共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 122 毫秒
1.
内蒙古陈家杖子隐爆角砾岩筒及金矿床地质特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
内蒙古陈家杖子隐爆角砾岩筒金矿床，形成时代为早白垩世。矿床 位于东西向隆化－黑里河－叶柏寿与北东向红山－八里罕大断裂之交汇 处。矿床成因属隐爆角砾岩型金矿。 相似文献
2.
毛堂金矿是位于河南省"毛堂—蒲塘铜金矿带"上的一个小型金矿,矿体主要产于老田岩体的Ⅲ号岩体中,成矿作用与隐爆角砾岩和花岗斑岩关系密切。通过对与成矿有关的隐爆角砾岩和花岗斑岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得其成岩年龄分别为143.0 Ma±1.2 Ma和141.4Ma±1.5Ma,代表矿床的形成时代;对花岗斑岩进行Hf同位素测试,其εHf(t)值分布范围为-3.4～4.2,平均为1.6,显示其源区为镁铁质新生地壳。毛堂金矿形成于早白垩世,受花岗斑岩、隐爆角砾岩及其构造-裂隙控制,矿床类型属于隐爆角砾岩型金矿。 相似文献
3.
冀东唐杖子金(钼)矿床地质特征及辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
冀东唐杖子金(钼)矿床地处华北陆块北缘燕山造山带的东段,该区主要出露太古宙和中_新元古代地层,岩浆岩主要为中生代花岗斑岩。钼矿体主要产于隐爆角砾岩中,辉钼矿呈浸染状、薄膜状、网脉状和胶结物产出;金矿体产于隐爆角砾岩和断裂带中,矿化类型有隐爆角砾岩型、石英脉型和构造蚀变岩型。为了厘定唐杖子金(钼)矿床的成矿时代、成矿物质来源,以及与区域上金矿的关系,笔者采用辉钼矿Re_Os同位素定年方法,获得6件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄主要介于(168.1±2.5)Ma~(171.5±2.8)Ma,加权平均年龄为(170.0±1.0)Ma(MSWD=0.80),等时线年龄为(170.1±1.6)Ma,表明唐杖子金(钼)矿床和矿区花岗斑岩均形成于中侏罗世,成矿物质来源为壳幔混源,同区域上峪耳崖、牛心山等金矿床的成矿时代一致,是华北陆块北缘早燕山期大规模岩浆活动_成矿作用的产物。中侏罗世花岗质岩浆沿F4Ⅰ主干断裂侵入,在顶部岩层发生隐爆,形成潜火山机构,成矿流体沿角砾岩筒及断裂系统迁移、富集、成矿。唐杖子金(钼)矿床为与花岗斑岩_隐爆角砾岩侵入有关的隐爆角砾岩型钼金矿_脉状金矿床。 相似文献
4.
西藏纳如松多隐爆角砾岩型铅锌矿床绢云母Ar-Ar定年及其地质意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
纳如松多铅锌矿床位于拉萨地块中部隆格尔-工布江达断隆带中段,为冈底斯铜矿带北侧铅锌银多金属成矿带的典型矿床之一。纳如松多铅锌矿床以发育隐爆角砾岩型和矽卡岩型铅锌矿化为特征。利用40Ar-39Ar同位素测年方法对纳如松多东矿段隐爆角砾岩型主矿体成矿阶段形成的绢云母进行了年龄测定,获得绢云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为(57.81±0.66)Ma,对应的正、反等时线年龄分别为(57.90±1.70)Ma、(57.70±0.77)Ma。所测坪年龄与正反等时线年龄具有很好的一致性,可以代表隐爆角砾岩型铅锌矿体的形成年龄。结合区域地质构造背景,纳如松多隐爆角砾岩型铅锌矿床形成于印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞时期。 相似文献
5.
