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1.
海岸带空间功能分区是优化海岸带开发与保护的基础性工作,在国土空间规划体系中具有重要作用。当前我国海陆功能分区在分区层级、分区方法等方面并不一致,导致海岸带保护与开发利用失衡。本文在梳理国内外海岸带空间功能分区研究的基础上,从陆海统筹角度出发,构建海岸带空间功能分区体系,并以宁波市为例进行验证,在优先划定生态保护区基础上,对海陆空间进行适宜性评价,根据评价结果确定功能分区。结果表明：（1）宁波市海岸带功能区中生态保护区面积占比约为60%,海陆一体发展区占比约为22.3%,海洋发展区占比约为12.5%,陆地发展区占比约为5.2%;(2)宁波市开发利用功能区空间分布与以临港产业、海洋服务业和海洋渔业为基础的海洋经济发展导向相符。海岸带空间功能分区要以生态保护为底线,以优化空间布局为导向,为优化海岸带开发与保护提供有力支撑。 相似文献
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Philippe Deboudt 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2010,53(7):366-378
The coastal territories of mainland France constitute a prime example of an at-risk territory, with their growing concentrations of people and economic activities located mostly on a coastal fringe that is subject to shoreline retreat and coastal flooding. The perspective of higher sea levels due to climate changes exacerbates the risk that these territories will be exposed to natural coastal hazards. Since the “invention” of the littoral zone in the mid 19th-century, the vulnerability of the economic stakes on this coastal fringe has been managed mainly by controlling the hazards; this control is coordinated by the national government, which initiated coastal defense practices. At the beginning of the 1980s, natural risk prevention policies favored managing the consequences of natural disasters, with the creation of the CatNat insurance regime to indemnify natural disaster victims. By the middle of the 1990s, new natural risk management strategies had been invented to complete the control of natural hazards. As part of the emerging philosophy of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), the French government encouraged the development of natural risk prevention policies by establishing Natural Risk Prevention Plans (PPRn) in 1995. These PPRn were a new approach to shoreline management that favored controlling development in coastal communities. As of 2008, PPRn had been approved in 270 coastal communities and required in 149.At the beginning of the 21st century, the French government set down the general orientations for managing natural coastal risks, but it was not the only stakeholder involved. Collective action emerged, bringing the national government, public institutions and the territorial and local authorities together to develop risk management policies. This collective action was facilitated by a form of decentralization of natural coastal risk management, involving regional or local implementation of the strategic orientations of shoreline management, respecting the general principles defined by the national government. These changes are part of the ICZM implementation process, which has been under way since 2005. The development of natural coastal risk prevention policies is reinforced by the soon-to-be-adopted bill concerning the Grenelle of the Environment. These policies are mainly financed by the Barnier Fund for major natural risk prevention, which is in turn funded by an obligatory contribution based on the CatNat insurance premiums. This type of financing raises the question of the relationship between risk prevention strategies and natural disaster management. 相似文献
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The settlement and development of Québec’s maritime coastline has generally taken place without consideration for coastal dynamics and coastal hazards. Consequently, fighting coastal erosion has become a necessity. Until now, the construction of rigid walls and encroachments has been the preferred approach to the problem. In the Chaleur Bay region, coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to erosion and flooding because a number of residential, commercial and transportation infrastructures have been installed on beach terraces and sand spits. Recent storms, such as the storm of December 2, 2005, have made possible a better understanding of how these rigid defence structures amplify the effects of storm surges and waves. These structures drive the sand away from the coast, lowering beach levels and even causing beaches to vanish entirely from the areas situated in front of the defence structures. The end result is a weakening of the natural capacity of these coastal systems to absorb the energy of waves and a greater risk of coastal flooding. An integrated approach using local knowledge on the one hand, along with LIDAR surveys and a DGPS system on the other hand, have made possible to map the levels reached by flooding at the time of the