；（３）３０ａ来断层活动具有明显的周期性，今后应进一步加强超短周期断层活动规律性的监测，以利于地震预报的研究；（４）目前北京地区仍处在本世纪６０年代以来华北地壳强活动期内，推论今后发生较强烈地震的长趋势将依然存在。 相似文献
16.
Groundwater electrical conductivity and soil radon gas monitoring for earthquake precursory studies in Koyna, India 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Hourly monitoring of electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater along with groundwater levels in the 210 m deep boreholes (specially drilled for pore pressure/earthquake studies) and soil Rn gas at 60 cm below ground level in real time, in the Koyna-Warna region (characterized by basaltic rocks, >1500 m thick, and dotted with several sets of fault systems), western India, provided strong precursory signatures in response to two earthquakes (M 4.7 on 14/11/09, and M 5.1 on 12/12/09) that occurred in the study region. The EC measured in Govare well water showed precursory perturbations about 40 h prior to the M 5.1 earthquake and continued further for about 20 h after the earthquake. In response to the M 4.7 earthquake, there were EC perturbations 8 days after the earthquake. In another well (Koyna) which is located 4 km north of Govare well, no precursory signatures were found for the M 4.7 earthquake, while for M 5.1 earthquake, post-seismic precursors were found 18 days after the earthquake. Increased porosity and reduced pressure head accompanied by mixing of a freshwater component from the top zone due to earthquakes are the suggested mechanisms responsible for the observed anomalies in EC. Another parameter, soil Rn gas showed relatively proportional strength signals corresponding to these two earthquakes. In both the cases, the pre-seismic increase in Rn concentration started about 20 days in advance. The co-seismic drop in Rn levels was less by 30% from its peak value for the M 4.7 earthquake and 50% for the M 5.1 earthquake. The Rn anomalies are attributed to the opening and closing of micro-fractures before and during the earthquake. On line monitoring of these two parameters may be useful to check the entire chemistry change due to earthquake which may help to forecast impending earthquakes. 相似文献
17.
高寒山区河道径流的形成与水文调节机制是认识流域水资源形成与转化过程,以及预测气候变化下流域水文过程响应规律的基础. 通过分析国内外相关文献,从高寒山区河道径流的水分来源及其气候变化下的影响机制、高寒山区不同类型下垫面对河道径流的调节机制、高寒山区不同类型地下水对河道径流的调节机制三个方面综述其研究进展,总结问题与不足,发现气候变化是影响高寒山区河道径流形成过程的主导因素,探究水文输入、下垫面、地下水等次要影响因素与气候变化之间的响应规律是揭示高寒山区河道径流水文调节机制的关键科学问题,并提出未来研究的总体趋势和改进建议,为高寒山区河道径流形成机制及其对气候变化的响应规律研究提供参考依据. 相似文献
18.
黑河下游额济纳三角洲河道渗漏对地下水补给研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱区河道渗漏是河道径流转化为地下水的一种主要方式. 河道渗漏系数是确定河流与地下水之间转化量的重要参数, 也是建立地下水模型的关键. 从河道渗漏运动的研究方法、 河道渗漏时空动态变化、 河道渗漏特征规律与机理以及河道渗漏模拟研究等方面入手, 综述了国内外有关河道渗漏研究方面的进展情况以及发展趋势. 同时对黑河下游额济纳三角洲地区的河道渗漏研究现状及存在的问题进行了阐述, 分析当前研究的不足. 针对黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲水系与河道特点, 提出如下建议: 从河道渗漏的时空动态变化分析入手, 开展典型渗漏观测试验、 进行河水位、 流量、 河床含水量、 地下水位的连续观测和同位素示踪试验, 测定河道渗漏与地下水运动参数; 建立河道渗漏模拟模型, 模拟和预测不同情景下河道渗漏过程. 为该地区的河道渗漏补给地下水的定量化研究提供新的思路, 为制定科学合理的水资源利用规划和维护绿洲稳定及可持续发展提供科学依据. 相似文献
19.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(2):101336
Continental Flood Basalts (CFB) occupy one fourth of the world’s land area. Hence, it is important to discern the hydrological processes in this complex hydrogeological setup for the sustainable water resources development. A model assisted isotope, geochemical, geospatial and geophysical study was conducted to understand the monsoonal characteristics, recharge processes, renewability and geochemical evolution in one of the largest continental flood basalt provinces of India. HYSPLIT modelling and stable isotopes were used to assess the monsoonal characteristics. Rayleigh distillation model were used to understand the climatic conditions at the time of groundwater recharge. Lumped parameter models (LPM) were employed to quantify the mean transit time (MTT) of groundwater. Statistical and geochemical models were adopted to understand the geochemical evolution along the groundwater flow path. A geophysical model was used to understand the geometry of the aquifer. The back trajectory analysis confirms the isotopic finding that precipitation in this region is caused by orographic uplifting of air masses originating from the Arabian Sea. Stable isotopic data of groundwater showed its meteoric origin and two recharge processes were discerned; (i) quick and direct recharge by precipitation through fractured and weathered basalt, (ii) low infiltration through the clayey black cotton soil and subjected to evaporation prior to the recharge. Tritium data showed that the groundwater is a renewable source and have shorter transit times (from present day to <30 years). The hydrogeochemical study indicated multiple sources/processes such as: the minerals dissolution, silicate weathering, ion exchange, anthropogenic influences etc. control the chemistry of the groundwater. Based on the geo-electrical resistivity survey, the potential zones (weathered and fractured) were delineated for the groundwater development. Thus, the study highlights the usefulness of model assisted isotopic hydrogeochemical techniques for understanding the recharge and geochemical processes in a basaltic aquifer system. 相似文献
20.
Numerical simulation of dynamic mechanisms of the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake: implications for earthquake prediction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shoubiao Zhu 《Natural Hazards》2013,69(2):1261-1279
The sudden and unexpected Wenchuan earthquake (Ms = 8.0) occurred on the Longmen Shan Fault, causing a large number of casualties and huge property loss. Almost no definite precursors were reported prior to this event by Chinese scientists, who made a first successful prediction of the 1975 Haicheng earthquake (M = 7.3) in China. Does the unsuccessful prediction of the Wenchuan earthquake mean earthquake prediction is inherently impossible? In order to answer this question, the paper simulated inter- and co-seismic deformation, and recurrence of strong earthquakes associated with the Longmen Shan listric thrust fault by means of viscoelastic finite element method. The modeling results show that the computed interseismic strain accumulation in the lower crust beneath the Eastern Tibet is much faster than that in the other regions. In particular, the elastic strain energy density rate accumulates very rapid in and around the Longmen Shan fault in the depth above ~25 km that may explain why the great Wenchuan earthquake occurs in the region of such a slow surface deformation rate. The modeled coseismic displacements around the fault are consistent with surface rupture, aftershock distribution, and GPS measurement. Also, the model displays the slip history on the Longmen Shan fault, implying that the average earthquake recurrence interval on the Longmen Shan fault is very long, 3,300 years, which is in good agreement with the observed by paleoseismological investigations and estimates by other methods. Moreover, the model results indicate that the future earthquake could be evaluated based on numerical computation, rather than on precursors or on statistics. Numerical earthquake prediction (NEP) seems to be a promising avenue to a successful prediction, which will play an important part in natural hazard mitigation. NEP is difficult but possible, which needs well supporting. 相似文献