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1.
Differences in the response of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to an acoustic alarm 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kastelein RA Jennings N Verboom WC de Haan D Schooneman NM 《Marine environmental research》2006,61(3):363-378
Small cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries may be reduced by deterring odontocetes from nets acoustically. However, different odontocete species may respond differently to acoustic signals from alarms. Therefore, in this study a striped dolphin and a harbour porpoise were subjected simultaneously to sounds produced by the XP-10 experimental acoustic alarm. The alarm produced 0.3s tonal signals randomly selected from a set of 16 with fundamental frequencies between 9 and 15kHz, with a constant pulse interval of 4.0s (duty cycle 8%) and a Source Level range of 133-163dB re 1muPa (rms). The effect of the alarm was judged by comparing the animals' respiration rate and position relative to the alarm during test periods with those during baseline periods. As in a previous study on two porpoises with the same alarm, the porpoise in the present study reacted strongly to the alarm by swimming away from it and increasing his respiration rate. The striped dolphin, however, showed no reaction to the active alarm. Based on harbour porpoise audiograms and the specific audiogram of the striped dolphin in the present study, and the low background noise levels during the experiment, both animals must have heard the alarm signals clearly. This study indicates that cetacean species are not equally sensitive to human-made noise disturbance. Therefore, source levels of acoustic alarms should be adapted to the species they are supposed to deter. In addition, alarms should be tested on each odontocete species for which they are intended to reduce bycatch. 相似文献
2.
Kastelein RA Verboom WC Jennings N de Haan D van der Heul S 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(3):319-326
Two harbor porpoises in a floating pen were subjected to five pure tone underwater signals of 70 or 120kHz with different signal durations, amplitudes and duty cycles (% of time sound is produced). Some signals were continuous, others were intermittent (duty cycles varied between 8% and 100%). The effect of each signal was judged by comparing the animals' surfacing locations and number of surfacings (i.e. number of respirations) during test periods with those during baseline periods. In all cases, both porpoises moved away from the sound source, but the effect of the signals on respiration rates was negligible. Pulsed 70kHz signals with a source level (SL) of 137dB had a similar effect as a continuous 70kHz signal with an SL of 148dB (re 1muPa, rms). Also, a pulsed 70kHz signal with an SL of 147dB had a much stronger deterring effect than a continuous 70kHz signal with a similar SL. For pulsed 70kHz signals (2s pulse duration, 4s pulse interval, SL 147dB re 1muPa, rms), the avoidance threshold sound pressure level (SPL), in the context of the present study, was estimated to be around 130dB (re 1muPa, rms) for porpoise 064 and around 124dB (re 1muPa, rms) for porpoise 047. This study shows that ultrasonic pingers (70kHz) can deter harbor porpoises. Such ultrasonic pingers have the advantage that they do not have a "dinner bell" effect on pinnipeds, and probably have no, or less, effect on other marine fauna, which are often sensitive to low frequency sounds. 相似文献
3.
Kastelein RA Verboom WC Muijsers M Jennings NV van der Heul S 《Marine environmental research》2005,59(4):287-307
To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network is currently under development: Acoustic Communication network for Monitoring of underwater Environment in coastal areas (ACME). Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they use sounds of similar frequencies (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour porpoise. Therefore, as part of an environmental impact assessment program, two captive harbour porpoises were subjected to four sounds, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' positions and respiration rates during a test period with those during a baseline period. Each of the four sounds could be made a deterrent by increasing the amplitude of the sound. The porpoises reacted by swimming away from the sounds and by slightly, but significantly, increasing their respiration rate. From the sound pressure level distribution in the pen, and the distribution of the animals during test sessions, discomfort sound level thresholds were determined for each sound. In combination with information on sound propagation in the areas where the communication system may be deployed, the extent of the 'discomfort zone' can be estimated for several source levels (SLs). The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour porpoises are expected to avoid. Based on these results, SLs can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour porpoises in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the selected sound, the selected SL, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. In shallow, winding coastal water courses, with sandbanks, etc., the type of habitat in which the ACME sounds will be produced, propagation loss cannot be accurately estimated by using a simple propagation model, but should be measured on site. The SL of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account bounding conditions created by narrow channels, sound propagation variability due to environmental factors, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not prevent harbour porpoises from spending sufficient time in ecologically important areas (for instance feeding areas), or routes towards these areas. 相似文献
4.