storm. The results indicate that such levels vary greatly in spatial terms and that the difference between the levels actually reached and the water level measured by tide gauge can be as much as 2 m; a difference that is due to anthropogenic perturbations. This raises questions concerning the safety and the reference levels used for mapping coastal flooding risk. Taking into account knowledge of local communities, analysis of water levels, geomorphological indicators and aggravating anthropogenic factors, an approach and basic criteria are put forward with a view of establishing a reference level for the mapping of flood risk that can be used by community land-use planners. 相似文献
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Assessment and management of coastal multi-hazard vulnerability along the Cuddalore-Villupuram, east coast of India using geospatial techniques 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The current study area is coastal zone of Cuddalore, Pondicherry and Villupuram districts of the Tamil Nadu along the southeast coast of India. This area is experiencing threat from many disasters such as storm, cyclone, flood, tsunami and erosion. This was one of the worst affected area during 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and during 2008 Nisha cyclone. The multi-hazard vulnerability maps prepared here are a blended and combined overlay of multiple hazards those affecting the coastal zone. The present study aims to develop a methodology for coastal multi-hazard vulnerability assessment. This study was carried out using parameters probability of maximum storm surge height during the return period (mean recurrence interval), future sea level rise, coastal erosion and high resolution coastal topography with the aid of the Remote Sensing and GIS tools. The assessment results were threatening 3.46 million inhabitants from 129 villages covering a coastal area 360 km2 under the multi-hazard zone. In general river systems act as the flooding corridors which carrying larger and longer hinterland inundation. Multi-hazard Vulnerability maps were further reproduced as risk maps with the land use information. These risk caused due to multi-hazards were assessed up to building levels. The decision-making tools presented here can aid as critical information during a disaster for the evacuation process and to evolve a management strategy. These Multi-hazard vulnerability maps can also be used as a tool in planning a new facility and for insurance purpose. 相似文献
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东海区大陆海岸带景观格局变化及生态风险评价 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于1990-2015年东海区海岸带6期遥感影像数据,分析了景观格局的动态变化,构建景观生态风险指数,对不同时期研究区的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:(1)东海区海岸带景观以林地和耕地为主导,耕地面积急剧下降,而建设用地面积增长迅速,增长率为155.55%;(2)研究区生态风险程度加深。1990-2010年中生态风险区占主导地位,2015年较高生态风险区上升为主导地位,占整个生态风险区面积的33.39%,至研究期末高生态风险区面积增加了6 267.83 km2。空间上,生态风险高等级区呈现出向沿海地区扩展的趋势,沿海港口城市面临较严重的生态风险。省域和县级市尺度下的景观生态风险时空差异也较大;(3)生态风险等级转换差异较大。生态风险转移主要是由低向高等级转换,且其生态风险等级年均转换速率呈上升趋势,由低到高等级方向转移是由高到低等级方向转移面积的12.01倍。 相似文献
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海岸带景观是沿海地区社会经济可持续发展的基础,研究人类活动影响下的海岸带景观生态风险演变对海岸带景观规划与景观资源的合理开发具有重要意义。本文基于1990—2010年间3期的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据源,结合野外实地调查,研究了象山港海岸带景观生态风险及其变化趋势。结果表明: (1)20 a间,象山港海岸带景观格局发生显著变化,耕地、海域和林地等景观类型面积呈下降趋势,而建设用地、未利用地和养殖用地不断增加;(2)1990年以来,象山港海岸带景观生态风险等级有不断增高趋势,部分低、较低等级生态风险区演变为中等级以及较高等级;(3)从不同等级生态风险区的空间分布上看,1990年以来海岸带景观低和较低等级生态风险区空间分布在沿海地区减少,而中等、较高和高生态风险区在沿海地区不断形成并向陆侧扩张。从演化速率上看,近10 a的较高和高生态风险区面积增加速率较前10 a显著加快。 相似文献
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象山港海岸带景观格局演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海岸带景观格局演化分析对于理解人类活动与景观格局演化之间的关系,促进沿海地区的可持续发展具有重要意义。以1990、2000和2010年3期TM遥感影像为主要数据源,利用3S技术,分析了象山港海岸带景观类型及格局演化特征。结果表明:(1)20 a来林地、海域以及耕地面积下降,建设用地、水域、养殖用地及未利用地面积增加,滩涂面积先增加后减少。(2)斑块数量、斑块密度不断增加,平均斑块面积不断下降,斑块的边界密度和形态指数不断增加,景观的多样性指数和均匀度不断增加,景观异质性不断增强。(3)整体动态度呈现出上升趋势,人类开发利用活动力度的加大导致象山港海岸带景观变化更为频繁。(4)人文和自然因子的双重驱动,导致了象山港海岸带景观格局的演化。 相似文献
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长三角海岸带是全球变化与人类活动剧烈相互作用的典型区域,在沿海开发逐渐深化与政策助推背景下,该区域土地利用变化加剧,已成为经济发展与生态保护的矛盾热点区,分析海岸带土地开发利用格局演变过程对推动长三角沿海发展带具有重要意义。本文基于1980?2018年5期土地利用矢量数据,采用桑基图、年变化率、动态度及核密度分析方法,揭示了近39年来长三角海岸带土地开发利用在数量结构、空间形态、重点地类集聚及海陆梯度变化规律等方面的演变特征。结果表明:(1) 2018年长三角海岸带基底景观由耕地、林地和建设用地构成,占研究区总面积的89.86%,呈现出北耕南林、建设用地呈散团式镶嵌其中的空间格局。(2)近39年来研究区土地利用系统在数量结构和空间形态上变化各异,其中,在数量结构上整体呈现耕地持续平稳减少、建设用地持续快速增加、林地波动式微弱减少、草地和水域波动式微弱增加的发展趋势,且历经围填海开发面积累计达2 161.01 km2;在空间形态上主要呈现出建设用地斑块遍地开花并伴随局部爆炸式扩张、耕地斑块逐渐缩减且趋于破碎化、江苏和上海东部以及杭州湾沿岸围填海开发形成明显湿地景观的演变态势。(3)重点针对建设用地和湿地开展空间集聚演变特征分析,其中,建设用地扩张规模呈小而散且扩张集聚度呈持续增强趋势,形成由“单中心”趋向“多中心”空间集聚格局;滩涂资源呈现数量少、斑块小且分布散的特征,总体呈减少趋势,各时期扩展热点区及缩减热点区地处县市各异。(4)在距离海岸线20 km范围内,研究区土地利用动态度呈现明显的建设用地趋海及海洋用地趋陆的变化规律,且江苏、上海及浙江沿海地带的各地类动态度海陆梯度变化规律各异。 相似文献
