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1.
潘大鹏  王迪  王孝磊 《中国地质》2017,44(1):118-135
江西省晚中生代大湖塘钨矿是近年来中国勘查出的世界级钨矿产地之一,位于新元古代江南造山带的东段,地处赣北武宁、修水、靖安三县交界处。该区属于江南地块中生代钨铜钼等多金属成矿带,大规模出露晋宁期闪长岩和燕山期花岗岩。文章对赣西北大湖塘石门寺钨矿区新元古代和燕山期的4种花岗岩进行详细的岩相学,锆石和锡石U-Pb年代学、微量元素的研究。锆石U-Pb研究结果表明,新元古代黑云母花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄为(829.9±4.7)Ma;燕山期云英岩化似斑状黑云母花岗岩、细粒黑云母花岗岩和云英岩化黑云母花岗斑岩的成岩年龄分别是(148.3±2.6)Ma,(145.5±3.6)Ma和(147.7±1.5)Ma,与锡石所获得的U-Pb年龄相互吻合。主要含矿的似斑状黑云母花岗岩中锡石所含的钨含量明显高于其他燕山期花岗岩,暗示了似斑状黑云母花岗岩岩浆中高的钨含量。锆石钛温度计表明,燕山期的花岗岩均形成于较低的温度,加权平均值的变化范围为734~788°C。锆石的微量元素结果表明,似斑状黑云母花岗岩形成于较低的氧逸度环境,更有利于形成钨矿。  相似文献   

2.
粤北大宝山矿床矿区出露船肚和大宝山矿化岩体。本文分析了两个岩体矿物组成特征和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄。船肚岩体为似斑状结构,块状构造,主要由似斑状花岗岩、似斑状二长花岗岩及似斑状花岗闪长岩等组成,和云英岩型及矽卡岩型Mo-W矿化紧密共生。大宝山岩体为斑状结构,块状构造,主要由碱长花岗斑岩、普通花岗斑岩、二长花岗斑岩及花岗闪长斑岩组成,矿物组成和船肚岩体的基本相同,和细脉浸染状Mo-W矿化紧密共生。船肚似斑状二长花岗岩和大宝山二长花岗斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为162.1±1.6 Ma,MSWD=2.72和165.8±2.0 Ma,MSWD=1.38。据船肚和大宝山岩体矿物组成基本相同、岩石结构不同及两者锆石Th/U比值不同和U-Pb年龄存在约4 Ma左右时差,提出大宝山矿区在燕山期发生了两阶段岩浆成矿事件,第一阶段岩浆成矿事件发生在166 Ma左右,形成大宝山斑岩型矿床,第二阶段岩浆成矿的形成时间约为162 Ma左右,形成船肚似斑状二长花岗岩及与岩体紧密共生的矽卡岩型和云英岩型矿化;大宝山斑岩体和船肚似斑状岩体是同一岩浆房两次脉动侵入形成的。  相似文献   

3.
吉林汪清夹皮沟斑岩型钼矿床的形成时代与成矿构造背景   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
夹皮沟钼矿床是吉林省汪清县近年来发现的一个中型斑岩型钼矿床.矿体赋存在受北东向断裂控制的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩内.含矿岩体中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄为(193.1±1.0) Ma(MSWD=1.02),矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(188.6±4.7) Ma(MSWD=0.41),表明夹皮沟钼矿床形成于早侏罗世,与区域内其他斑岩型钼矿床(成岩成矿时代介于190～160Ma)同属于燕山早期大规模构造-岩浆-成矿事件的产物.似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩具有高硅[w(SiO2)=72.29％ ～72.81％]、富碱[w(Na2O+K2O)=7.62％ ～7.71％]的特点,属于弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性岩石系列;稀土元素分布型式呈明显的右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显(LREE/HREE为6.41～7.34),Eu异常中等(δEu=0.33 ～ 0.40);微量元素组成上表现为富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE).似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩属于Ⅰ型花岗岩,矿床成岩成矿物质可能源于俯冲背景下增厚的下地壳.结合区域地质构造演化,认为夹皮沟钼矿形成于古亚洲洋构造体制与环太平洋构造体制叠加与转换的构造背景下,成岩成矿作用与燕山早期古太平洋板块的俯冲作用关系密切.  相似文献   

4.
棒子山岩体为福安堡钼矿床的赋矿围岩,其岩性主要为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、黑云母花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩等。本次测得似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为179±2Ma、172±1Ma,形成于中侏罗世,属燕山早期。棒子山花岗岩的SiO2含量为61.89%～71.06%,相对较高;Al2O3含量很高,为14.54%～17.11%;K2O含量为2.28%～4.38%,Na2O含量为3.74%～7.82%,Fe2O3含量为2.34%～5.91%,MgO含量为0.55%～2.37%。微量元素特征显示,棒子山花岗岩富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素和不相容元素U、Th,强烈亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等元素;稀土元素特征显示轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土分馏明显,有轻微的Eu负异常。上述结果表明,棒子山花岗岩石为准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,其形成可能与太平洋板块的俯冲有关。  相似文献   