Kastelein RA van der Heul S Terhune JM Verboom WC Triesscheijn RJ 《Marine environmental research》2006,62(5):356-373
The marine aquaculture industry suffers losses due to pinniped attacks which damage net enclosures and fish stocks. Acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) emit loud sounds which are intended to deter pinnipeds from approaching aquaculture enclosures. At present, many AHDs emit sounds in the 8-20 kHz frequency range. It is not known whether sounds of higher frequencies have a deterrent effect on seals. Therefore five captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were subjected to four series of tone pulses together spanning a broad frequency range (8, 16, 32 and 45 kHz). Pulse duration was 250 ms and pulse interval was 5s. Each of the four sounds was made deterrent by increasing the amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sounds. The displacement effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' surface positions, and number of surfacings, during ten 45 min baseline periods with ten 45 min test periods per frequency (one frequency per day in rotation, 40 sessions in total). The seals were displaced by all four frequencies throughout the 40 trial days. The seals came to the surface more often when the test tones were produced than in the baseline periods. The initial displacement distances did not change over the 40 test days. This suggests that operating AHDs for only short periods will be more effective and less likely to result in habituation by the seals than operating them continuously. The discomfort threshold sound pressure level (SPL) was established for each of the four pulse frequencies. The acoustic discomfort threshold SPL is defined as the boundary SPL between the area that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the area that they generally did not enter during sound transmission. The discomfort threshold SPL may depend on the context. 相似文献
5.
1 .Introduction Underwater acoustic (UWA) communicationis a fast developingfield,and its applicationis notlimitedto military affairs ,but is also extendinginto commercial fields .Catipovic (1990) ,Stojanovic(1996) and Kilfoyle and Baggeroer (2000) pointed… 相似文献
6.
The high under-water sound pressure levels (SPLs) produced during pile driving to build offshore wind turbines may affect harbor porpoises. To estimate the discomfort threshold of pile driving sounds, a porpoise in a quiet pool was exposed to playbacks (46 strikes/min) at five SPLs (6 dB steps: 130–154 dB re 1 μPa). The spectrum of the impulsive sound resembled the spectrum of pile driving sound at tens of kilometers from the pile driving location in shallow water such as that found in the North Sea. The animal's behavior during test and baseline periods was compared. At and above a received broadband SPL of 136 dB re 1 μPa [zero-peak sound pressure level: 151 dB re 1 μPa; t90: 126 ms; sound exposure level of a single strike (SELss): 127 dB re 1 μPa2 s] the porpoise's respiration rate increased in response to the pile driving sounds. At higher levels, he also jumped out of the water more often. Wild porpoises are expected to move tens of kilometers away from offshore pile driving locations; response distances will vary with context, the sounds' source level, parameters influencing sound propagation, and background noise levels. 相似文献
7.
Monostatic reverberation measurements were collected in shallow water, over a coarse gravel and cobble bottom, 100 m deep, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Data were collected at frequencies of 21, 28, and 36 kHz using linear FM pulses of 2-kHz bandwidth and 0.160-s duration. An anchored, high-frequency active sonar array deployed at a depth of 42 m was used to collect the data. The reverberation measurements were compared with estimates computed with the NUWC generic sonar model (GSM). The data were reasonably well modeled for times greater than 0.2 s after pulse transmission by neglecting surface reverberation and using Lambert's rule for bottom backscattering with a scattering coefficient of -27 dB, independent of frequency. At all three frequencies, the data and model show a peak approximately 0.9 s after pulse transmission. This peak results from a focusing effect that the downward-refracting sound-speed profile has on the interaction of the rays with the bottom 相似文献
8.
乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）是一种具有促进宿主生长、增强机体免疫力的益生菌。本研究以仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）为研究对象,以仿刺参源肠道分离菌株乳酸乳球菌XP 15为候选益生菌,开展菌株XP 15对仿刺参生长、免疫及肠道菌群结构的影响研究。以乳酸乳球菌XP 15投喂组为实验组（XP 15组）,基础饲料投喂组为对照组（CK组）,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,第1—8周,XP 15组的仿刺参肠道内的乳球菌属（Lactococcus spp.）呈现逐渐增加趋势,至第8周时占比为54.00%,明显高于CK组的7.33%,表明菌株XP 15可较好地在仿刺参肠道内定殖;于第6周取肠道进行免疫酶活力测定,结果显示,XP 15组仿刺参肠道一氧化氮合成酶（nitric oxide synthase, NOS）、酸性磷酸酶（acid phosphatase, ACP）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）等免疫指标显著高于CK组。于第6周采用体腔注射法进行相对免疫保护率实验,计算结果表明,投喂菌株XP 15后仿刺参在塔式弧菌（Vibrio tubiashii）感染中的成活率为73.33%,高于对照组的33.33%。于第8周测定各组仿刺参体重计算增重率,结果显示,初始体重为(43.63±2.15) g的XP 15组仿刺参的增重率为122.19%,显著高于初始体重为(42.10±1.93) g的CK组(增重率为109.46%）,表明菌株XP 15对仿刺参的生长有一定的促进作用。本研究可为乳酸乳球菌作为候选益生菌种在水产养殖上的应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
9.
江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides G. Cuvier)俗称江猪,属鲸目(Cetacea),齿鯨亚目(Odontoceti),鼠海豚科,是海豚类中最小型的一种,也是我国沿海最常见的一种近岸小型无鰭鼠海豚。一般体长不超过2米,体重约30-80公斤,如图1照片所示。
江豚与其他海洋哺乳动物一祥,能发出多变的声信号,而且每一种声信号都受其生态行为的支配。发声系统是它们赖以生存的重要官能。海豚用其发射的声信号测定水下目标的距离、方位和大小,以至判断其形状,因而能有效的绕过障碍,避开或驱逐来犯之敌。依靠其声信号能更有效的捕获足够的食物,营养自身,抚育后代。声信号是海洋哺乳类动物在自然界进行生存斗争的有利武器。声信号又是海洋哺乳动物的语言,借以进行“社会”联络和通讯,甚至教育它们的后代。为此。人们把它们的这种功能称作“第六官能”(sixth sense)。
观察海兽类的声学行为,测试分析其声信号的结构和物理特性,是揭示它们的回声定位系统的机制,破译其“语言”奥密所必不可少的一步。从而将为驯养它们成为人类的水下得力“助手”提供可靠的实验方案,也将为仿生学等新的学科研究提供有效的理论依据。
本实验是为了把江豚驯养成“水下警犬”使其在海湾、河口进行人工放养鱼群的放牧,以及协助人类进行水下作业等目的而进行的基础工作,也是研究海洋哺乳动物回声定位的发射与接收机制的探索。实验工作是在一定的半自然条件下,对江豚某些生态行为下的声信号作了较详细的记录与分析。 相似文献
10.
Doak C. Cox 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(1):59-66
The most significant potential improvement to the Tsunami Warning System, at least as it affects Hawaii, and one of the more important practical justifications of tsunami research, is the reduction in false alarms. There are both immediate and deferred costs of tsunami false alarms. The immediate costs are the costs of responding to tsunami warnings, false or not. The deferred costs are the tsunami casualties resulting from failures to respond to subsequent warnings, insofar as these are attributable to the loss of public confidence in the warning system due to the false alarms. It is estimated that the Hawaiian response to a tsunami false alarm costs about $777,000, and that with present warning system policy the average annual costs of such responses is $264,000. Assigning values to human life and injury, it is estimated that the deferred costs of false alarms average about $42,000 per year, bringing the total annual costs to $306,000. An 80% reduction of these costs would justify an annual research expenditure of $307,000 per year for the next ten years. 相似文献
11.
Underwater noise due to snapping shrimp is highly impulsive, and often dominates the ambient noise environment of warm, shallow waters at frequencies above 1 kHz. We report here on the statistics of bandpass snapping shrimp noise data, and on the modeling of the joint distribution of the in-phase and quadrature components using bivariate versions of the generalized Gaussian (GG), generalized Cauchy, and Gaussian-Gaussian mixture models. We evaluate the performance of several generalized energy detectors for passive bandpass detection, by inserting stochastic signals into the noise data. Detection thresholds were measured for an integration time of 0.5 s and false alarm probabilities down to 1%. The locally optimum detector based on the mixture model gave the best weak signal detection performance, with an 8 dB reduction in detection threshold over conventional energy detection. A significance test detector based on the GG model performed 1-2 dB worse, but exhibited better strong signal performance 相似文献
12.
