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1.
A method to predict aquifer vulnerability to pesticide contamination at the subregional scale was developed. The assessment method was designed to incorporate relevant hydrologic and pesticide-transport information and to use generally available data. The method assumes steady-state advection of pesticides in the vadose zone, including sorption and biological decay. The solution is presented as a vulnerability index (VI) that increases as the aquifer vulnerability increases. The hydrologic input data for the VI model are obtained from the soil survey geographic database. Pesticides were grouped into three leachability classes using a leachability ratio (half-life divided by organic carbon partition coefficient). Pesticide transformation is assumed to occur in the surface layer. The influence of vertical transport in the remainder of the vadose zone has been incorporated by applying a multiplying factor to the VI that varies with depth to ground water. Hydraulic conductivity is used as a surrogate for soil-water velocity for practical purposes. The performance of the VI model is evaluated using ground water data from Weld County, Colorado. The model is demonstrated to be successful at predicting relative vulnerability, defined as the magnitude of pesticide concentration and percent of wells in a unit that exhibit a pesticide detection. Areas of low, medium, and high vulnerability are assigned. Results indicate that the vulnerability classifications are most dependent on the leachability ratio, hydraulic conductivity, and organic carbon content. 相似文献
2.
Baldwin BR Peacock AD Park M Ogles DM Istok JD McKinley JP Resch CT White DC 《Ground water》2008,46(2):295-304
Passive multilevel samplers (MLS) containing a solid matrix for microbial colonization were used as in situ microcosms in conjunction with a push-pull biostimulation experiment designed to promote biological U(VI) and Tc(VII) reduction. MLS were deployed at 24 elevations in the injection well and two downgradient wells to investigate the spatial variability in microbial community composition and growth prior to and following biostimulation. The microbial community was characterized by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) quantification of bacteria, NO(3)(-)-reducing bacteria (nirS and nirK), delta-proteobacteria, Geobacter sp., and methanogens (mcrA). Pretest cell densities were low overall but varied substantially with significantly greater bacterial populations detected at circumneutral pH (t-test, alpha= 0.05), suggesting carbon substrate and low pH limitations of microbial activity. Although pretest cell densities were low, denitrifying bacteria were dominant members of the microbial community. Biostimulation with an ethanol-amended ground water resulted in concurrent NO(3)(-) and Tc(VII) reduction, followed by U(VI) reduction. Q-PCR analysis of MLS revealed significant (1 to 2 orders of magnitude, Mann-Whitney U-test, alpha= 0.05) increases in cell densities of bacteria, denitrifiers, delta-proteobacteria, Geobacter sp., and methanogens in response to biostimulation. Traditionally, characterization of sediment samples has been used to investigate the microbial community response to biostimulation; however, collection of sediment samples is expensive and not conducive to deep aquifers or temporal studies. The results presented demonstrate that push-pull tests with passive MLS provide an inexpensive approach to determine the effect of biostimulation on contaminant concentrations, geochemical conditions, and the microbial community composition and function. 相似文献
3.
本文对钢筋混凝土框架的地震破坏进行了计算机模拟试验研究，指出了破坏过程中结构瞬态动力特性的变化特征，研究了影响瞬态动力特性的若干因素，明晰了结构整体耗能能力的大小与结构周期的延长之间的关系。作者认为结构瞬态动力特性和地震动的特性是影响结构破坏过程的主要因素，指出结构地震破坏模拟具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
4.
Naohiro Nakamura 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(2):217-231
In order to perform time history earthquake response analyses with consideration to both the dynamic soil–structure interaction and the non‐linear behaviour of the structure, it is important to transform the soil impedance in the frequency domain to the impulse response in the time domain. In this paper, a new transform method with high practicality is proposed. First, the formulation of the proposed transform method is described. Next, the validity of the method is examined using an example problem whose impulse response is analytically obtained. Then, the impedance of the rigid foundation on 2‐layered soil is transformed to the time domain, and the characteristics of the impulse response are investigated. Finally, time history earthquake response analyses of a structure on the soil using the obtained impulse response are carried out. The validity and the efficiency of the proposed method are confirmed through these investigations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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6.
1996～2003年全世界灾害地震统计分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
讨论了1996～2003年8年期间全世界灾害地震的空间分布特征和地震灾情与全球地震活动性、地震震级和地震发震时刻的关系。结果表明：这8年期间地震灾情与全球地震活动性及地震震级无明显的统计相关关系,似乎与发震的国度、地震的发震时刻有一定的关系。 相似文献
7.
