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1.
This paper reports on the analysis of 24-h aerosol data measured during 2006, at 14 monitoring sites in China. Measurements included seven-wavelength Aethalometers, thermal/optical reflectance analyses of filter samples and determination of dust aerosols. Black (elemental) carbon (BC, EC) is found to be the principal light-absorbing aerosol over many parts of China; however, the fraction of apparent light absorption attributed to dust varied from 14% in winter, to 11% in spring, to 5% in summer to 9% in autumn. Aerosol light absorption in urban areas was larger than in rural areas by factors of 2.4 in winter, 3.1 in spring and 2.5 in both summer and autumn. These differences may lead to contrasts in radiative, thermal and cloud modification effects between urban and rural areas. Absorption 'hotspots' were located in the Sichuan Basin, the provinces south of Beijing, the Pearl Delta River regions and the Guanzhong Plain. The mass absorption coefficient for aerosol BC (σBC) based on Aethalometer data is estimated to be 11.7 m2 g−1 at 880 nm wavelength (λ) with inverse (λ−1) wavelength scaling, whereas the mass absorption coefficient for dust (σdust) is 1.3 m2 g−1 on average without significant wavelength dependence.  相似文献   

2.
The concentration of ice nuclei （IN） and the relationship with aerosol particles were measured and analyzed using three 5-L mixing cloud chambers and a static diffusion cloud chamber at three altitudes in the Huangshan Mountains in Southeast China from May to September 2011.The results showed that the mean total number concentration of IN on the highest peak of the Huangshan Mountains at an activation temperature （Ta） of-20℃C was 16.6 L-1.When the supersaturation with respect to water （Sw） and with respect to ice （Si） were set to 5％,the average number concentrations of IN measured at an activation temperature of-20℃C by the static diffusion cloud chamber were 0.89 and 0.105 L-1,respectively.A comparison of the concentrations of IN at three different altitudes showed that the concentration of IN at the foot of the mountains was higher than at the peak.A further calculation of the correlation between IN and the concentrations of aerosol particles of different size ranges showed that the IN concentration was well correlated with the concentration of aerosol particles in the size range of 1.2-20 μtm.It was also found that the IN concentration varied with meteorological conditions,such as wind speed,with higher IN concentrations often observed on days with strong wind.An analysis of the backward trajectories of air masses showed that low IN concentrations were often related to air masses travelling along southwest pathways,while higher IN concentrations were usually related to those transported along northeast pathways.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of elevated nitric acid concentrations on cloud particle number concentrations and sizes of mixed phase cirrus cloud (containing both supercooled liquid and frozen ice particles) is studied using a detailed multicomponent condensation model. Our model calculations suggest that high nitric acid volume mixing ratios (VMRs), corresponding to upper tropospheric measurements, can increase the ice crystal number concentrations substantially especially in the case of freezing of non-activated solution droplets (as opposed to freezing of supercooled cloud droplets). This is due to increased droplet sizes caused by nitric acid absorption and the resulting uptake of water.  相似文献   

4.
The paper focuses on the redistribution of aerosol particles (APs) during the artificial nucleation and subsequent growth of ice crystals in a supercooled cloud. A significant number of the supercooled cloud droplets during icing periods (seeding agents: C3H8, CO2) did not freeze as was presumed prior to the experiment but instead evaporated. The net mass flux of water vapour from the evaporating droplets to the nucleating ice crystals (Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism) led to the release of residual particles that simultaneously appeared in the interstitial phase. The strong decrease of the droplet residuals confirms the nucleation of ice particles on seeding germs without natural aerosol particles serving as ice nuclei. As the number of residual particles during the seedings did not drop to zero, other processes such as heterogeneous ice nucleation, spontaneous freezing, entrainment of supercooled droplets and diffusion to the created particle-free ice germs must have contributed to the experimental findings. During the icing periods, residual mass concentrations in the condensed phase dropped by a factor of 1.1–6.7, as compared to the unperturbed supercooled cloud. As the Bergeron–Findeisen process also occurs without artificial seeding in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated that the hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds might be much cleaner than anticipated for the simple freezing process of supercooled droplets in tropospheric mid latitude clouds.  相似文献   

5.
In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L~(-1) and 30 L~(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare.  相似文献   

