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1.
污水处理厂运行过程中大量释放甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O),是重要的人为温室气体排放源。基于2005—2015年统计资料和IPCC核算方法,估算了2005—2015年中国生活污水处理厂CH4和N2O排放,分析了其排放特征和影响因素;依据碳中和愿景设定3种减排情景（低减排、中减排和高减排),并预估了2020—2050年排放趋势和时空变化。结果表明：2005—2015年间污水处理厂温室气体排放量呈稳定增长趋势,CH4从1135.37万t CO2e上升至1501.45万t CO2e,N2O从2651.08万t CO2e上升为2787.05万t CO2e,年均增速分别为2.8%和0.5%。3种减排情景下,2020—2050年CH4和N2O排放量时间上呈先增后减趋势,低减排情景下CH4和N2O排放量分别于2036年和2025年达到峰值,分别为2431万和2819万t CO2e;中减排情景和高减排情景下CH4峰值点分别出现在2027和2025年,而N2O排放峰值均出现在2025年。2050年中减排和高减排情景下CH4排放量相较于低减排情景减排率约为47%和94%;2050年低减排、中减排和高减排情景下N2O排放量相较于2015年分别减排了12%、53%和95%。CH4和N2O排放量在空间上差异显著,华东地区排放量高,西北地区排放量低,东南区域所在省份排放量整体高于西北区域省份。影响因素中的经济发展程度与温室气体排放量密切相关。 相似文献
2.
CH4和N2O作为主要温室气体,自工业革命以来排放量急剧增加,已经被列入《京都议定书》要求控制它们的排放。本文利用高光谱分辨率的辐射传输模式,计算了CH4、N2O在晴空大气和有云大气条件下的瞬时辐射效率和平流层调整的辐射效率,以及它们的全球增温潜能(GWP)和全球温变潜能(GTP),并根据模式结果拟合了CH4和N2O的辐射强迫的简单计算公式。本文的研究表明:CH4和N2O在有云大气下的平流层调整的辐射效率分别为4.142×10-4 W m-2 ppb-1和3.125×10-3 W m-2 ppb-1 (1ppb=10-9),经大气寿命调整后的辐射效率分别为3.732×10-4 W m-2 ppb-1和2.987×10-3 W m-2 ppb-1,与IPCC(2007)的相应结果高度一致。CH4和N2O 100年的全球增温潜能GWP分别为16和266;100年的脉冲排放的全球温变潜能GTPP分别为0.24和233;持续排放的全球温变潜能GTPS分别为18和268。它们在未来全球变暖和气候变化中,影响仅次于CO2,仍然起着非常关键的作用。 相似文献
3.
为了研究中国大陆温室性气体CO2、CH4和N2O大气浓度的区域分布和变化特征以及与人类活动的关系,从1995~2000年,先后在青海瓦里关山全球大气基准站（36°18′N,100°54′E,3810 m）及河北中国科学院兴隆天文台（40°24′N,117°30′E, 940 m）,利用不锈钢瓶取样和气相色谱法分析,观测了两地大气中温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的浓度及其变化情况。结果表明:兴隆和瓦里关山站CO2、CH4和N2O的同期年平均浓度分别为376.7×10-6和373.5×10-6,1886×10-9和1831×10-9,316.7×10-9和314.9×10-9。从1995~2000年,兴隆站CO2、CH4和N2O的年增长率分别为1.95×10-6,9.02×10-9和0.75×10-9。而瓦里关山站从1997~2000年,CO2、CH4和N2O的年增长率分别为1.41×10-6,9.95×10-9和0.82×10-9。两地大气中三种气体的浓度与年增长率与全球同类台站的观测结果接近。同时也在一定程度上反映了各自不同的环境背景特征。 相似文献
4.
