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1.
岩石变形破坏过程中渗透率演化规律的试验研究 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
利用伺服试验机对灰岩和砂岩进行了应力应变全过程渗透性试验,研究了岩样变形和破坏过程中的轴向应变与渗透率之间的关系,分析了岩样环向应变对渗透率的影响规律,探讨了岩样变形破坏前后渗透压差随时间的变化关系。结果表明,岩样渗透率与应力状态密切相关,渗透率的峰值滞后或超前于应力应变峰值,这与岩石介质本身的特性有关;渗透率-环向应变曲线与渗透率-轴向应变曲线有相同的变化趋势,但岩石环向变形比轴向变形更能灵敏地反映渗透率的演化规律;岩样变形破坏峰值前后的渗透压差与时间均遵循负指数关系。最后对岩石变形破坏过程中的渗透机理作了讨论。 相似文献
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岩石脆性临界破坏的波速特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据岩石加载破坏过程中应力-应变和波速-应变曲线所反映的的波速变化特征,研究了岩石声波传播速度与其加载变形过程的相关性。研究表明:岩石破裂前波速及特征参数随着变形破坏阶段变化会有显著改变,特别是应力水平到达70%80%之后,当加载破坏过程中岩石的裂隙大量增加后波速参数出现突变。这是由于在膨胀点附近岩石中微裂隙迅速丛集式增长,改变了岩石内部的微观结构,导致岩石波速降低。伴随着波速降低,波速走时急剧增大,离散度增大;S波和P波的振幅减小,但其振幅比急剧增大;S波、P的波Q值也会出现突变。通过对岩石加载过程中的波速变化与应力-应变曲线之间的关联性分析,利用波速信息变化可以实现对岩石脆性破裂前兆的识别。 相似文献
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脆性岩石侧向变形特征及损伤机理研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
进行了三峡花岗岩常规三轴压缩、保持轴向应变和保持轴向应力的卸围压试验,研究了脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下的侧向变形特征,可见临界侧向应变均稳定在（?0.004 ? 0.000 5）范围内。进一步进行三峡花岗岩的全过程应力-应变曲线和损伤力学分析,发现脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下均以侧向损伤为主,且侧向损伤曲线的形态近似,达到临界破坏状态时损伤值稳定在0.7?0.8左右。最后以侧向损伤变量表征花岗岩脆性破坏过程,建立了基于应变空间的、可以考虑卸荷应力路径的损伤模型和应变型破坏准则。 相似文献
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脆性岩石破坏的能量跌落系数研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从能量角度出发,分析了脆性岩石的整个变形破坏过程。列举出岩石破坏过程的各种能量类型并对其分类,通过分析机械能和热能在岩石破坏过程中的不同影响,提出了用能量法分析岩石破坏过程必须区分热能与机械能。根据循环加、卸载曲线讨论了在岩石变形破坏的不同阶段输入的机械能?W与可释放应变能增量e?U以及耗散能增量d?U之间的关系及变化规律。分析了应力脆性跌落系数存在的不足,提出了一个新的表征岩石破坏的参量,即脆性岩石的能量跌落系数。对不同围压下大理岩和花岗岩破坏过程的应力-应变曲线分析计算,得到了能量跌落系数与围压的关系,以及损伤程度和泊松比对其影响。并通过与现有的应力脆性跌落系数进行对比,说明了本模型的合理性,并认为用其描述岩石的脆性程度在更广泛的围压条件下的适用性。 相似文献
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为了揭示岩石变形的破坏机理以及岩石材料产生损伤的本质原因,文章对岩石材料变形规律和力学特性进行分析后,再以损伤变量作为影响岩石变形和力学性能变化的内变量,采用能量原理、有效应力原理和统计损伤理论构建了一种基于弹性能释放率的新型岩石统计损伤本构模型。该损伤模型进一步完善了岩石损伤本构模型的理论体系,弥补了传统损伤模型无法合理解释引发岩石破坏原因的不足。利用岩石试验数据对损伤模型的参数进行确定,并将损伤演化模型代入弹性能-应变模型中,分析在加载过程中岩石弹性能变化的规律。结果表明:模型曲线与试验曲线在峰前变形阶段几乎重合,说明损伤模型可以很好地反映岩石的变形特性;在初始加载阶段,岩石的损伤变量随着轴向应变的增大而增大,说明在荷载作用下,岩石内部裂隙逐渐发展发育,使得岩石材料的损伤逐步积累;在围压达到10 MPa以上时,损伤-应变曲线基本重合。同时,在初始加载时刻,损伤-应变曲线增长率急剧上升,大约在岩石应变为0.01%时,损伤-应变曲线趋于平稳变化状态;且由于岩石在峰值应力点附近损伤迅速累积,进而使得损伤变量在数值上快速增大到1,这说明了围压的增大使得岩石破坏极限得到显著的提升。 相似文献
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高渗透压对深部地下工程脆性岩石蠕变力学特性有着重要影响。然而,能够解释高渗透压作用脆性岩石完整减速、稳态及加速三级蠕变过程中,细观裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型研究很少。基于考虑含有初始裂纹与新生成翼型裂纹影响的裂纹尖端应力强度模型,引入渗透水压与初始裂纹及新生成翼型裂纹之间的力学关系,建立了考虑渗透水压作用的裂纹尖端应力强度模型;然后结合亚临界裂纹扩展法则,与裂纹及应变损伤关系模型,推出了考虑渗透水压影响的脆性岩石蠕变裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型。当施加轴向应力小于岩石裂纹启裂应力时,岩石近似表现为线弹性变形;当施加轴向应力大于裂纹启裂应力且小于岩石峰值强度,岩石表现为塑性蠕变变形。研究了不同渗透压作用下,分级轴向应力加载岩石蠕变应变时间演化曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性。分别讨论了恒定渗透压与分级渗透压,对脆性岩石蠕变过程中裂纹长度、裂纹扩展速率、轴向应变及轴向应变率的影响。该模型为高渗透压深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了重要理论依据。 相似文献