Dale C. Krause 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):219-232
The narrow‐beam echo sounder (3.5° half angle, 20 kHz) is capable of resolving the configuration of deep scattering layers to 750 m and was used to study the ecology and population density of organisms that make up the layers. Several layers to 1,000 m depth were identified in the South Pacific Ocean, and the population densities calculated. Swimming speeds of possible predators are estimated at 0.2–0.3 m.sec‐1. Among organisms calculated to range in length from 0.01 m to 0.07 m, the larger were interpreted as grazing on smaller organisms, after comparing results from two echo sounders of 12 kHz and 20 kHz frequencies respectively. 相似文献
13.
介绍了基于手机短信的气象观测浮标数据库查询及报警系统的原理、硬件组成及软件开发。气象观测浮标通过北斗通讯将气象数据传输到指定计算机存储,系统实时监测定位信息、气象要素和接收短信命令,并将报警信息和命令响应通过短信发送至指定手机,达到实时掌握浮标状态的目的。在实际项目应用中,取代了人员值班,保证了报警实时性,达到了预期的效果。 相似文献
14.
Qing Wang Chun Ru Wan 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2005,30(4):900-911
A novel tonal detector is presented in this paper. The detector uses phase compensation for detecting sinusoidal signal with unknown amplitude, frequency, and phase in complex Gaussian noise with unknown variance. We analyze the statistical properties of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the observations and consider the leakage effect. Then we develop the detector by using generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). The new detector fully utilizes the phase information of the signal and achieves constant false alarm rate (CFAR) property. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show its improvement in detection performance. 相似文献
15.
Lahaye V Bustamante P Law RJ Learmonth JA Santos MB Boon JP Rogan E Dabin W Addink MJ López A Zuur AF Pierce GJ Caurant F 《Marine environmental research》2007,64(3):247-266
Selected trace elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) were measured in the kidneys and the liver of 104 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the coasts of France, Galicia (Spain), Ireland, Scotland (UK), and the Netherlands. Generally, relatively low concentrations of toxic elements were encountered in the tissues of European porpoises, except for two individuals, which displayed high hepatic Hg concentrations. Also, elevated Cd levels obtained in Scottish porpoises could be related to their feeding preferences and this result suggests an increase of the proportion of cephalopods in their diet with latitude. Moreover, significant geographical differences were seen in hepatic Zn concentrations; the elevated Zn concentrations displayed by porpoises from the Netherlands may relate their poor health status. Variation in metal concentrations within porpoises from the North Sea is likely to reflect a long-term segregation between animals from northern (Scotland) and southern areas (the Netherlands), making trace elements powerful ecological tracers. 相似文献
16.
Sub-bottom profilers which were worked out in the sixty years did not first come into general use. These last few years, some new devices have been developed with most sediment penetration, which are to be more systematically used in sedimentological prospecting. After reviewing the sub-bottom profilers development, with laying stress on their originality, the different points of view of the interpretation are considered: layers geometry, lithological correlations, relations between the reflected picture and the depositional dynamics. In a bounded area, about 15 km2, 90 bucket dredged samples and 12 core samples allowed a detailed mapping of the facies. This map is compared with different data from the seismic reflection investigation (5 kHz). A first approach concerns the distribution of some typical sismofacies selected on the whole seismic prospection. Thus five echotypes were picked out. By comparing, we can make a correlation between the character and surface feature of the sediment, and the corresponding seismic echo. In a second stage, the reflectivity change is considered in relation with the different sediment facies. The relative reflection coefficients are measured, either on the first peak, or on a longer time interval (1 ms), by integrating the seismic pulse. Both ways result in two maps of the relative reflection coefficient distribution. 相似文献
17.