6.
南京地区冬季大气冰核特征及其与气溶胶关系的研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
杨磊  银燕  杨绍忠  苏航  蒋惠 《大气科学》2013,37(5):983-993
2011年11月15日～12月2日期间对南京地区近地面大气气溶胶和冰核进行了同步观测,综合分析了 冰核浓度的特征及其与气溶胶粒子浓度的关系。结果表明:活化温度Ta为-20℃,水面过饱和度为1%时,南京地区冰核浓度NIN为0.352 L-1,与0.01～10 μm气溶胶数浓度比值仅为4×10-8。冰核活化温度越低,湿度越大,冰核浓度越高。雾和降雨对冰核都有明显的清除作用。对比不同气团对南京地区冰核的影响发现,偏东方向的污染气团中冰核以及气溶胶的浓度最高,但是来自西北地区的气团中冰核占气溶胶的比例最高,这可能是由于冰相核化能力较强的沙尘气溶胶导致的。分析冰核与不同粒径段气溶胶的相关性发现,较大粒径气溶胶的表面积浓度与冰核相关性更高,本文也得到了由活化温度Ta和粒径大于0.5 μm气溶胶数浓度N0.5～10 μm共同计算冰核浓度的经验公式。  相似文献   

7.
Laboratory studies examined two key aspects of the performance of a continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFD) instrument that detects ice nuclei (IN) concentrations in air samples: separating IN from non-IN, and collecting IN aerosols to determine chemical composition. In the first study, submicron AgI IN particles were mixed in a sample stream with submicron non-IN salt particles, and the sample stream was processed in the CFD at −19°C and 23% supersaturation with respect to ice. Examination of the residual particles from crystals nucleated in the CFD confirmed that only AgI particles served as IN in the mixed stream. The second study applied this technique to separate and analyze IN and non-IN particles in a natural air sample. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDS) of the elemental composition of selected particles from the IN and non-IN fractions in ambient air showed chemical differences: Si and Ca were present in both, but S, Fe and K were also detected in the non-IN fraction.  相似文献   

8.
The microstructure of orographic clouds related to the aerosol present was studied during the second Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2). Very high cloud droplet number concentrations (almost 3000 cm−3) were observed. These high concentrations occurred when clouds formed on a hill slope at Tenerife in polluted air masses originating in Europe that had transported the order of 1000 km over the Atlantic Ocean. The validity of the measured droplet number concentrations was investigated by comparing with measurements of the aerosol upstream of the cloud and cloud interstitial aerosol. Guided by distributions of the ratios between the measurements, three criteria of typically 30% in maximum deviation were applied to the measurements to test their validity. Agreement was found for 88% of the cases. The validated data set spans droplet number concentrations of 150–3000 cm−3. The updraught velocity during the cloud formation was estimated to 2.2 m s−1 by model calculations, which is typical of cumuliform clouds. The results of the present study are discussed in relation to cloud droplet number concentrations previously reported in the literature. The importance of promoting the mechanistic understanding of the aerosol/cloud interaction and the use of validation procedures of cloud microphysical parameters is stressed in relation to the assessment of the indirect climatic effect of aerosols.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of the introduction of the ice phase in a cloud droplet growth model is examined. The ice particles are introduced by freezing cloud droplets at rates consistent with observations of natural ice nucleus concentrations. In moderate updrafts the production of large particles is retarded owing to the glaciation of the cloud. In stronger updrafts where insufficient time is available for precipitation to form by condensation and coalescence, the production of small precipitation particles is increased.  相似文献   

10.
王雨  银燕  陈倩  王旭  肖辉 《大气科学》2017,41(1):15-29
将DeMott冰核浓度参数化方案引入到WRF中尺度数值模式中,模拟了新疆阿克苏地区一次多单体型强对流风暴,并对背景大气条件和沙尘条件下气溶胶作为冰核,对云中微物理结构和降水变化的影响进行了敏感性试验和对比分析,结果显示:在背景大气条件和沙尘条件下增加冰核浓度对降水中心强度影响较小,并且总体上看降水分布变化不大,但是降水局部的变化量较明显;不同背景条件下IN（Ice Nuclei）浓度的增加使得冰晶和雪的质量混合比和数浓度均有较大幅度的增加,其中雪的主要源项为凝华增长过程,而霰增长主要来源于冰相粒子碰并过冷云滴,并且在背景大气和沙尘条件下增加IN都使得霰的数浓度增加,尺度减少。  相似文献   

11.
During the SAMUM-1 experiment, absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of mineral dust particles were investigated in southern Morocco. Main absorbing constituents of airborne samples were identified to be iron oxide and soot. Spectral absorption coefficients were measured using a spectral optical absorption photometer (SOAP) in the wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm with a resolution of 50 nm. A new method that accounts for a loading-dependent correction of fibre filter based absorption photometers, was developed. The imaginary part of the refractive index was determined using Mie calculations from 350 to 800 nm. The spectral absorption coefficient allowed a separation between dust and soot absorption. A correlation analysis showed that the dust absorption coefficient is correlated ( R 2 up to 0.55) with the particle number concentration for particle diameters larger than 0.5 μm, whereas the coefficient of determination R 2 for smaller particles is below 0.1. Refractive indices were derived for both the total aerosol and a dust aerosol that was corrected for soot absorption. Average imaginary parts of refractive indices of the entire aerosol are 7.4 × 10−3, 3.4 × 10−3 and 2.0 × 10−3 at wavelengths of 450, 550 and 650 nm. After a correction for the soot absorption, imaginary parts of refractive indices are 5.1 × 10−3, 1.6 × 10−3 and 4.5 × 10−4.  相似文献   

