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重庆城区近百余年旱涝变化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
用Z指数作为旱涝等级标准,利用重庆城区百余年降水量资料,分析了历年及四季旱涝出现的频率,采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析以及小波分析方法,研究了重庆城区年及四季旱涝的变化特征。结果表明:重庆城区年及四季干旱和洪涝发生频率均在25%以上,重庆旱涝灾害较频繁;多项式拟合和周期分析表明,城区年及四季旱涝具有阶段性变化特征,某些阶段年际变化特征也很显著,总体而言,年及夏季旱涝的年代际变化特征较明显,其它三个季节则是年际变化特征较明显。近几年的年旱涝变化处于偏涝阶段;而近几年夏季的旱涝变化,从年代际尺度来看,目前处在偏旱阶段,出现干旱的可能性较大;而其它三季则处于偏涝阶段。 相似文献
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基于赣江流域39个气象站点逐月降水和气温数据,计算不同时间尺度标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI),采用Mann-Kendall突变检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法,分析了赣江流域1960—2018年干旱时空变化特征.研究表明:不同时间尺度SPEI均有微弱升高的趋势,干旱形势有所缓解,SPEI能够较好地表征赣江流域旱涝情况.赣江流域中部的轻旱和特旱发生频率要高于其他地区,中旱主要高发地区主要分布在南部和西部区域,重旱主要集中在东部和北部.赣江流域干旱的空间分布具有较好的一致性,旱涝变化整体保持一致,南部与北部旱涝状态存在相反的纵向差异,且中部与南部、北部旱状况涝存在空间差异. 相似文献
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中国南方旱涝时空分布特征分析 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
用1955-2001年我国南方81个测站全年逐月降水量资料,利用Z指数确定单站旱涝等级.结果表明,春季华中地区和两广交界处更易发生干旱,湖南与华南沿海地区降水偏多,出现洪涝的几率较大;夏秋两季106～115 °E,23～32 °N区域和四川西北部地区出现干旱的频率较高,洪涝频率较高地区主要集中在长江流域,同时四川南部、云南中部、华南沿海出现大涝的频率较高;冬季南方大部分地区发生旱涝的频率较小,干旱多发区主要集中在云南中部以及江苏、安徽两省,西南部出现降水偏多的频率较高.通过对降水资料的EOF分析发现,我国南方春季降水主要为南旱北涝、南涝北旱两种分布型.夏季降水区域主要分为长江流域与华南沿海地区、云南两个区域,而秋、冬季南方降水分布比较均匀,表现为南方一致旱或涝. 相似文献
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利用淮河流域1914—2013年标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)研究流域的气候干湿变化、干旱的时空分布和周期特征,结果表明：流域的年际和年代际变化均呈湿润化趋势;四季中,除秋季外均通过了Mann-Kenddall趋势检验(0.05显著性水平),秋旱最易发生。干旱空间分布非常不均匀,不同程度的干旱频率有较大的地区差异,中旱频率高值区位于流域西北以及东北部,重旱频率由北向南递增,极旱频率在流域内较小,高值区域位于流域的东南角。流域均呈湿润化趋势,但西部、东部和北部边界一带湿润化趋势不明显。淮河流域存在35～65 a、17～30 a、3～7 a的三类尺度的干旱周期,以55 a为第一主周期。 相似文献
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伴随着全球变化和区域旱涝加剧,明晰最佳表达时间尺度,开展精细化旱涝演变监测和过程识别、支撑业务化精准预警是当前有效应对旱涝灾害的迫切需求。针对广西旱涝并存且频繁交替现象,采用距平改进的加权平均降水指数（IWAP）分析了区域日、候、旬、月、季尺度1961—2017年气象干湿演变监测的尺度效应; 并结合游程理论和极端事件强度-过程检测方法（EID）对典型干旱、湿润事件过程进行识别。结果表明:（1）时间尺度越小（如日、候）,IWAP对广西大气干湿快速频繁交替波动和空间格局变化监测效果越好; （2）日与候尺度IWAP对广西干湿面积变化监测具有强正相关一致性,其他尺度间的相关性普遍较弱,季尺度结果存在较显著的累加抵消现象,数值明显小于其他尺度; （3）各时间尺度IWAP对广西总干旱、总湿润事件频次监测差异小于各尺度间同等级干湿事件的频次差异,日与候、旬与月尺度分别表达了广西干湿事件相近的演变模态和强度分布; （4）文中方法对广西干湿演变过程及起讫时间识别效果良好,且日尺度能更好地揭示骤发性干旱和突发极端降雨湿润现象。 相似文献
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近47a华南前汛期旱涝特征 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采用华南61站47a（1958-2004年）前汛期（4-6月）逐日降水资料,利用统计方法对华南前汛期的旱涝特征进行了研究。结果表明：47a来华南有12个涝年和12个旱年发生,较严重的旱涝年主要发生在20世纪50年代末至70年代中期以及90年代以后;前汛期旱涝变化以2～4a的年际尺度周期最为显著;4、5月旱涝的年代际变化特征较为一致,而5月与6月在年代际尺度上具有一定的反位相变化特征;地理分布上,可将华南地区前汛期降水分为5个旱涝异常气候区。近47a来桂南、粤西和东南沿海地区呈现旱—涝—旱的变化特征,而桂北区由旱转涝趋于雨涝的趋势明显,东北部山区由涝转旱趋于干旱的趋势明显。 相似文献