在美国DNDC模式基础上, 综合气象学、农业气象学及生态学最新研究进展, 将作物生长、碳氮循环及CH4排放有机耦合, 建立了一个CH4排放数值模式, 模式通过了相关显著性检验。利用模式重点分析了气象因子对稻田CH4排放的影响状况, 数值分析表明, 当仅考虑气象条件影响时: (1) 不同地区不同生长季节的CH4排放量均与相应生长期的平均气温成正相关关系; (2) 功率谱分析表明稻田CH4排放存在4~5年周期变化, 与相应生长季节的平均温度年际变化规律相一致; (3) CH4排放量年际之间变化趋势与生长季平均气温变化趋势基本一致。利用数值计算结果, 给出了杭州及昌德地区早稻、晚稻CH4简易统计模式, 为应用模型监测并调控农田生态系统中的CH4排放奠定了基础。 相似文献
5.
减少温室气体排放以减缓全球变暖是当前全球变化研究的主要关注点。制定区域适应性的减排措施,有赖于对不同环境条件下温室气体排放空间差异性的进一步研究。广东是我国主要的双季稻种植区,其气候条件及稻田耕作方式都有别于我国其他稻区的。为估算广东省区域稻甲烷(CH_4)排放情况,利用IPCC2006清单指南中的稻田甲烷模型——CH_4MOD,模拟计算了2010年广东省21个地市双季早(晚)稻CH_4排放量及其排放因子。结果显示:1) 2010年稻田CH_4排放量为60. 74万t,其中双季晚稻CH_4排放量35. 01万t,双季早稻CH_4排放量25. 73万t。2)稻田CH_4排放量空间分布不均,区域稻田甲烷排放量为粤西的粤北的珠江三角洲的粤东的,排放量分别为21. 22万t、17. 02万t、15. 14万t、7. 36万t。3)双季早稻CH_4排放因子明显小于晚稻的,双季早稻CH_4排放因子为261. 18 kg CH_4/hm~2,双季晚稻为358. 53 kg CH_4/hm~2。4)空间上,粤西地区稻田CH_4排放因子水平较高,粤北、粤东的处于中等水平,珠江三角洲稻田CH_4排放水平最低。 相似文献
6.
旱作农田是N2O的主要排放源,削减其N2O排放有助于整体降低农田温室气体排放。运用整合分析(Meta-analysis)的方法,研究了不同农业管理措施对中国小麦和玉米农田N2O排放的影响,并估算了各减排措施的减排潜力。结果表明：添加抑制剂可显著减少小麦和玉米农田N2O排放36%~46%,并增加作物产量;施氮量减少30%以内,可削减N2O排放10%~18%,且对产量无明显影响;施用缓(控)释肥和秸秆还田能显著减少小麦田N2O排放,但对玉米田的减排效果并不显著。在不同的减排措施下,中国小麦和玉米农田N2O减排潜力分别为9.29~13.90 Gg N2O-N/生长季和10.53~23.19 Gg N2O-N/生长季。河南、山东、河北和安徽省小麦田减排潜力最大,占全国小麦田N2O减排潜力的53%;黑龙江、吉林、山东、河北和河南省玉米田减排潜力最大,约占全国玉米田N2O减排潜力的50%。 相似文献
7.
近千年东亚季风变化统计动力反演与驱动机制研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用观测数据和非线性统计-动力学方法,构建了东亚季风变化的动力方程。量化了单因子强迫及各因子间相互作用在东亚季风演化中的相对贡献率,为东亚季风驱动机制研究提供了量化参考。研究发现:（1）过去千年东亚季风是多种因子共同作用下的复杂非线性动力系统。有些因子以起驱动作用为主,则有些以反馈调节作用为主,因子间交互作用与东亚季风演化存在耦合效应机制。（2）季风的驱动力主要来源于副热带太平洋海表温度、青藏高原动力热力强迫、CO2和N2O交叉项、太阳辐射和N2O交叉项、CO2与CH4交叉项等的耦合作用机制;调节作用主要是石笋δ18O指代的地理位置、单因子CO2浓度、太阳辐射变化、CH4与N2O交叉项、太阳辐射与ENSO交叉项等的耦合作用机制。温室气体（CO2、CH4与N2O）浓度对东亚季风演化的驱动与调节作用贡献较大。（3）通过动力反演机制推论副热带太平洋和热带西太平洋对东亚季风均有驱动作用,但主要驱动力来自副热带太平洋,即驱动东亚季风变化的主源地在副热带太平洋海区,次源地在热带西太平洋海区。（4）由海-陆温差对季风演变贡献大小推测石笋δ18O指代的也主要是夏季风信息。 相似文献
8.