12.
Different ice nucleation algorithms are implemented in a cloud microphysical scheme and numerical simulations of clouds are performed using a three-dimensional mesoscale model. The predicted ice crystal fields are found to be sensitive to the different modes of calculation of the number of deposition/ condensation freezing nuclei and contact freezing nuclei. Also a time and supercooling dependence of this sensitivity is established.The general features of the cirrus clouds observed by the research aircraft Falcon during the 1989 (International Cirrus Experiment) mission ICE212 are compared to those of the cirrus clouds generated by the model. The cloud top height, the cloud ice content and the ice number concentrations seem to be reproduced well.  相似文献   

13.
A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.  相似文献   

14.
南京地区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
杨磊  银燕  杨绍忠  蒋惠  肖辉  陈倩  苏航  陈聪 《大气科学》2013,37(3):579-594
2011年5～8月期间使用5L混合型云室以及静力扩散云室对南京不同成核机制的大气冰核进行了观测,进而分析了近地层冰核浓度特征。结果表明:活化温度为－20°C时,5L混合型云室观测的总冰核浓度为20.11个/L,静力扩散云室模拟高水汽(计算的云室内水面过饱和度为5%)和低水汽(计算的云室内冰面过饱和度为5%)条件下冰核浓度分别为0.93个/L以及0.29个/L。晴好条件下冰核浓度具有明显的日变化特征,白天冰核浓度高于夜间;在下午时段冰核浓度达到全天最高值,这说明大气冰核可能与大气湍流强度、人类活动以及工业污染有关。降水对冰核的清除作用明显,台风系统过程中冰核浓度明显增加。南京地区冰核浓度随温度降低和湿度增加而增加。后向轨迹模式分析表明东北海洋气团冰核浓度最高,不同气团中冰核浓度的差异随着活化温度的降低而减小。个例分析秸秆燃烧生成的PM1(大气中直径小于或者等于1 μm的颗粒物)与冰核关系发现燃烧产物对冰核有一定的贡献。  相似文献   

15.
陈宝君  肖辉 《大气科学》2007,31(2):273-290
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维全弹性冰雹云模式,对美国对流降水协作试验（CCOPE）期间观测的1981年8月1日雹云进行模拟,讨论在过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其碘化银催化效果。结果表明:(1) 自然云的模拟与观测事实一致,如最大上升气流速度、云顶高度、流场结构以及雹胚组成等。(2) 雹胚以霰为主,霰主要来自冰雪晶与过冷小水滴的碰冻,其次来自雪的积聚转化;霰、冻滴和冰雹在形成后主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。(3)人工催化试验表明,碘化银主要以凝华核（包括凝结－冻结）的作用产生大量的人工冰晶,加速了过冷水向冰晶的转化,过冷云水因而大量减少;催化后霰和冻滴的数浓度增大,对过冷云水的竞争增强,其平均尺度减小导致转化成雹的数量减少;冰雹碰冻过冷云水的增长在催化后也被削弱,导致冰雹总质量进一步减少。此外,催化后降雨量也显著减少。  相似文献   

16.
非感应起电是指云中冰相粒子间通过相互碰撞而发生的电荷转移现象,尤其以冰晶与霰粒子的碰撞过程为主,被证实是云中电荷产生的主要方式之一。沙尘作为大气冰核的重要组成成分,为了研究沙尘冰核对云中非感应起电过程的影响,本文将两种不同的非感应起电参数化方案(Takahashi方案,以下简称TAK方案;Saunders and Peck 1998方案,以下简称SP98方案)耦合至一维半云和气溶胶分档云模式中。该模式能够显性地追踪每个水成物粒子中云凝结核和冰核的质量大小,模拟每个冰核的核化过程,以及每个冰粒子的碰撞过程,从而确定霰粒子的数浓度和每个冰相粒子的电荷密度。对不同初始沙尘浓度的非感应起电过程进行了敏感性试验,模式模拟结果表明:随着沙尘粒子数浓度的增多,云中冰晶粒子与霰粒子的数浓度都分别增加,初始起电现象发生的时间提前,空间电荷密度大小增加;SP98方案和TAK方案都能模拟出1981年7月19日的一次积云观测个例的偶极型垂直分布,但SP98方案更接近实况。  相似文献   

