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1.
亚——非季风区非绝热加热与夏季环流关系的诊断研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于热力适应理论,本文利用 ＮＣＥＰ／ ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料对撒哈拉沙漠、青藏高原和孟加拉湾地区的非绝热加热与夏季环流进行了诊断研究。在非洲撒哈拉沙漠地区,以感热输送为主的加热仅局限于近地面层,边界层以上的大气则以辐射冷却占优势。因而除了边界层内存在着浅薄的正涡度和微弱的上升运动以外,整个对流层几乎都维持负涡度并盛行下沉运动。对于青藏高原地区,强大的表面感热通量引起的垂直扩散是近地面大气加热的主要分量,与大尺度上升运动相关的凝结潜热对低层大气的加热也有一定的贡献。长波辐射造成的对流层中、上层大气的冷却则主要由深对流潜热释放来补偿。夏季高原地区总非绝热加热是正值,且最大加热率出现在边界层内。低空大气辐合产生正涡度,而中、高层大气辐散伴有较强的负涡度。因而高原盛行上升运动,最大上升运动位于近地面层。夏季孟加拉湾地区的深对流凝结潜热释放远大于长波辐的冷却作用,因而整个对流层几乎都保持较强的非绝热加热。４００ｈＰａ层附近的最大加热率引起３００－４００ｈＰａ最强的上升运动。对流层上层是负涡度区,而中、低层为正涡度区。结果还表明,垂直和水平辐散环流与大气的热源和热汇区密切相联：在高层,辐散气流从热源区流向热汇区;在低层则相 相似文献
2.
Utilizing data from NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis, the summertime atmospheric diabatic heating due to different physical processes
is investigated over the Sahara desert, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Bay of Bengal. Atmospheric circulation systems in summer
over these three areas are also studied. Thermal adaptation theory is employed to explain the relationship between the circulation
and the atmospheric diabatic heating.
Over the Sahara desert, heating resulting from the surface sensible heat flux dominates the near-surface layer, while radiative
cooling is dominant upward from the boundary layer. There is positive vorticity in the shallow boundary layer and negative
vorticity in the middle and upper troposphere. Downward motion prevails over the Sahara desert, except in the shallow near—surface
layer where weak ascent exists in summer. Over the Tibetan Plateau, strong vertical diffusion resulting from intense surface
sensible heat flux to the overlying atmosphere contributes most to the boundary layer heating, condensation associated with
large—scale ascent is another contributor to the lower layer heating. Latent heat release accompanying deep convection is
critical in offsetting longwave radiative cooling in the middle and upper troposphere. The overall diabatic heating is positive
in the whole troposphere in summer, with the most intense heating located in the boundary layer. Convergence and positive
vorticity occur in the shallow near—surface layer and divergence and negative vorticity exist deeply in the middle and upper
troposphere. Accordingly, upward motion prevails over the Plateau in summer, with the most intense rising occurring near the
ground surface. Over the Bay of Bengal, summertime latent heat release associated with deep convection exceeds longwave radiative
cooling, resulting in intense heating in almost the whole troposphere. The strongest heating over the Bay of Bengal is located
around 400 hPa, resulting in the most intense rising occurring between 300 hPa and 400 hPa, and producing positive vorticity
in the lower troposphere and negative vorticity in the upper troposphere. It is also shown that the divergent circulation
is from a heat source region to a sink region in the upper troposphere and vice versa in lower layers.
This work was jointly supported by “ National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences” G1998040904 by NSFC projects 49805003,
49635170, 49823002, and 49825504. 相似文献
3.
我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
利用HEIFE地面辐射平衡观测资料和同期NOAA-11/AVHRR卫星遥感资料定量估算春季我国西北大气沙尘的辐射效应。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面,对地-气系统和大气的辐射效应均与地表反照率有关,严重浑浊的沙尘大气在沙漠为短波加热和长波冷却,在绿洲则相反,但净效应都是加热。文中给出了4月大气浑浊度系数约由0.1增大到0.6,在沙漠和绿洲上空沙尘层（850～600 hPa）内大气的附加短波、长波和净加热/冷却率。 相似文献
4.