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通过Z指数法和降水资料对昌吉地区8个国家级气象观测站37a(1971—2007年)的旱涝变化趋势和时空分布特征研究,发现昌吉州各地降水和旱涝变化具有一致性.20世纪70年代以来,各地具有由偏旱转为偏涝的趋势,其中,西部地区的偏涝速度最快,东部地区的偏涝速度最慢.各地出现干旱的频率高于雨涝的频率,其中,西部出现干旱频率最大,东部最小;相反,西部出现雨涝的频率最小,东部最大. 相似文献
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基于河北省及邻近地区73个气象站1961—2009年逐季、年降水资料,应用降水Z指数、经验正交函数分解、小波分析等方法分析了河北省干旱的时空变化特征.结果表明:近49年来河北省年、各季的干旱空间分布特征,最常见的是全省一致的干旱(雨涝)型,其次是南涝(旱)北旱(涝)的南北相反分布型;小波分析方法得出年、各季干旱的出现不仅存在明显的年代际尺度变化,而且年际变化也显著;河北省年干旱指数呈下降趋势,1979年后,年干旱指数发生突变,该区域进入干旱期. 相似文献
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使用1961—2020年的观测数据和2021—2080年的模式预估数据,首先分析了云南初夏干燥度指数（aridity index,AI）的演变特征和影响因子相对贡献,然后采用国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）中的20个全球模式,对SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5以及SSP5-8.5情景下云南初夏未来干湿变化进行了预估研究。结果表明：(1) 1961—2020年云南初夏气候整体湿润,但为变干燥的趋势,有明显的年代际变化特征,1960s、1970s以及2000s气候相对湿润,其余年代相对干燥,2000s（2010s）为1961年以来最湿润（干燥）的10年。(2) 2021—2080年在3种排放情景下,云南初夏气候较1995—2014年均为变干燥的趋势,SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5以及SSP5-8.5情景下,AI分别减少13.9%、17.9%以及24.9%,西南部将可能是湿润度降幅最大值中心。(3) 1961—2020年,降水对云南初夏气候干湿变化的贡献大于潜在蒸散量;而2021—2080年,潜在蒸散量对气候变干燥的贡献大于降水量,且随排放情景的增高和时间推移,其贡献将逐渐增大。 相似文献
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我国西南地区秋季干湿分类及主要类型
异常年环流特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文使用我国西南地区97站1960～2009年逐日资料,计算了考虑降水和气温的干湿指数,分析了西南地区秋季及9、10、11月干湿指数的时空变化特征。采用相似方法,构造了综合相似指数,对历年干湿分布进行分类,并给出了秋季各月各类干湿出现的概率。此外还使用再分析资料分月探讨了干湿分布主要类型异常年的大气环流特征。分析结果表明:西南地区秋季存在显著的干旱化趋势,且该地区干湿变化存在全区一致、东西相反和南北相反的特征。根据干湿变化主要模态的空间型,利用综合相似指数可以将历年秋季干湿分为全区一致偏干型、全区一致偏湿型、东湿西干型、东干西湿型、南湿北干型、南干北湿型和非典型型,共7类。全区干湿一致型出现的次数最多（不低于50%）,东西相反型次之（约25%）,南北相反型较少（约15%）,而出现非典型型次数极少（不足10%）。从季节内尺度来看,全区偏干（湿）的持续性较差,但10月份的东部偏湿区域则有较大几率（不低于50%）在下个月扩展到整个区域。全区偏干型异常年,东亚大槽偏弱或偏东,冷空气南侵困难;南海上空低层维持一个异常的气旋环流,西南地区暖湿气流输送偏弱;西太平洋副高偏强、西伸,南亚高压面积偏大,与西太副高重叠,西南地区长期受高压控制。这种异常环流形势的维持,使得该地区天气晴朗少雨,气温偏高,持续干旱。偏湿型异常年则基本呈相反的环流特征。而西南地区东、西部上空异常的垂直运动和东部低层的南、北风异常是造成东湿（干）西干（湿）型异常的重要原因。 相似文献
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利用位于藏北高原季节性冻土区的MS3478自动气象站的观测资料,基于FAO推荐的Pen-man-Monteith方法,分析了该地区的潜在蒸散量的变化特征。讨论了动力、热力和水分因子对潜在蒸散的影响,并分析了该地区的干湿状况。结果表明:全年日潜在蒸散量在0.52～6.46mm之间;夏季蒸发力最旺盛,5～9月的月潜在蒸散量均超过了100mm,11月份潜在蒸散锐减至33mm,潜在蒸散年总量为1037.83mm;夏季热力蒸散量明显大于动力蒸散,而冬季动力蒸散明显大于热力蒸散。藏北冻土区仅在5～9月为半湿润气候,持续时间较短,冬半年的干旱和半干旱维持时间长。水分因子和动力因子对潜在蒸散的影响季节变化大。土壤水分不是影响潜在蒸散的主要因素。 相似文献
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Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration. 相似文献
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The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献