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1.
滇西勐库退变质榴辉岩的P-T-t轨迹及地质意义 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
滇西双江县勐库地区的退变质榴辉岩经历了多期退变质作用的改造,早期的平衡共生矿物组合难觅踪迹。应用传统的石榴石-单斜辉石(GC)温度计、石榴石-单斜辉石-多硅白云母(GCP)压力计进行变质作用的PT条件估算存在许多不确定性。本文应用魏春景等(2009)依据MORB成分计算的PT视剖面图上多硅白云母、石榴石、绿辉石的成分随体系中PT条件的变化情况,估算了进变质的P=2.00~2.30GPa,T=420~460℃,相当于硬柱石蓝片岩相—硬柱石-蓝闪石榴辉岩相;峰期变质的P=3.35~4.46GPa,T=530~610℃,相当于硬柱石榴辉岩相;早期退变质的P=2.00~2.50GPa,T=470~540℃,相当于硬柱石-蓝闪石榴辉岩相;中期退变质的P=0.95~1.43GPa,T=700~750℃,相当于角闪石榴辉岩相-高压麻粒岩相。晚期退变质作用以出现大量的闪石类矿物为特征,可划分为3个阶段,并显示了持续的降温、降压过程。结合区域地壳演化进程,本文详细讨论了上述P-T-t轨迹的地质意义。 相似文献
2.
大别山南部高压-超高压变质地体中云母片岩和片麻岩的相平衡研究 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
对于大别山高压一超高压变质带中大面积出露的云母片岩和片麻岩的变质条件和演化历史有不同的认识：如中低压绿帘角闪岩相，高压角闪岩相和超高压榴辉岩相。通过对大别山南部超高压榴辉岩区、高压榴辉岩区和宿松变质杂岩带中的云母片岩和片麻岩进行详细的岩相学及相平衡研究表明：它们的变质条件分别为610℃～690℃，1．2～1．4GPa；590～600℃、1．3～1．5GPa；520～590℃，0．9～1．4GPa，相当于高压绿帘角闪岩相、高压角闪岩相与榴辉岩相之间的过渡。依据超高压榴辉岩区绿帘石黑云片麻岩中的石榴石环带特征推测，它们很可能经过超高压变质阶段。现有矿物组合记录了抬升阶段的条件。但是高压榴辉岩区的石榴石绿帘石二云片麻岩和宿松变质杂岩带中石榴石云母片岩中的石榴石环带特征表明，其现有矿物组合记录了变质峰期条件，不应该经历更高压变质阶段。在KFMASH体系的PT视剖面图上计算多硅白云母Si含量等值线表明，在多数矿物组合中白云母的Si含量可作为地质压力计，但Si等值线的斜率受到矿物组合的控制。 相似文献
3.
苏鲁三清阁榴辉岩中柯石英的发现及其地质意义探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在苏鲁三清阁多硅白云母榴辉岩中发现了柯石英包体,该榴辉岩与超高压含菱镁矿大理岩共生。石榴石中存在的柯石英残晶和多晶石英假相包体表明榴辉岩的变质压力超过2.8 GPa。运用石榴石–单斜辉石Fe2+–Mg温度计和多硅白云母压力计估算结果表明,矿物核部的平衡压力为3.1～3.5 GPa（T ＝650～689℃）,边部的平衡压力为2.9~3.3 GPa（T＝652～671℃）。与石榴石伴生的绿辉石普遍发育石英出溶结构。在磷灰石中观察到金属硫化物出溶体。磷灰石富含OH,F,Cl和S等挥发份,这些挥发性组分的深循环对地壳和地幔之间的相互作用研究具有重要意义。通过磷灰石,苏鲁—大别俯冲带能够将大量（～80 000 Mt）OH,F和Cl携带到地幔深处。 相似文献
4.