本文利用约束变分客观分析法构建的物理协调大气变分客观分析模型,通过融合地面、探空、卫星等多源观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,建立了青藏高原那曲试验区5年（2013～2017年）长时间序列的热力、动力相协调的大气分析数据集,并以此分析那曲试验区大气的基本环境特征与云—降水演变和大气动力、热力的垂直结构。分析表明:（1）试验区350 hPa以上风速的季节变化非常明显,风速在冬季11月至次年2月达到最大（＞50 m s?1）,盛夏7～8月风速的垂直变化最弱,温度的垂直变化最强,大气高湿区在夏秋雨季位于350～550 hPa,在冬春干季升至300～400 hPa。（2）试验区6～7月上旬降水最多;春、秋、冬三季,300～400 hPa高度层作为大气上升运动和下沉运动的交界处,是云量的集中区;夏季,增多的水汽和增强的大气上升运动导致高云和总云量明显增多,中、低云减少。（3）夏季的地表潜热通量与大气总的潜热释放最强,大气净辐射冷却最弱,高原地区较强的地面感热导致试验区500 hPa以下的近地面全年存在暖平流,500 hPa以上则由于强烈的西风和辐射冷却存在冷平流。此外,试验区整层大气全年以干平流为主,但在夏季出现了较弱的湿平流。（4）视热源Q1具有明显的垂直分层特征:全年500 hPa以下大气表现为冷源,300～500 hPa和100～150 hPa表现为热源,150～300 hPa则在冬春干季表现为冷源,在夏秋雨季表现为热源,不同高度层的冷、热源的形成原因不同,其中夏季由于增强的上升运动、感热垂直输送和水汽凝结潜热以及高云的形成,因此几乎整层大气表现为热源。 相似文献
5.
夏季我国干旱、半干旱区陆面过程能量平衡及其局地大气环流 总被引：28，自引：10，他引：18
利用NCEP资料分析得出,夏季我国干旱,半干旱区在整个欧亚大陆上是陆面感热通量最强的地方,与此对应的陆面潜热通量则最弱.陆面所接收的太阳短波辐射主要以感热和长波辐射的能量形式释放.该区降水量很少,降水量的年际变率也很弱;因此,该区的陆面热量通量都显出很弱的年际变率;然而,这些通量的年代际变率信号则比较显著.我国干旱、半干旱区大气环流的热力过程与其陆面过程特征密切相关.该区对流层大气的辐射冷却很强,达-3 K d-1.由于缺乏水汽和上升运动,大尺度凝结加热率、深对流加热率、浅对流加热率都非常弱.因此,600hPa以上的大气以绝热下沉加热来平衡辐射冷却;600hPa以下,陆面感热引起的垂直扩散加热率非常强,多达8 K d-1,它除了平衡辐射冷却以外还制造对流层低层的对流运动,以绝热上升冷却来平衡多余的垂直扩散加热.总之,我国干旱、半干旱区的陆面过程特征决定了该区大气运动的特殊垂直结构,即对流层低层对流上升运动及其上层的下沉运动.我国干旱、半干旱区陆面能量平衡及其局地大气环流的年代际变率,是全球气候系统年代际变率的必然结果. 相似文献
6.
中国沙漠沙尘气溶胶对沙漠源区及北太平洋地区大气辐射加热的影响 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
针对2001年春季中国沙漠和北太平洋上空沙尘气溶胶的空间分布情况,利用辐射传输模式,分别计算了沙尘气溶胶对沙漠和海洋大气的辐射加热（冷却）率,并讨论了低云、中云、高云对辐射加热率的影响。结果表明:春季,位于中国沙漠和太平洋上空的沙尘层对大气具有明显的加热作用。当沙漠上空光学厚度为1.0,海洋上空光学厚度为0.3时,取春季平均太阳高度角,沙尘层对应的净辐射加热率分别为2.8 K/d和0.4 K/d。由于WMO推荐的沙尘模型比东亚沙尘模型对太阳辐射吸收强,采用该模型计算得到的中国沙漠和海洋上空的加热率比采用东亚沙尘模型分别高1.5 K/d和0.2 K/d。沙尘对大气的加热率很大程度上依赖于沙尘的大气载荷。这种依赖性首先受太阳高度角的影响, 其次也受地表反照率的影响。云对沙尘层辐射加热（冷却）率的影响与云的高度和厚度有关。低云能够加热沙漠和海洋上空的沙尘大气,冷却地面和洋面。中、高云冷却沙漠上空的沙尘层。在海洋上空,中云对云层以上的沙尘层有加热作用,对云层以下的沙尘层有冷却作用。高云对海洋上空沙尘层的辐射加热（冷却）率的影响比较小,加热还是冷却,取决于云的厚度,当云层较薄时,加热沙尘层,而当云层较厚的时候,有可能冷却沙尘层。 相似文献
7.