The ocean temperature field off the north‐east coast of New Zealand is studied to quantify the annual cycle and reveal the intra‐ and inter‐annual variability. The data used are repeat expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections between Auckland and either Suva or Honolulu which have been collected quarterly since 1986. These sections give temperature measurements between the surface and 800 m and Auckland and 30°S from 1986 to August 1999. The mean and annual cycle are compared with those from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas (WOA98). The results are similar; however WOA98 lacks the horizontal resolution to fully discern the East Auckland Current and North Cape Eddy, while the XBT analysis lacks the temporal resolution to discern higher frequency intra‐annual signals. The temperature variability in the mixed layer is dominated by the annual cycle, which accounts for 80–90% of the variance. The amplitude of the annual cycle diminishes rapidly with depth, from 2.8°C at the surface, to c. 0.1°C at 180 m. The phase of the annual cycle is retarded with depth, with peak temperatures occurring in February at the surface and in June/July at 180 m. Removing the annual cycle from the time series reveals the more subtle inter‐ and intra‐annual variability. This variability is of the order of 1°C in the upper 50 m, decreasing to 0.3°C at 400–500 m. The surface layer was cold between 1991 and 1994 (c. 0.7°C cooler than average), and 0.7°C warmer than average in 1999. The deeper ocean shows a different signal, being up to 0.3°C cooler in 1990–92, 0.3°C warmer in 1998, and c. 0.2°C warmer than average in 1999. The inter‐annual mixed layer variability is highly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index and also with inter‐annual terrestrial air temperature and wind measurements from northern New Zealand. In contrast, at higher intra‐annual frequencies, the mixed layer variability is not correlated with air and wind measurements. At these higher frequencies, the air temperature is better correlated with the sea surface temperature (SST) than with the bulk mixed layer temperature. 相似文献
18.
中国黄渤海沉积物声速与物理性质研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to investigate the correlation between a sound velocity and sediment bulk properties and explore the influence of frequency dependence of the sound velocity on the prediction of the sediment properties by the sound velocity,a compressional wave velocity is measured at frequencies of 25–250 k Hz on marine sediment samples collected from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in laboratory,together with the geotechnical parameters of sediments.The results indicate that the sound velocity ranges from 1.232 to 1.721 km/s for the collected sediment samples with a significant dispersion within the series measuring frequency.Poorly sorted sediments are highly dispersive nearly with a positive linear relationship.The porosity shows a better negative logarithmic correlation with the sound velocity compared with other geotechnical parameters.Generally,the sound velocity increases with the increasing of the average particle size,sand content,wet and dry bulk densities,and decreasing of the clay content,and water content.An important point should be demonstrated that the higher correlation can be obtained when the measuring frequency is low within the frequency ranges from 25 to 250 k Hz since the inhomogeneity of sediment properties has a more remarkably influence on the laboratory sound velocity measurement at the high frequency. 相似文献
19.
运用电脉冲转基因仪对合浦珠母贝卵子进行电脉冲处理以优化电穿孔法转基因的电击参数。实验中调制百分比：100％；脉冲间隔：1．0s：电极距离：2mm；脉冲个数：5个，参数保持不变。用不同的电脉冲参数组合（脉冲电压100-400V、脉冲持续时间0．5～3．0ms、脉冲频率10～50kHz，共28个组合）对卵子电击，然后加入精子进行授精，统计各组受精率和孵化率，以受精率和孵化率达到50％以上为衡量指标。结果表明，合浦珠母贝卵子对低脉冲频率和高电压非常敏感，当频率低于20kHz或脉冲电压高于400V时对卵子损伤较大。脉冲持续时间对其影响不大，适应范围较宽。优化的转基因电击脉冲参教组合为：脉冲电压1.0kV／cm，脉冲持续时间20ms，脉冲频率50kHz，或者脉冲电压1．5kV／cm，脉冲持续时间1．5ms，脉冲频率50kHz。 相似文献
20.
多频海底声学原位测试系统研制和试用 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
海底沉积物的声学特性(最重要的是声速和声衰减)以及它们与物理(包括土力学)特性之间的关系是沉积物声学中两个重要的研究项目.介绍了新研制的实时监控多频海底声学原位测试系统.该系统可测量浅表层沉积物的声速.探测频率为8,10,12,15 kHz,可根据实际情况选择发射波形、接收增益和采样长度,采样率为0.5~2.0 MHz,工作水深为300 m.系统具有倾斜传感器、8通道扩充等功能.用该系统在杭州湾测得了四种频率的沉积物原位声速. 相似文献