中国境内可能存在一条新的高压/超高压(?)变质带——青藏高原拉萨地体中发现榴辉岩带 总被引：41，自引：2，他引：41
新发现榴辉岩带位于拉萨北东方向,产在青藏高原拉萨地体中东部。观察到的榴辉岩带宽度约500~600m,呈近东西向延伸,已知规模10km以上。榴辉岩为常见的金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩和多硅白云母榴辉岩。榴辉岩的单斜辉石中含硬玉分子变化较大,Jd=16%~44%,但均落于绿辉石成分区间;石榴子石中镁铝榴石(Pyrope)端元组分16%~33%,铁铝榴石(Alm)40%~54%,钙铝榴石(Gross)22%~31%。利用Grt-Omp-Phe和Grt-Omp矿物组合对变质温-压初步估算,获得金红石榴辉岩样品06Y-334的变质p、t分别为2.58GPa、635℃和2.67GPa、730℃,样品06Y-345的t主要在680~780℃区间,样品06Y-336的t主要在640~740℃区间,3个样品获得的结果相近。显微镜观察表明多硅白云母可能为折返阶段的退变质矿物而不属变质峰期的矿物,推测峰期的压力值有可能高于2.67GPa而进入柯石英稳定区间(p>2.8GPa)。石榴子石和绿辉石中出现的一些类似柯石英假象的石英包裹体与这一推断相吻合。以上初步研究结果表明,拉萨地体的榴辉岩带可能是中国境内又一条高压/超高压(?)变质带。 相似文献
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6.
南大别高压-超高压过渡类型榴辉岩的确定及其构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对大别山太湖地区榴辉岩的岩石学、矿物成分和峰期变质P-T条件的研究表明,南大别榴辉岩可分为:①高压榴辉岩;②高压/超高压过渡榴辉岩;③超高压榴辉岩。它们的峰期变质P-T条件分别为:T=570℃～680℃,P=2.00 GPa～2.40 GPa;T=650℃～810℃,P=2.70 GPa～3.20 GPa;T=760℃～980℃,P=3.50 GPa～4.00 GPa,表明三类榴辉岩形成于不同的变质环境中。其中高压/超高压过渡榴辉岩是本次研究新近确定的,该类榴辉岩无论是在变质环境,还是在岩石结构、成分特征方面,均显示了高压-超高压过渡变质的特征。这种榴辉岩的存在解释了南大别变质块体俯冲时的连续性和折返后的断块特征。 相似文献
7.
印度与亚洲大陆新生代碰撞-俯冲形成的喜马拉雅造山带核部由高压和超高压变质岩组成.超高压榴辉岩分布在喜马拉雅造山带西段,由石榴石、绿辉石、柯石英、多硅白云母、帘石、蓝晶石和金红石组成.超高压榴辉岩的峰期变质条件为2.6～2.8GPa和600～620℃,其经历了角闪岩相退变质作用和低程度熔融.超高压榴辉岩的进变质、峰期和退变质年龄分别为～50Ma、45～47Ma和35～40Ma,指示一个快速俯冲与快速折返过程.高压榴辉岩产出在喜马拉雅造山带中-东段,由石榴石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、石英和金红石组成.高压榴辉岩的峰期变质条件为>2.1GPa和>750℃,叠加了高温麻粒岩相退变质作用与强烈部分熔融.高压榴辉岩的峰期和退变质年龄可能分别是～38 Ma和14～17 Ma,很可能经历了一个缓慢俯冲与缓慢折返过程.喜马拉雅造山带两种不同类型榴辉岩的存在表明,印度与亚洲大陆约在51～53Ma碰撞后,印度大陆地壳的西北缘陡俯冲到了地幔深度,导致表壳岩石经历了超高压变质作用,而印度大陆地壳的东北缘平缓俯冲到亚洲大陆之下,导致表壳岩石经历了高压变质作用. 相似文献
8.