废弃物处理温室气体排放的主要排放源之一为废水（生活污水和工业废水）处理CH4排放。根据统计资料和IPCC提供的方法,选择适合中国的排放因子,分析了中国废水处理2005-2010年的CH4排放特征和2000-2010年CH4产生的各驱动因子。并且根据中国的实际情况预测和分析了中国废水处理CH4排放趋势和排放潜力。结果显示：2010年中国生活污水处理CH4排放量为61.10万t,工业废水处理的CH4排放量为162.37万t,造纸等八大行业CH4排放量达到总CH4排放量的92%以上,2005-2010年的CH4排放量逐年增加;到2020年在减排情景下,生活污水处理CH4排放量为101.36万t,减排潜力为7.63万t,比2010年排放量增加了66%;工业废水处理CH4排放量233.93万t,减排潜力为25.99万t,比2010年排放量增加了44%。 相似文献
9.
1999年在常熟农业生态站试验稻田于水稻主要生长季, 利用进口的条件采样装置对水稻低层大气N2O的垂直通量进行了观测, 并在2000年做了补充观测。结果如下:各生长季测定的N2O垂直通量值最多出现在0～2.0 mg·m-2·h-1之间;N2O垂直通量平均日变化最大值出现在下午;插秧期和收割后N2O垂直通量是各个生长季中最小的;观测到N2O负通量现象的出现;在稻田用条件采样技术观测到的低层大气N2O垂直通量大于国内用箱式法观测报道的土壤N2O排放通量。 相似文献
10.
国家温室气体清单时间序列一致性和2005年清单重算研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《巴黎协定》透明度后续实施细则对发展中国家温室气体清单时间序列一致性方面的要求显著增强。文中基于IPCC清单指南中对温室气体清单重算的要求,对作为我国国家自主贡献基年的2005年温室气体清单进行重算。由于增加了新的排放源或吸收汇、更新部分活动水平或排放因子数据以及采用了更新的方法学,重算后的2005年国家温室气体清单排放量（以CO2当量计,下同）为80.15亿t（不包括土地利用、土地利用变化和林业,即LULUCF),相比重算前增加了6.6%。能源领域对重算后总排放量上升影响最大,增加了4.26亿t,其中CO2增长主要来自第三次全国经济普查（三经普）对2005年化石燃料消费量的修订,甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放上升主要原因是新增加了排放源。未来我国将更频繁地对以往清单年份开展重算,建议结合《巴黎协定》实施细则要求加强对我国温室气体清单时间序列一致性问题的研究,以更好地支撑国内应对气候变化决策分析,以及满足未来《巴黎协定》下的履约要求。 相似文献
11.
农田生态系统温室气体排放研究进展 总被引：39，自引：0，他引：39
自1985年起,中国科学院大气物理研究所利用自行设计制造的自动观测仪器系统,历时十六年先后对我国四大类主要水稻产区的甲烷排放规律及其与土壤、气象条件和农业管理措施的关系进行了系统野外观测实验,并对稻田甲烷产生、转化和输送机理进行了理论研究,探讨了控制稻田甲烷排放的实用措施,建立了估算和预测稻田甲烷排放的数值模型.在甲烷排放的时空变化规律和转化率研究方面有一系列新的发现,在稻田甲烷产生率、排放率及其与环境条件的关系方面取得一系列新的成果,以充分证据改变了国际上关于全球和中国稻田甲烷排放总量的估算.在对稻田甲 相似文献
12.