对大气环流模式PIAP3进行了30 a季节运行, 对其物理过程的温度调整倾向进行了系统分析, 研究发现:大气总辐射效应以冷却为主, 长波辐射温度倾向与温度本身具有负反馈关系, 与云量有正反馈关系。太阳短波辐射加热倾向直接反映了太阳直射点冬夏的季节转换;深厚对流和大尺度降水, 作为大气的重要加热机制, 是辐射冷却的重要平衡因子, 两者地域互补, 前者加热热带深厚大气, 后者主要加热中高纬对流层中低层大气。干、湿对流是低层大气热力混合的有效机制, 分别完成北半球中高纬和热带地区的低层热力混合, 两者共同作用消除不稳定。垂直涡旋扩散与浅积云对流对低层大气形成热量传输的互补匹配, 两者分别实现陆面和海面低层大气热量的有效传输混合, 并共同构成下垫面边界层和自由大气间的有效垂直传输机制。浅对流活跃区处于强盛深厚对流区的下游方向, 大尺度层结降水有利于浅积云的发展。物理过程净温度调整是各过程调整平衡的结果, 除赤道南北两侧的热带地区存在两个深厚的温度调整柱外, 边界层以上的整个对流层主体均以降温为主, 而边界层以下则以加热为主。 相似文献
8.
Four months of eddy correlation data collected over a grass field and a nearby sage brush community are analyzed to examine
the adjustment of the boundary-layer structure as it flows from the heated brush to the snow-covered grass. The grass site
includes a 34-m tower with seven levels of eddy correlation data. The midday heat flux over the snow-covered grass and bare
ground surfaces is often downward particularly with melting conditions, while the corresponding heat flux over the brush is
almost always upward. For most of these cases, a stable internal boundary layer over the snow is well defined in terms of
vertical profiles of the buoyancy flux over the snow-covered grass. The stable internal boundary layer is generally embedded
within a deeper layer of flux divergence corresponding to increasing upward heat flux with height above the internal boundary
layer. With thin snow cover, the surface heat flux over the grass is weak upward due to heating of grass protruding above
the snow so that the flow adjusts to a decrease of the upward surface heat flux in the downwind direction. This common case
of an adjusting boundary layer contrasts with the formation of an internal boundary layer due to a change of sign of the surface
heat in flux the downwind direction. The adjustment of the boundary layer to the decrease of the surface heat flux leads to
vertical divergence of the upward heat flux in contrast to the usual heated boundary layer over homogeneous surfaces. The
consequences of the cooling due to the vertical divergence of the heat flux are discussed in terms of the heat budget of the
adjusting and internal boundary layers. 相似文献
9.
This paper analyzes trends of temperatures over Africa and seeks to quantify the most significant processes. Observations of air temperature reveal significant warming trends in the 925–600 hPa layer over tropical west Africa and the east Atlantic. This is related to the influence of desert dust and biomass burning emissions on the atmospheric energy budget. We calculate a net radiative absorption of ～??20 W m???2. The southern (northern) plume is rich in short-lived greenhouse gases (dust aerosols), and the atmospheric response, according to a simplified radiative transfer model, is a >3°C heating of the 2–4 km layer. The observed pattern of warming coincides with a mixture of dust, black carbon and short-lived greenhouse gases in space, time and height. Physical forcing provides a secondary source of regional warming, with sinking motions over the Sahel. The elevated warm layer stabilizes the lower atmosphere over and west of Africa, so drying trends may be anticipated. 相似文献
10.
The Largest longitudinal heating gradients in the tropics exist between the African desert and Asian convective regions during summer once the South Asian monsoon is established. The heating gradients are anchored by the la-tent heat release and net radiative flux convergence over the monsoon region, and by the dominant net radiative flux divergence over the desert.An apparent relationship is found between the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation and the longitudinal healing gradients mentioned, in addition to the latitudinal heating gradients cross the monsoon region. The monsoon circulation measured in terms of the zonal wind component is stronger when the longitudinal heating gradients are large, and vice versa. Thus, we claim that the longitudinal heating gradient may be another important factor which influences the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation. There is little evidence that the interannual variability of the longitudinal heating gradients between Africa and Asia and, thus, the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon circulation, is a strong function of the El Nino / Southern Oscillation cycle. 相似文献
11.