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煤层底板变形破坏除受地质因素控制外,还受开采因素影响。通过试验和理论分析,系统研究了煤炭开采对回采工作面底板应力、应变和破坏及渗透性的影响。研究结果表明,不同岩性岩石的渗透性在全应力-应变过程中为应变的函数,在微裂隙闭合和弹性变形阶段,岩石的原生孔隙和裂隙容易被压密,岩石的渗透率随应力的增加由大变小明显,当应力增大至极限强度时岩石试件破坏形成贯穿裂隙,岩石的渗透率迅速增大至最大,不同岩性岩石存在一定差异性;随着回采工作面推进,煤层底板岩层在横向上划分为原岩应力区、超前压力压缩区、采动矿压直接破坏区和底板岩体应力恢复区4个区。煤层底板岩体的渗透性随着煤炭开采底板岩体变形破坏而呈规律性变化。 相似文献
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压缩作用下岩石内部细观裂纹扩展导致岩石产生损伤,其对岩石变形、强度等力学特性有着重要影响;然而,岩石内部裂纹扩展与剪切特性（黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力）动态演化关系很少被研究。基于裂纹扩展机制推出的岩石应力-应变本构模型,并结合摩尔-库仑失效准则,推出了在岩石应力-应变关系峰值应力（对应岩石压缩强度）状态时,本构模型细观力学参数与岩石黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切强度之间的状态关系。然后,引入岩石应力-应变本构关系塑性变形阶段服从摩尔-库仑屈服准则的力学流动规律,进而将已推出的应力-应变关系峰值状态点所满足的细观力学参数与黏聚力、内摩擦角关系,推广到岩石进入塑性变形后,岩石内部裂纹扩展（或应变）与黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力动态演化的理论关系。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力先增大,达到一个峰值点后减小,该结果与应力-应变本构曲线变化趋势相对应。通过试验结果验证了所提出理论结果的合理性。并讨论了初始裂纹之间摩擦系数对黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力随裂纹扩展或应变演化规律的影响。 相似文献
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应变率对红砂岩渐进破坏过程和特征应力的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了深入研究脆性岩石的渐进破坏过程,利用RMT-150C型岩石力学试验系统对产自鲁南地区的一种红砂岩进行了系统的力学性质试验研究,得出该类型砂岩试样在不同应变率条件下的力学表现。将试件的渐进破坏过程通过特征应力分为裂纹闭合阶段、线弹性变形阶段、裂纹起裂和稳定扩展阶段以及裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,通过对应力-应变曲线、轴向变形刚度、体积应变曲线和裂纹体积应变等数据的分析,以及采用动点回归技术确定了试样的起裂应力和致损应力,并进一步研究了该类红砂岩的渐进破坏过程及红砂岩峰值强度、起裂应力等参数和应变率之间的关系。试验结果表明,随着应变率的增加,红砂岩试样的峰值强度先降低后提高,起裂应力及致损应力与峰值强度的比值均有所降低。分析了红砂岩峰值强度变化的物理机制并给出了解释,研究了应变率对红砂岩渐进破坏过程的影响 相似文献
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Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
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Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
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Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
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Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献
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Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141
Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators. 相似文献
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东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
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The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献