本文尝试采用一种类似于加卸载响应比的简单算法将GPS观测应用于地震中短期预测.算法根据孕震区域在不同阶段的加卸载响应比变化判断未来地震的发生趋势:当地壳处于稳定状态时,得到的时间序列在1.0附近波动;而在临近地震之前会出现明显的异常高值.以2004年美国南加州的Parkfield地震为例对方法的有效性进行了研究,发现在地震发生前半年左右震中附近GPS台站得到加卸载响应比时间序列都发生了比较明显的异常变化;而一些距离震中较远台站却没有观察到类似的异常变化.这可能反映了孕震区地壳介质稳定性的变化,表明通过处理GPS观测资料可能获得新的地震前兆异常. 相似文献
8.
D.W. King R.A.W. Haddon E.S. Husebye 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1975,10(2):103-127
The results of a theoretical study of the interpretation of precursors to PP (Δ ～ 100°) in terms of scattering by small-scale random irregularities in the crust and uppermost mantle are presented. These results are compared with observational data from two nuclear explosions recorded at the Warramunga array and three earthquakes recorded at the NORSAR array. This comparison reveals that the scattering interpretation offers a plausible and adequate explanation of the detailed observational data, namely: onset times, duration, slowness, azimuth and amplitude variations. The scattering interpretation of PP precursors, along with a similar interpretation of precursors to PKPPKP, removes the need for postulating several sharp-reflecting discontinuities in the uppermost few hundred kilometers of the crust and upper mantle. 相似文献
9.
Sedat İnan Kadriye Ertekin Cemil Seyis Şakir Şimşek Furkan Kulak Aynur Dikbaş Onur Tan Semih Ergintav Rahşan Çakmak Ahmet Yörük Muhiddin Çergel Hakan Yakan Hüseyin Karakuş Ruhi Saatçilar Zafer Akçiğ Yıldız İravul Bekir Tüzel 《Acta Geophysica》2010,58(5):767-813
Warm and hot spring water as well as soil gas radon release patterns have been monitored in the Aegean Extensional Province of Western Turkey, alongside regional seismic events, providing a multi-disciplinary approach. In the study period of 20 months, seven moderate earthquakes with M L between 4.0 and 4.7 occurred in this seismically very active region; two earthquakes with magnitude 5.0 also occurred near the study area. Seismic monitoring showed no foreshock activity. By contrast, hydro-geochemical anomalies were found prior to these seismic events, each lasting for weeks. The anomalies occurred foremost in conjunction with dip-slip events and seem to support the dilatancy and water diffusion hypothesis. Increased soil gas radon release was recorded before earthquakes associated with strike-slip faults, but no soil radon anomalies were seen before earthquakes associated with dip-slip faults. Geochemical anomalies were also noticeably absent at some springs throughout the postulated deformation zones of impending earthquakes. The reason for this discrepancy might be due to stress/strain anisotropies. 相似文献
10.
The aim of this study is to create alternative approaches to predict human response to ground vibration.Site measurements were conducted in an urban quarry.The multiple discriminant analysis technique was used to develop classification models.The measured ground vibration values were grouped based on the limit values appearing in the literature.Two classification models were created to predict human response to ground vibration.In addition,classical predictor equations were developed to compare to the classification models.The best equations were chosen considering several error measures.All the models were tested on the independent data.The prediction accuracy of the discriminant analysis models is quite promising.Nearly eighty-nine percent of the test data were correctly classified.The classification models have a combined structure.The results of the models can be directly presented to the neighbors of the studied quarry.The models are not complex.They do not require additional software or information to practice and can be easily used by site engineers. 相似文献
11.
S. E. Serrano T. E. Unny 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1987,1(4):281-296
Two methods for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE) for the general case of random in time physical parameters are presented and their application to the solution of unsteady regional groundwater flow equations are illustrated. The first method is the semigroup approach which directly offers a solution without resorting to closure approximations (hierarchy techniques), perturbation techniques, or Montecarlo simulation techniques. The semigroup approach can also handle the general stochastic problem when randomness also appears as initial conditions, boundary conditions or forcing terms. The second method is an approximation scheme to obtain the semigroup solution in complex cases and permits the solution of equations with more than one random coefficient. 相似文献
12.
David A Williams 《Astronomy& Geophysics》2000,41(3):3.08-3.16
An account of the RAS Presidential Address of 11 February 2000, given by David A Williams , Perren Professor of Astronomy, University College London. 相似文献
13.