一次深厚浓雾过程的边界层特征和生消物理机制 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
2007年12月13-14日,南京出现一次厚度达600 m、持续近14 h的浓雾过程,其中强浓雾阶段维持4 h.通过系留气球边界层探测系统、涡动协方差测量系统、雾滴尺度分布和自动气象站等外场试验资料分析了此次深厚浓雾过程的边界层结构特征和生消物理机制.结果表明,此次雾过程首先由地面辐射冷却形成贴地雾层,而后因低空平流冷却形成低云.在发展阶段,伴随低云不断下伸,贴地雾层不断抬升.在贴地雾层受到地面弱冷空气平流降温影响下,雾中微物理过程迅速发展,雾滴数密度、含水量、平均直径、最大直径等微物理参数在15 min内跃增,雾体爆发性升高,最终导致地面雾和低云上下贯通形成深厚雾层,地面能见度骤降至15 m以下.雾体爆发性增强时,地面垂直动量通量和向下长波辐射通量密度增大,净辐射趋于零.整个雾过程中,由于贴地层持续弱冷平流降温和上层雾阻碍了下层雾的辐射降温,二者的共同作用使贴地强逆温结构始终维持. 相似文献
12.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ON THE CLIMATE* 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Qian Yong fu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1993,7(3):303-315
The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climate model.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably when the aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of the model.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reaching the ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increase because of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures at all isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level are directly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influenced by the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circulations appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels in the horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changes in precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundary aerosols are also discussed in this paper. 相似文献
13.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ON THE CLIMATE 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 钱永甫 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1993,(3)
The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climatemodel.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably whenthe aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of themodel.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reachingthe ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increasesbecause of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures atall isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level aredirectly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influencedby the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circula-tions appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels inthe horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changesin precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundaryaerosols are also discussed in this paper. 相似文献
14.
南海夏季风爆发前后低纬大气环流突变特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
利用1982～1996年15年平均的NCEP再分析资料,研究南海夏季风爆发前后低纬大气环流的突变特征。结果表明,东南亚地区对流层中上层厚度（温度）场、高低风场和大气层顶净辐射加热率（QRT）都有突变发生。海温场的变化相对其他要素较为缓慢,但也存在明显的转折点。QRT突变最早,其次是海温场变化出现明显转折,再是厚度（温度）场、低层风场突变,高层风场的突变最迟;低层风场突变最快,其次是厚度（温度）场,最后是QRT和高层风场。南海地区的降水,水汽场的突变发生在南海夏季风爆发前,而且突变较快。 相似文献
15.
The influence of low surface roughness of deserts on the July circulation is examined by employing numerical simulations with a GLAS GCM. Two identical sets of simulations were made with the model starting from the initial state of the atmosphere based on the NMC analysis of observations for June 15, at OOZ for the years 1979 and 1980. The first set, called the Control, had land surface roughness set to 45 cm, everywhere. The second set called the Experiment, had surface roughness set to 0.02 cm for deserts, but 45 cm everywhere else on land. All other prescribed boundary conditions were the same in both runs.A comparative analysis of these simulations showed that the rainfall in the Sahara desert was reduced significantly in both Experiments as compared to the corresponding Controls; the ITCZ (inter-tropical convergence zone) moved southward, to about 14° N, which is close to its observed location at about 10° N. This was primarily caused by the relative moisture divergence from the smoother Sahara. In other deserts, which anyway had little rainfall in the July simulation of the Control run, there was virtually no change. The differences in regional heat and moisture budgets, particularly for the Sahara desert, are significant as compared to the sample standard deviation for a set of three July simulations (i.e., Control runs for three different initial conditions). In a third simulation, in which the surface roughness was changed over all land, similar results were obtained in the Sahara desert region.The study reveals the influence of low surface-roughness of deserts on the July rainfall. For the Sahara desert, this influence is comparable to that of an increase in surface albedo. In nature, formation of deserts leads to reduction of surface roughness as the vegetation perishes and soil erosion ensues. It is inferred that the smoothness of land then causes reduction in rainfall and further promotes desertification.Sigma Data Services through contract # NASA 25900. 相似文献
16.
17.