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from three paddy rice based cultivation systems in Southwest China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
To understand methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanently flooded rice paddy fields and to develop mitigation options, a field experiment was conducted in situ for two years (from late 2002 to early 2005) in three rice-based cultivation systems, which are a permanently flooded rice field cultivated with a single time and followed by a non-rice season (PF), a rice-wheat rotation system (RW) and a rice-rapeseed rotation system (RR) in a hilly area in Southwest China. The results showed that the total CH4 emissions from PF were 646.3±52.1 and 215.0±45.4 kg CH4 hm-2 during the rice-growing period and non-rice period, respectively. Both values were much lower than many previous reports from similar regions in Southwest China. The CH4 emissions in the rice-growing season were more intensive in PF, as compared to RW and RR. Only 33% of the total annual CH4 emission in PF occurred in the non-rice season, though the duration of this season is two times longer than the rice season. The annual mean N2O flux in PF was 4.5±0.6 kg N2O hm-2 yr-1. The N2O emission in the rice-growing season was also more intensive than in the non-rice season, with only 16% of the total annual emission occurring in the non-rice season. The amounts of N2O emission in PF were ignorable compared to the CH4 emission in terms of the global warming potential (GWP). Changing PF to RW or RR not only eliminated CH4 emissions in the non-rice season, but also substantially reduced the CH4 emission during the following rice-growing period (ca. 58%, P<0.05). However, this change in cultivation system substantially increased N2O emissions, especially in the non-rice season, by a factor of 3.7 to 4.5. On the 100-year horizon, the integrated GWP of total annual CH4 and N2O emissions satisfies PF>>RR≈RW. The GWP of PF is higher than that of RW and RR by a factor of 2.6 and 2.7, respectively. Of the total GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions, CH4 emission contributed to 93%, 65% and 59% in PF, RW and RR, respectively. These results suggest that changing PF to RW and RR can substantially reduce not only CH4 emission but also the total GWP of the CH4 and N2O emissions. 相似文献
13.
A. A. Romanovskaya 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2008,33(2):117-124
Anthropogenic emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from livestock agriculture (enteric fermentation, animal waste management systems, and pasture manure) and plant growing of the Russia (CH4 emissions from rice fields, direct and indirect N2O emissions from agricultural lands) are considered. In 2004, the total emissions of these greenhouse gases in the agricultural sector amounted to 1.4 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent, which corresponds to 45% of the 1990 level (3.1 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent). In 2004, the contribution of N2O to the total agricultural emissions was approximately twice (67.0%) that of CH4 (33.0%). Direct N2O emissions from agricultural soils (0.5 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent) and CH4 emissions from the internal fermentation of domestic animals (0.4 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent) are the most significant sources in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation. In 2004, all these agricultural sources emitting methane and nitrous oxide contributed about 7% CO2-equivalent to the total emission of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in Russia. 相似文献
14.
我国华中地区稻田甲烷排放特征 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
本文主要讨论地处我国华中水稻生态区的湖南红壤稻田的CH4排放特征。稻田CH4排放的日变化都有一致的规律，即在下午16:00左右出现最大值；CH4排放的日变化幅度与天气条件和水稻植物体有关；CH4排放的日变化与温度日变化的相关性很好（R>0.90）。早稻和晚稻的CH4排放季节变化规律有明显的差别，这主要是由于早、晚稻水稻生长期间的天气特别是空气温度变化的差异引起的，早稻CH4排放率在水稻生长中期（6月）略大，而晚稻在水稻移栽后几天内CH4排放就达到整个季节中的最大值，以后随时间逐渐降低；缺水会使CH4排放率明显降低，而且在重新灌水后相当长时间内CH4排放率没有回升；CH4排放在全有机肥的田中最大，然后依次是常规施肥、全沼渣肥及化肥田；尿素、氯化钾和复合肥的多施可降低稻田CH4排放率；不同施肥田中CH4排放率的温度效应不同；施肥是控制CH4排放的一种可行手段；在整个晚稻生长季节中瞬时CH4排放率与瞬时温度呈明显的指数关系；在1991年双季水稻生长季节中，稻田中CH4的排放量为67.96 g·m-2，其中早稻的CH4排放率为0.36 g·m-2·d-1，晚稻为0.48 g·m-2·d-1。 相似文献
15.