17.
Concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), selected trace elements and water-soluble (WS) ions were determined for samples collected from August 2004 to February 2005 to assess the aerosol background at two remote sites in China. The OC and EC concentrations in PM10 from near the Tibetan Plateau at Zhuzhang (ZUZ) were comparable with other background sites, averaging 3.1 and 0.34 μg m−3, respectively, with no pronounced seasonality. At Akdala (AKD) on northern margin of the Zhungaer Basin, the average concentrations were similar (mean OC = 2.9 μg m−3 and EC = 0.35 μg m−3), but the concentrations were higher in winter. The aerosol mass at both sites was dominated by OC and SO42−, but a stronger contribution from soil dust was observed at AKD. At ZUZ, NO3− showed a unique weather-related fluctuation in PM10 with a periodicity of ∼1 week. Anthropogenic sources in the Sichuan Basin and southeastern Yunnan Province evidently influence ZUZ in summer and autumn while pollutants from Russia and the China–Mongolia border affect AKD nearly all year. The identification of these upwind sources demonstrates that transboundary transport needs to be taken into account when assessing air quality in remote parts of China.  相似文献   

18.
减弱对流云降水的AgI催化原理的数值模拟研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
楼小凤  孙晶  史月琴  张邢 《气象学报》2014,72(4):782-793
在对流云模式中增加了AgI两个预报量,耦合了考虑受水汽过饱度和温度影响的4种核化机制的AgI催化模块,使其具备了对AgI类催化剂的模拟能力,能够研究AgI类催化剂对对流云系统的影响。利用该模式对一次华南对流云降水过程进行了AgI催化数值模拟试验,对人工减缓对流云降水的可能性及原理进行了研究。模拟结果表明,在适当的时机对适当的部位进行大剂量的催化,可以减少总降水量,也可以减少最大降水中心的雨强。当催化浓度达到2×10~8 kg~(-1)时,可以减少32%的降水量,具备有效减缓对流云降水的可能性。大剂量催化后,大量的AgI粒子在冷区核化后,消耗了大量的过冷水。催化后霰粒子的落速和雨水的落速减小。催化阶段由于霰融化成雨水减少而使降水减弱。催化结束后在霰融化成雨水增多的情况下,雨水的蒸发大幅增加,从而导致了降水量的持续减少。AgI在模拟的强对流云中主要以受过饱和度影响的凝结冻结和催化剂长时间作用的浸没冻结这两种方式成核。研究所用催化方法在外场作业中具有技术可行性。  相似文献   

19.
利用Droplet Measureinent TeehnologY（DMT）资料,分析了山西2008年7月17日降水性层积云的云微物理结构,通过对云中粒子浓度、直径、二维图像以及谱型分布变化,并结合宏观记录特征,详细分析了飞机上升和下降阶段云系的垂直结构特征。结果表明：飞机上升阶段云系为高积云,飞机下降阶段云系为高积云一层积云结构,Cloud Droplet Probe（CDP）和Cloud Imaging Probe（CIP）测得粒子浓度偏大,最大浓度分别为236em。和9．74cm^-3。层积云云中微物理量水平分布特征具有明显的不均匀性。上升阶段降水的雨滴主要是冰粒子融化形成的,冷云过程占主导地位,在0℃层附近存在明显的融化层亮带。下降阶段降水机制为高积云冷云过程和层积云暖云过程相结合。  相似文献   

20.
利用2013年10月13日机载粒子测量系统（PMS）在张家口涞源地区对积层混合云中上部进行的增雨探测数据,分析了云的垂直微物理结构、云区的可播性和作业前后液态云粒子、冰晶及降水粒子的微物理变化。结果表明,此次降水性积层混合云的垂直结构由冷、暖两层云配置,云层发展厚实,冷云区云粒子浓度平均为62 cm-3,液态水含量最大0.05 g/m3;2DC和2DP探测的冰晶及降水粒子平均浓度分别为1.9和2.2 L-1;暖云内云粒子数浓度集中在300 cm-3左右,液态水含量约0.1 g/m3。探测区域云粒子数浓度的水平分布不均匀。利用云内过冷水含量和冰晶浓度等参数判断,该降水性积层混合云的播撒作业层具有强可播性。对比作业前后云中粒子浓度及平均直径发现,云粒子在作业前时段内的平均浓度为31 cm-3,远高于作业后平均浓度（17.6 cm-3）;但平均直径变化不大。作业后冰晶粒子通过贝吉龙过程消耗过冷水长大,浓度由之前的0.86 L-1增至4.27 L-1,平均直径也增至550 μm。冰晶粒子逐渐长大形成降水,降水粒子浓度也相应有所升高,谱明显变宽。   相似文献   

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