使用WRF中尺度数值模式, 分别选用两种不同的边界层参数化方案 (MYJ, YSU) 和3种陆面参数化方案 (SLAB, Noah, RUC), 对2004年7月1日08:00—7月4日20:00 (北京时) 北京地区夏季边界层结构进行1 km的高分辨模拟。对比分析了近地面层风场、温度场以及边界层的日变化特征, 结果发现:WRF模式基本模拟出了北京夏季边界层的日变化特征; 在边界层方案中, MYJ方案描述的边界层结构较YSU方案合理; Noah陆面模式较好地反映了城市的热岛效应; 无降水时, 风速及边界层高度对于陆面过程不敏感, 而降水发生后, 陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大; 各方案模拟的城区风速明显偏大, 这是因为没有充分考虑城市建筑物的阻力作用。 相似文献
18.
C. Lavaysse C. Flamant S. Janicot D. J. Parker J.-P. Lafore B. Sultan J. Pelon 《Climate Dynamics》2009,33(2-3):313-330
The West African heat low (WAHL), a region of high surface temperatures and low surface pressures, is a key element of the West African monsoon system. In this study, we propose a method to detect the WAHL in order to monitor its climatological seasonal displacement over West Africa during the period 1979–2001, using the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-40 reanalyses. The low-level atmospheric thickness (LLAT), a variable defined as the difference of geopotential heights at 700 and 925 hPa, is used to detect the dilatation of these levels generated by an increase of the temperature. We define grid points with 10% highest values of the LLAT as the WAHL. We show that our method reliably positions the WAHL over areas of high surface temperatures and low surface pressures, and that it is effective at detecting heat lows. In the course of the year, the climatological WAHL is shown to migrate north-westward from a position south of the Darfur mountains in the winter (November–March) to a location over the Sahara, between the Hoggar and the Atlas mountains, during the summer (June–September). The temperature tendency equation is used to investigate the processes controlling the displacement of the WAHL, and more particularly the heating at low levels. The specific period of the onset of the WAHL in its summer location over the Sahara (referred to as the Saharan heat low -SHL- onset) is also analysed during the 1984–2001 period, using complementary brightness temperature data from the European Union-funded Cloud Archive User Service (CLAUS). The climatological onset of the SHL occurs around 20 June, i.e. just before the climatological monsoon onset date. The present study suggests that the onset of the WAHL occurs approximately 5 days before the monsoon onset for the 1984–2001 period. This is confirmed independently by comparing the SHL onset date and the monsoon onset date for the 1984–2001 period. The seasonal evolution of the WAHL for the year 2006 (the year of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis project Special Observation Period) is analysed and compared with the climatological results. The operational ECMWF analyses were used for that purpose. Except in April, the spatial distribution of the WAHL remains relatively unchanged and agrees with the climatology. The onset of the SHL in 2006 occurs on 18 June, which is close to the climatological date, in spite of the delay in the onset of the rainy season in Sahel. 相似文献
19.
In spring over the southern Bay of Bengal (BOB), a vortex commonly develops, followed by the Asian summer monsoon onset. An analysis of relevant data and a case study reveals that the BOB monsoon onset vortex is formed as a consequence of air–sea interaction over BOB, which is modulated by Tibetan Plateau forcing and the land–sea thermal contrast over the South Asian area during the spring season. Tibetan Plateau forcing in spring generates a prevailing cold northwesterly over India in the lower troposphere. Strong surface sensible heating is then released, forming a prominent surface cyclone with a strong southwesterly along the coastal ocean in northwestern BOB. This southwesterly induces a local offshore current and upwelling, resulting in cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The southwesterly, together with the near-equatorial westerly, also results in a surface anticyclone with descending air over most of BOB and a cyclone with ascending air over the southern part of BOB. In the eastern part of central BOB, where sky is clear, surface wind is weak, and ocean mixed layer is shallow, intense solar radiation and low energy loss due to weak surface latent and sensible heat fluxes act onto a thin ocean layer, resulting in the development of a unique BOB warm pool in spring. Near the surface, water vapor is transferred from northern BOB and other regions to southeastern BOB, where surface sensible heating is relatively high. The atmospheric available potential energy is generated and converted to kinetic energy, thereby resulting in vortex formation. The vortex then intensifies and moves northward, where SST is higher and surface sensible heating is stronger. Meanwhile, the zonal-mean kinetic energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy in the area east of the vortex, and the vortex turns eastward. Eventually, southwesterly sweeps over eastern BOB and merges with the subtropical westerly, leading to the onset of the Asian summer monsoon. 相似文献
20.
Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall.While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies,the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform,constant,large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity.The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate.Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions,whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions,which is,in turn,offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions.The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions. 相似文献