Peter J. Marcotullio Andrea Sarzynski Jochen Albrecht Niels Schulz 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(4):944-958
This paper aims to advance two objectives: (1) identify and explore greenhouse gas emissions from urban areas in Asia at the regional level; and (2) explore covariates of urban greenhouse gas emissions. We use the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research estimates for carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and sulfur hexafluoride from 14 source activities for the year 2000, which are allocated on a 1/10° global grid. We extract emissions for 3535 urban extents all with populations over 50,000, accounting for approximately 91% of the region's urban population. We use regression analysis to associate emissions with urban area and growth, economic, and biophysical characteristics. Our findings suggest that urban areas account for between 30 and 38% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions for the region and that emission per capita averages from urban areas are lower than those at the national level. Important covariates for total urban greenhouse gas emissions include population size, density and growth rate, income per capita, development status and elevation. This is a first and preliminary assessment of regional baseline trends using these data and this top-down analysis. 相似文献
16.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA OF CHINA 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
A numerical simulation model is presented in this paper,which comprises the processes ofcrop growth,soil organic carbon decomposition,and methane emissions in agroecosystems.Simulation results show that the model can simulate the main process of methane emissions well,and the correlation coefficient between the simulated values and observed data is 0.79 with 239samples,which passed a significance test of 0.01.The average error of methane emissionsimulation in whole growth period is about 15%.Numerical analysis of the model indicates that theaverage temperature during rice growth period has much impacts on methane emissions,and thebasic trend of interannual methane emissions is similar to that of average temperature.The amountof methane emissions reduces about 34.93%,when the fertilizer is used instead of manure in singlerice paddy. 相似文献
17.
A numerical simulation model is presented in this paper,which comprises the processes of crop growth,soil organic carbon decomposition,and methane emissions in agroecosystems.Simulation results show that the model can simulate the main process of methane emissions well,and the correlation coefficient between the simulated values and observed data is 0.79 with 239 samples,which passed a significance test of 0.01.The average error of methane emission simulation in whole growth period is about 15%.Numerical analysis of the model indicates that the average temperature during rice growth period has much impacts on methane emissions,and the basic trend of interannual methane emissions is similar to that of average temperature.The amount of methane emissions reduces about 34.93%,when the fertilizer is used instead of manure in single rice paddy. 相似文献
18.
Modeling Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice Fields under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Methane(CH4 ) emissions from paddy rice fields substantially contribute to the dramatic increase of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.Due to great concern about climate change,it is necessary to predict the effects of the dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2 ) on CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields.CH4MOD 1.0 is the most widely validated model for simulating CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields exposed to ambient CO2(hereinafter referred to as aCO2 ).We upgraded the model to CH4MOD 2.0 b... 相似文献
19.
Livestock constitutes an integral component of Indian agriculture sector and also a major source of GHGs emissions. The study presents a detailed inventory of GHG emissions at district/state level from different age-groups, indigenous and exotic breed of different Indian livestock categories estimated using the recent census 2003 and country-specific emission coefficients based on IPCC guidelines. The total methane emission including enteric fermentation and manure management of livestock was estimated at 11.75 Tg/year for the year 2003. Enteric fermentation constitutes ~91 % of the total methane emissions from Indian livestock. Dairy buffalo and indigenous dairy cattle together contribute 60 % of the methane emissions. The total nitrous oxide emission from Indian livestock for the year 2003 is estimated at 1.42 Gg/year, with 86.1 % contribution from poultry. The total GHGs emission from Indian livestock is estimated at 247.2 Mt in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions. Although the Indian livestock contributes substantially to the methane budget, the per capita emission is only 24.23 kgCH4/animal/year. Using the remote sensing derived potential feed/fodder area available for livestock, the average methane flux was calculated as 74.4 kg/ha. The spatial patterns derived in GIS environment indicated the regions with high GHGs emissions that need to be focused subsequently for mitigation measures. The projected estimates indicate a likely increase of 40 % in methane emissions from buffalo population. 相似文献