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海岸带退缩线是海岸带国土空间规划工作的重要部分,平衡沿海城市资源利用与生态保护需求,保障沿海地区健康可持续化发展的安全底线。目前我国海岸带退缩线缺乏系统的评估和管控体系,文章通过梳理社会经济价值、空间发展潜力、景观风貌风险、海洋灾害风险、生态环境价值5个影响维度与海岸带各类要素的关联机制,建立了陆海统筹的滨海地区海岸带退缩线重要程度的评估体系,总结我国海岸带退缩线分级分类差异化管控策略,并以东营市为例,进一步探讨了该评估体系在退缩线划定和管控层面的应用,以期为海岸带国土空间规划的管控提供参考。 相似文献
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海平面上升的风险评估研究进展与展望 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海岸带是海陆交互作用的集中区域,人类活动密集,面对未来海平面上升带来的影响具有敏感性和脆弱性。评估未来海平面上升对海岸带的风险,具有理论与实际意义。根据海平面上升风险评估研究框架,总结了海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、风暴潮淹没、海水入侵、湿地丧失等方面的研究现状,在此基础上,分析了目前研究存在的不足,并提出了海平面上升风险评估未来研究的关键问题。 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2016
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a global conservation and management tool to enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological systems with the aim of conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services for sustainable use. However, MPAs implemented worldwide include a large variety of zoning and management schemes from single to multiple-zoning and from no-take to multiple-use areas. The current IUCN categorisation of MPAs is based on management objectives which many times have a significant mismatch to regulations causing a strong uncertainty when evaluating global MPAs effectiveness. A novel global classification system for MPAs based on regulations of uses as an alternative or complementing the current IUCN system of categories is presented. Scores for uses weighted by their potential impact on biodiversity were built. Each zone within a MPA was scored and an MPA index integrates the zone scores. This system classifies MPAs as well as each MPA zone individually, is globally applicable and unambiguously discriminates the impacts of uses. 相似文献
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Chengqiang WuFeng Cai Guangtao ZhaoYongling Zheng Huiquan Lu 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(7):544-555
A series of port constructions and large-scale reclamation projects have been extensively carried out in Quanzhou Bay to pursue social and economic benefits. These projects have changed the natural topographical and morphological evolution since 1970. In this research, from comparison of topographical and morphological characteristics of the study area in 2008, 1972 and 1934, the obvious differences between two evolution stages (1934-1972 and 1972-2008) were analyzed, and the impact of coastal engineering constructions on the evolution of topography and morphology was evaluated quantitatively. The results show that evolution before the 1970s was characterized as a stable whole with local erosion in the channel and slow aggradation of the shoal and that the morphology was dominated by natural processes, as there was little coastal engineering construction before 1970. Since the 1970s, because of a series of engineering projects such as those reclaiming land and constructing ports, the bay has been in a stage of continuous silting, characterized by the channel narrowing and shrinking and shoal silting and expanding, which may result in the abandonment of ports around the bay and endanger the salt field, aquaculture and other agriculture. Potential solutions for the management of the coastal zone of Quanzhou Bay and other similar bays by state and local agencies are suggested, such as calling for the attention of the state and local government, strengthening coastal zone management, scientific planning and reasonable exploitation, and in particular, changing the utilization of the sea area. 相似文献