位场数据曲化平是位场数据处理解释中的重要运算,但是它的计算量和计算的复杂性影响了它在许多处理和解释方法技术中的应用.本文提出一种位场数据曲化平的迭代方法,即通过把位场数据曲化平视为平面位场数据向上延拓的反问题,得到曲化平的线性积分方程,再把曲面上位场数据视为曲面平均高程面上的位场数据,利用向下延拓的波数域广义逆算法把平均高程面上的位场数据向下延拓到设定平面上,再根据曲面和其平均高程面的相对起伏对设定平面上的向下延拓数据进行起伏校正,最后再把所得平面上的位场数据向上延拓得到曲面上的位场数据,并进行迭代.把这种方法用于三维理论模型数据和实际磁场数据的曲化平处理均获得了理想的结果. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(15):1339-1350
The interaction between the ionized and neutral components of the upper atmosphere (ion drag, air drag) is not limited to the large-scale motions, but it works also among the small-scale motions. This is demonstrated by neutral density depletions (NDD) revealed by us in the neutral density measurements of great time resolution of the San Marco V satellite. The morphological and statistical investigations indicate that NDDs and plasma bubbles have similar characteristics. On the other hand, according to modelling, depletions of the total neutral density discovered by us below a height of about 350 km (collision-dominated case) in the vicinity of the equator might be really due to equatorial plasma bubbles. The relation of the NDDs to plasma bubbles (ion density depletions) is studied partly by direct comparison and modelling, partly indirectly by the distribution of the occurrence of NDDs according to local solar time, to season, to height and to longitude. All of them are arguing in favour of the plasma bubble origin of the NDDs. 相似文献
15.
Mehdi Eshagh 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(9):2391-2406
Subcrustal stress induced by mantle convection can be determined by the Earth’s gravitational potential. In this study, the spherical harmonic expansion of the simplified Navier–Stokes equation is developed further so satellite gradiometry data (SGD) can be used to determine the subcrustal stress. To do so, we present two methods for producing the stress components or an equivalent function thereof, the so-called S function, from which the stress components can be computed numerically. First, some integral estimators are presented to integrate the SGD and deliver the stress components and/or the S function. Second, integral equations are constructed for inversion of the SGD to the aforementioned quantities. The kernel functions of the integrals of both approaches are plotted and interpreted. The behaviour of the integral kernels is dependent on the signal and noise spectra in the first approach whilst it does not depend on extra information in the second method. It is shown that recovering the stress from the vertical–vertical gradients, using the integral estimators presented, is suitable, but when using the integral equations the vertical–vertical gradients are recommended for recovering the S function and the vertical–horizontal gradients for the stress components. This study is theoretical and numerical results using synthetic or real data are not given. 相似文献
16.
Wm. Alexander Osborne Rebecca A. Hodge Gordon D. Love Peter Hawkin Ruth E. Hawkin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(13):2656-2670
The passive, ambient sound above the water from a river has previously untapped potential for determining flow characteristics such as stage. Measuring sub-aerial sound could provide a new, efficient way to continuously monitor river stage, without the need for in-stream infrastructure. Previous published work has suggested that there might be a relationship between sound and river stage, but the analysis has been restricted to a narrow range of flow conditions and river morphologies. We present a method to determine site suitability and the process of how to record and analyse sound. Data collected along a 500 m length of the River Washburn during July 2019 is used to determine what makes a site suitable for sound monitoring. We found that sound is controlled by roughness elements in the channel, such as a boulder or weir, which influences the sound produced. On the basis of these findings, we collect audio recordings from six sites around the northeast of England, covering a range of flow conditions and different roughness elements, since 2019. We use data from those sites collected during storms Ciara and Dennis to produce a relationship between this sound and river stage. Our analysis has shown a positive relationship between an R2 of 0.73 and 0.99 in all rivers, but requires careful site selection and data processing to achieve the best results. We introduce a filter that is capable of isolating a river's sound from other environmental sound. Future work in examining the role of these roughness elements is required to understand the full extent of this technique. By demonstrating that sound can operate as a hydrometric tool, we suggest that sound monitoring could be used to provide cost-effective monitoring devices, either to detect relative change in a river or, after more research, a reliable stage measurement. 相似文献
17.