柴北缘鱼卡河榴辉岩的变质演化——石榴石成分环带及矿物反应结构的证据 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
柴北缘鱼卡河榴辉岩的典型矿物组合为石榴石-绿辉石-多硅白云母-金红石。其中粗粒石榴石变斑晶普遍保存进变质生长环带,从核部到边部石榴石的化学成分、包体矿物的种类和粒度皆呈现出规律的分带性。岩相学和矿物化学研究进一步表明,该榴辉岩经历了前榴辉岩相、榴辉岩相及后榴辉岩相三个主要变质演化阶段。前榴辉岩相以石榴石核部成分及核部包体矿物组合石榴石(GrtⅠ) 角闪石(AmpⅠ) 斜长石(PⅡ) 石英(Qtz)为特征,P-T 估算结果为450～500℃和0.6～0.7GPa。榴辉岩相变质阶段又可细分为早期、峰期榴辉岩和退变角闪榴辉岩三个亚相。早期榴辉岩亚相以石榴石幔部成分和幔部包体矿物组合石榴石(GrtⅡA) 绿辉石(OmpⅡA) 多硅白云母(PheⅡA)±黝帘石(Zoi) 金红石(Ru)为代表,估算的温压条件为580～640℃和2.4～2.5GPa;峰期榴辉岩相以石榴石的边部(GrtⅡB)及基质中绿辉石(OmpⅡB)和多硅白云母(PheⅡB)的核部为代表,矿物组合为 GrtⅡB OmpⅡB PheⅡB Ru,估算的 P-T 条件为620～680℃和3.0～3.4GPa;退变角闪榴辉岩相以共生的石榴石的最边部(GrtⅡC)、基质绿辉石(OmpⅡC)和多硅白云母(PheⅡC)的边部及镁红闪石(AmpⅡ)组合为代表,矿物组合为 GrtⅡC OmpⅡC AmpⅡ PheⅡC,估算的 P-T 条件为700～720℃和2.3～2.4GPa。后榴辉岩阶段主要为麻粒岩-高角闪岩相,以绿辉石分解形成透辉石 钠长石冠状体以及进一步分解形成韭闪石 斜长石,铁红闪石分解形成浅闪石 斜长石为代表,P-T 估算结果为550～600℃和0.6～1GPa。温压估算结果表明,鱼卡河榴辉岩经历了升温升压—升温降压—降温降压的一个顺时针 P-T 演化轨迹,它记录了从俯冲-超高压变质-抬升的连续的演化过程。峰期变质条件为630～680℃和3.0～3.4GPa,已达超高压变质范畴。榴辉岩中进变质矿物组合和生长环带的保存说明榴辉岩的形成经历了相对快速的俯冲和折返的动力学过程。 相似文献
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鱼卡榴辉岩位于柴北缘HP/UHP变质带的西段,榴辉岩呈透镜状或似层状分布在变质泥质岩、花岗质片麻岩及少量大理岩中,主要由石榴石和绿辉石组成,具有含量不等的多硅白云母、角闪石、黝帘石(斜黝帘石或绿帘石)、金红石和石英等。岩相学和矿物化学研究显示榴辉岩经历了3期与俯冲和折返作用有关的变质演化阶段:(1)前榴辉岩相进变质阶段,榴辉岩矿物组合为石榴石(核) 绿帘石 斜长石 角闪石,以包体的形式保存于具有生长环带的石榴石核部,形成的温压条件为p=1.06～1.11GPa,t=560～577℃;(2)榴辉岩相变质阶段,以绿辉石、多硅白云母等矿物围绕石榴石定向分布为特征,其矿物组合为石榴石(边) 绿辉石 多硅白云母±黝帘石,温压估算获得榴辉岩相的变质条件为p=2.35～2.52GPa,t=610～680℃;(3)后榴辉岩相变质阶段,矿物组合为石榴石 角闪石 斜长石,主要存在于围绕榴辉岩透镜体分布的退变榴辉岩(角闪石化榴辉岩)中,形成的温压条件为p=1.09±0.12GPa,t=635±44℃。研究结果显示榴辉岩的pT轨迹具有“发卡”型特点,表明鱼卡榴辉岩经历了快速俯冲和折返的演化历史。 相似文献
10.
江苏青龙山磷灰石中出溶体的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
最近的研究证实，在大别-苏鲁超高压变质带的多硅白云母榴辉岩和超基性岩中的磷灰石矿物内普遍发育有针柱状出溶晶体，初步研究证明这些出溶晶体多为各种硫化物：如黄铁矿、黄铜矿等。本文重点研究苏鲁青龙山地区的多硅白云母榴辉岩和退变榴辉岩中磷灰石内的出溶晶体，通过扫描电镜、电子探针和X-光能谱的线扫描分析，确认这些出溶晶体是铜的硫化物，并根据无标样定量的分析结果初步推测有可能是CuS2晶体。目前已知的CuS2晶体都是在高温高压（T=700-1000℃和P=4．5-5．0GPa）条件下人工合成的。这样的温压条件与青龙山榴辉岩的超高压变质条件是吻合的。在磷灰石中能保存超高压的硫化物，可能是由于磷灰石自身的稳定性和化学惰性。因此推测在超高压变质作用中，磷灰石晶体中易于保存硫化物出溶体与石榴石和绿辉石中易于保存柯石英和金刚石的作用相类似。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。 相似文献
13.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
14.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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17.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements. 相似文献
18.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
19.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect. 相似文献
20.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Harvey E. Belkin Susan J. Tewalt James C. Hower J.D. Stucker J.M.K. O'Keefe 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):260-268
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential. 相似文献