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Harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena are protected under the Habitats and Species Directive (92/43/EEC) and listed as a priority species in the City and County of Swansea's Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP). Increased coastal pressures demand better governance and this study adopted a dimensional analysis to produce a local management framework for harbour porpoise populations. Having established basic behavioural dynamics and identified critical habitats, a coastal zone use model was developed. This highlighted porpoise and coastal user interaction from a species perspective. Evidence was determined from observations and published research, and an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) was undertaken. An estimation of consequence probability was determined and revealed that continued coastal use, without mitigation, is likely to have significant local impacts on porpoise populations. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and legislative appraisal highlighted potential opportunities and deficiencies. Mitigation refers principally to industry, fisheries and recreation and suggestions include flexible zoning; speed and vessel restrictions; engineering solutions to noise intrusion and fisheries monitoring. A mixture of formal and informal regulations is recommended, together with educational projects and industry-funded research opportunities. 相似文献
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M. Nunes
. Ferreira M. Schaefer J. Clifton B. Baily D. Moura C. Loureiro 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(10):506-515
Coastal hazards are in the interface of human activities with natural coastal processes. The conflicts arising from this relationship require new approaches suitable for coastal management that consider the dynamic of coastal areas. A method to assess hazard in rock cliffs is presented, combining cliff evolution forcing mechanisms along with protection factors, according to a weighted factors system. This method provides a rapid evaluation of vulnerability for cliffed areas, supporting coastal management and hazard mitigation. The method was applied to the rocky cliffs of the densely populated coastal zone between Galé and Olhos de Água (Southern Portugal), where high and very high hazard values were found to be dominant. A method validation was made using the vulnerability areas and the recorded mass movements over a 45 year period in the same area. 相似文献
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Brazilian legislation defines coastal zone as a national patrimony – the geographic space of interaction of air, sea and land formed by the counties directly influenced, but not necessarily by those located in the coastline; also included are those distant until 50 km from the coastline, holding activities of great impact for the coastal zone or its ecosystems. The definition includes also the territorial sea of 12 nautical miles. Coastal management is conducted by a national plan legally enforced, complemented by states and counties plans, and a coastal ecologic-economic zoning limited to small portions of the coastal zone. A resolution of the “Environmental National Council” defines as “permanent preservation areas”, of very restricted use, coastal ecosystems as mangroves, sand dunes, and reproduction sites of wild fauna. One could expect that the Brazilian coast should be more protected and properly managed than other countries where a national management plan is lacking (Argentina) or where the guidelines exist but are not yet legally enforced (South Africa). Notwithstanding, we note today in Brazil an intensification of conflicts opposing small-scale vs. industrial fishermen; shrimp farming vs. mangrove crab harvesting; resorts installation vs. native communities; oil and gas activities vs. NGOs; and conflicts on environmental permit between federal and state governmental agencies. This paper evaluates the possible reasons for the failure of the complex legal suite available in Brazil and suggests that participatory management and concerted actions with relevant stakeholders are the key elements for the successful cases. 相似文献
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海岸带是重要海陆过渡带地貌单元与区域,兼受海陆动力双重作用与影响,包括不同类型的沉积相,经历复杂的动力沉积、地貌演变及灾变过程。海岸带调查涉及学科交叉融合,调查要素相对独立与内容多学科交叉并存。我国曾分别于1960年、1981年和2003年组织开展过全国海岸带综合调查工作,调查获取了大量丰硕成果。当前海岸带调查与研究过程中亦暴露出一些亟需突破问题,包括:1)海岸带存在大范围"盲区",浅水易陷、礁石养殖等区域难以到达,成为海岸带数据"空白区"、调查"禁区";2)我国海岸带观测平台数量少、分布零散,未形成综合有效观测网,导致长时间序列、多源准同步调查数据缺乏,难以准确把握海岸带变化规律,破解资源环境有关问题;3)海岸带数据获取智能化程度低,严重阻碍制约有关对策及时有效性;4)海岸带不同学科协同调查、交叉融合研究模式尚未建立,不能及时发现海岸带科学问题。今后海岸带调查将在海岸带高分辨率过程数据、全覆盖无死角实时动态数据获取技术,长时间序列综合数据采集平台建设,陆海空全天候立体化数据采集传输及快速智能决策,以及海岸带多学科交叉攻关研究等方面取得突破。 相似文献
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为加强沿海石化园区海洋环境风险区划的科学管理和决策,降低相关区域的海洋环境综合风险,文章根据海洋环境风险源和污染源排查,海洋敏感区、易受损区分布和环境现状调查以及园区风险管理和应急制度核查等的结果,基于PSR模型,从海洋环境风险指数、海洋环境敏感指数和海洋环境风险防控能力指数3个方面,构建沿海石化园区海洋环境风险区划评估框架;分别选取突发性环境风险和累积性环境风险、自然风险和社会风险以及政府和企业等各项相关指标,制订评估方案;通过确定评估指标权重,计算海洋环境综合风险值,并将风险等级划分为5级。以大连市沿海某石化园区为例进行评估,评估结果表明:该石化园区所在海域总体处于低风险等级,无极高风险和高风险区;在保持现有海洋环境风险防控能力的基础上,通过大力改善区域海洋生态环境,可进一步降低园区海洋环境综合风险。 相似文献