Charles J. Newell David T. Adamson Poonam R. Kulkarni Blossom N. Nzeribe John A. Connor Jovan Popovic Hans F. Stroo 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2021,41(4):76-89
Sites impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose significant challenges to investigation and remediation, including very low cleanup objectives, limited information on natural PFAS degradation processes in the subsurface, and the apparent mobility and persistence of PFAS. Consequently, monitored natural attenuation (MNA) may be considered less applicable to PFAS compared to biodegradable classes of chemicals such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents that can completely biodegrade to innocuous end products. However, MNA has proven effective for certain non-degrading metals, metalloids, and radionuclides (e.g., chromium, arsenic, and uranium). To assess the applicability of MNA to PFAS, this paper reviews the fate and transport properties of PFAS in conjunction with the various physiochemical factors that control the subsurface movement of chemicals. This analysis demonstrates that two important retention processes: (1) chemical retention in the form of PFAS precursors, and (2) geochemical retention in the form of sorption and matrix diffusion to mitigate the movement and potential impacts of PFAS in groundwater that may form the scientific basis for applying MNA to PFAS contamination. This paper describes the scientific and regulatory basis for using MNA to manage PFAS-impacted groundwater. 相似文献
18.
Drift-sensitive non-structural damage to masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames designed to Eurocode 8 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Felice Colangelo 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2013,11(6):2151-2176
Post-earthquake surveys indicate that losses come from non-structural damage more than from structural damage. Current performance-based design would prevent excessive non-structural damage as well, but the effectiveness of relevant code provisions has not been assessed in depth. This study investigates the drift-sensitive non-structural damage to reinforced concrete frame buildings complying with the European seismic code. Damage to non-structural unreinforced masonry infill walls in contact with the frame is quantified in terms of numerical fragility curves with the same quantities considered in the design: the peak ground acceleration measures the seismic intensity; the peak value of the interstorey drift ratio is the damage index. The methodology for the fragility computation is described in detail. Peculiar is the use of probabilistic parameters of the drift capacity coupled to the fuzziness in the damage state. The drift demand is estimated by member-by-member modelling of typical frame structures and non-linear time–history analyses under spectrum-compatible artificial accelerograms. The kind of the infills and their modelling, the number of storeys, the ground type, and the ductility class are covered. Modelling the infills results to be essential. Any code-compliant verification is on the safe side, but the margin appears to be inconsistent among the frames under consideration. Furthermore, there is one case where occupancy appears to be not ensured despite the code verification is satisfied. The effect of the number of storeys may be misrepresented. The ductility class may be unimportant, however the damage seems to be correlated with the likely strength. 相似文献
19.
The word geoid appeared for the first time in 1873 in a work by Listing, at a time when an increasing number of measurements of meridian arcs were made, in order to determine the figure of the Earth.From that time, the mathematical methods (least squares, inverse methods ...) and the observation and modelling methods (collecting data, precision ...) have made concurrently great progress. Owing to these advances, the geometric method first, and the dynamic method next were developed by geodesy for the computation of the geoid. In particular, the increasing of data brought by satellites since the 60's led to a detailed knowledge of the geoid.The determination of the geoid is, for geodesy, a goal in itself. The geophysical viewpoint is to study the inner structure and the internal dynamics of the Earth, by the interpretation of the shape of the geoid and its anomalies. The two approaches are complementary to one another and react one on the other: from geodesy to geophysics and from geophysics to geodesy.
The geoid has three advantages that can be stated in a few words each, although the third advantage brings in a complex subject. They are: first, the advantage of thinking in terms of small numbers; second, the fact that we know or can know directly the form of the geoid as a physical reality over much of the earth's surface; third, the geophysical implications of a knowledge of the geoid.
Walter D. Lambert, 1961 相似文献
20.
E. M. Abdelrahman T. M. El-Araby K. S. Soliman K. S. Essa E. R. Abo-Ezz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(5):1045-1056
We have developed three different least-squares approaches to determine successively: the depth, magnetic angle, and amplitude
coefficient of a buried sphere from a total magnetic anomaly. By defining the anomaly value at the origin and the nearest
zero-anomaly distance from the origin on the profile, the problem of depth determination is transformed into the problem of
finding a solution of a nonlinear equation of the form f(z)=0. Knowing the depth and applying the least-squares method, the magnetic angle and amplitude coefficient are determined
using two simple linear equations. In this way, the depth, magnetic angle, and amplitude coefficient are determined individually
from all observed total magnetic data. The method is applied to synthetic examples with and without random errors and tested
on a field example from Senegal, West Africa. In all cases, the depth solutions are in good agreement with the actual ones. 相似文献