论河北丰宁牛圈银(金)矿床的成矿时限问题 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对河北牛圈银(金)矿区细粒钾长花岗岩株和含矿隐爆角砾岩墙钾长石样品进行了详细的40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄测定。细粒钾长花岗岩株钾长石样品主要加热阶段所获得数据构成一条相关性很好的直线,其对应的同位素等时线年龄值为(216.6±3.2)Ma(2σ),40Ar/39Ar初始比值为297±28。相比之下,含矿隐爆角砾岩墙钾长石样品特定加热阶段(1200～1300℃和1360～1450℃)所获数据同样也构成两条直线,其对应的同位素等到时线年龄值分别为(227.9±4.8)Ma(2σ)和(216.7±6.1)Ma(2σ),40Ar/39Ar初始比值分别为307±41和269±39。考虑到所测样品均采自未受到明显后期构造-岩浆活动或其他热事件影响的岩(矿)体,因此,细粒钾长花岗岩株和含矿隐爆角砾岩墙的形成时代为216Ma,与印支期富钾岩浆作用具有密切成因联系。根据含矿隐爆角砾岩墙的野外地质证据,结合矿物共生组合关系和钾长石同位素年龄数值,可以推测牛圈银(金)矿区早期成矿作用发生在(227.9±4.8)Ma,而主要成矿期为(216.7±6.1)Ma,是印支期多阶段富碱质成矿流体活动的产物。牛圈银(金)矿区成矿作用时间的厘定对于提高该区成矿理论研究水平和寻找隐伏金属矿床均具重要意义。 相似文献
6.
陈家杖子金矿是近年来在华北板块北缘、内蒙地轴东段新发现的浅成低温热液隐爆角砾岩型金矿床，其赋矿围岩为侵位于太古界建平群老变质岩系与燕山早期花岗岩中的超浅成酸性隐爆角砾岩体，角砾岩体从中心向外侧有较显著的岩石类型分带。中心部位为隐爆含角砾晶屑岩屑凝灰岩，向外角砾增大，逐渐过渡为震碎角砾岩。角砾岩蚀变强烈．主要为强烈绢英岩化和碳酸盐化，其次为硅化、冰长石化、泥化和青磐岩化，并有明显的蚀变分带现象。金矿体呈脉状，产于角砾岩体的中西部。金矿物主要以裂隙金和粒间金形式存在。燕山期酸性隐爆角砾岩、硅化、冰长石化、绢云母化蚀变，Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Bi、As化探异常等为金矿主要找矿标志。 相似文献
7.
8.
香炉碗子金矿区分布的次火山岩是由花岗质岩浆沿东西向脆-韧性剪切带上升到地壳浅部隐爆而成,隐爆角砾岩体与霏细岩脉来自同一岩浆源,为同一岩浆活动不同演化阶段的产物,隐爆角砾岩体(脉)、霏细岩脉在时间上、空间上、成因上与金矿形成关系密切.稀土元素、微量元素、同位素等地球化学特征显示出成矿物质和成矿热液与隐爆角砾岩、霏细岩同源,成岩与成矿是同一岩浆作用不同阶段的产物.东西向脆-韧性剪切带内隐爆角砾岩体(脉)、霏细岩脉的存在是区内重要的找矿标志. 相似文献
9.
通过对牛圈银(金)矿床的细粒花岗岩、隐爆角砾岩、同位素特征等方面研究,笔者认为与矿床关系密切的隐爆角砾岩(次火山岩)由基底岩石的部分重熔形成,而成矿物质来源于下地壳-上地幔重熔岩浆;成矿热液为重熔岩浆分异演化形成的富气相流体。这些热液与次火山岩浆相伴或滞后上升,经多次隐爆作用在破碎带中形成矿床。银矿体呈脉状产出于粗粒花岗岩之破碎带中,含矿岩石为隐爆角砾岩。熔浆物质既成角砾又呈胶结物,成矿带发育中低温热液蚀变。矿床为含矿凝灰岩(英安质)熔浆经隐爆作用形成的浅成中低温热液矿床。 相似文献
10.
香炉碗子金矿区分布的次火山岩是由花岗质岩浆沿东西向脆－韧性剪切带上升到地壳浅部陷爆而成,隐爆角砾岩体上与霏细岩脉来自同一岩浆源,为同一岩浆活动不同演化阶段的产物,隐爆角砾岩体（脉）、霏细岩脉在时间上、空间上、成因上与金矿形成关系密切。稀土元素、微量元素、同位素等地球化学特征显示出成矿物质和成矿热液与隐爆角砾岩、霏细岩同源,成岩与成矿是同一岩浆作用不同阶段的产物。东西向脆一韧性剪切带内隐爆角砾岩体（ 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
15.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
16.
17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
19.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
, . . . . , . , .. . , , . , , , . , - , , , : , , . .. , , , , , . . , : , — , . , . , , , . .
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification
(e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes
of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application
inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen
constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter
are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system,
our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro
and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically
applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect
to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics
can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical
point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method. 相似文献