5.
鹿鸣超大型钼矿(钼金属量89万吨,平均品位0.084%)产于小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带北段,矿体呈细脉浸染状赋存于二长花岗斑岩和二长花岗岩体内,围岩蚀变有钾化、绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等,矿化类型主要为斑岩型矿化。鹿鸣矿区含矿岩体二长花岗斑岩和二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年研究表明:二长花岗岩和二长花岗斑岩锆石的U-Pb年龄分别为186.8±2.1Ma和183.2±1.9Ma,形成于燕山早期,二长花岗斑岩晚于二长花岗岩。6个样品辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为176.7±4.4Ma(MSWD=0.92),Re含量变化于30×10-6~49×10-6。二长花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)值变化于1.1~3.8,Hf单阶段模式年龄为729Ma,两阶段模式年龄为1055Ma;二长花岗斑岩的锆石εHf(t)值变化于0.4~5.9,Hf单阶段模式年龄为741Ma,两阶段模式年龄为1075Ma。研究表明成矿与二长花岗斑岩有关,并且二长花岗岩和二长花岗斑岩岩浆为中新元古代新生的地壳物质熔融的产物,成岩成矿作用与古太平洋板块俯冲作用(或佳木斯与松嫩地块的拼合)有关。  相似文献   

6.
首次对延边小西南岔富金铜矿床矿田内产出的燕山晚期花岗杂岩进行了系统的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄测定,获得中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩、中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩和似斑状角闪花岗闪长岩的3组锆石谐和年龄数据,分别为98.4~109.0Ma〔加权平均值为(104.6±2.5)Ma,n=10,MSWD=0.71,置信度0.70〕、98.3~108.3Ma〔加权平均值为(106.7±1.6)Ma,n=12〕和104.4~118.8Ma〔加权平均值为(111.7±2.8)Ma,n=12〕,指示它们的岩浆侵位时限在112~104Ma之间,相对侵位时序为似斑状角闪花岗闪长岩、中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩到中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩;考虑到它们在成矿元素和地质上与矿化的密切程度以及控(容)矿断裂的张扭性特征,进而确定大规模的金铜矿化应发生在似斑状角闪花岗闪长岩、中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩形成之后,闪长玢岩之前,或在104.6~102.1Ma之间,成矿环境应处于早白垩世晚期伊泽奈崎板块向古亚洲大陆边缘俯冲消亡、中国东部大陆边缘燕山造山期末的走滑、伸展构造转换过程。  相似文献   

7.
胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,也是环太平洋中、新生代金成矿系统的重要组成部分,其内花岗质岩石分布广泛,95%以上的金资源储量赋存在晚侏罗世玲珑型花岗岩和早白垩世早期郭家岭型花岗质岩中。关于花岗岩类的成因,尤其是早白垩世花岗质岩的岩石类型及其源区仍存有争议。新城金矿床位于胶东西北部焦家断裂带北段,是迄今为止在胶东矿集区内发现的赋存在早白垩世花岗质岩中最大的金矿床,其内已探明金资源储量大于200t。该金矿床的赋矿围岩为新城花岗岩体,由中细粒石英二长岩和中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩组成,形成于127~132Ma。进一步的地质观察表明中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩两侧的岩石粒度逐渐变细,斑晶逐渐变小,长英质矿物增多,明显不同于中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩,应为中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩。论文对该中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成研究,并进一步探讨了该类岩石的地球化学类型、形成时代、岩浆源区性质及其与新城花岗岩体的关系。岩石地球化学研究表明中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩具有高的SiO2(71.18%~73.72%)、全碱(K2O+Na2O=7.07%~8.64%)、Ba(793×10-6)、Sr(729×10-6)和轻稀土含量(71.14×10-6),低的Al2O3(13.57%~15.73%)、MgO(0.22%~0.39%)、Rb(91.7×10-6)、Th(7.4×10-6)、U(4.51×10-6)、Nb(4.49×10-6)、Ta(0.26×10-6)、Y(3.67×10-6)和重稀土含量(7.47×10-6),无明显的铕异常,明显亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,显示出典型的高Ba-Sr花岗岩所具有的地球化学特征,属高BaSr花岗岩。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩形成于123±1Ma,而石英二长岩和中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄为127±2Ma~132±1Ma,3种类型岩石具有相似的主量元素组成及稀土和微量元素分布模式,表明新城花岗岩体的形成时代应为123±1Ma~132±1Ma。Lu-Hf同位素测试结果显示中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩岩浆锆石的εHf(t)为-20.76~-18.66,二阶段模式年龄tDM2为2351~2479Ma;在εHf(t)-锆石U-Pb年龄图解中,所有数据点均落在球粒陨石演化线之下的壳源区域。金矿床已有石英二长岩、中粗粒似斑状二长花岗岩和区域玲珑型花岗岩Hf同位素组成及该中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩中2个太古代(2629±14Ma、2402±18Ma)和3个中生代(150±7Ma、151±1Ma、147±1Ma)的继承锆石年龄,表明新城金矿床内中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩应来源于前寒武纪变质基底岩石,岩浆上升过程中遭受了上地壳(主要是玲珑黑云母花岗岩)的混染。  相似文献   

8.
江南造山带中段的赣北大湖塘矿集区是我国近年查明的世界级超大型钨矿产地,并伴生大型铜矿。本文对该区北段石门寺矿区燕山期不同岩石单元的W、Cu、Mo矿化特征与成矿年龄进行了系统研究。白钨矿多呈细脉浸染状产于似斑状花岗岩及其与围岩的外接触带;黄铜矿与辉钼矿多呈浸染状共生于似斑状黑云母花岗岩、细粒黑云母花岗岩、黑云母花岗斑岩及其围岩中。矿石矿物化学研究表明,似斑状黑云母花岗岩、细粒黑云母花岗岩和黑云母花岗斑岩中的硫化物成分较均一,黄铜矿中Cu 34.215%~35.161%、Fe 29.206%~30.721%、S 34.388%~35.520%,辉钼矿中Mo 59.44%~60.54%、S 40.067%~40.370%;似斑状黑云母花岗岩、细粒黑云母花岗岩、黑云母花岗斑岩和石英大脉中的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄均值分别为143.3 Ma、145.2 Ma、144.5 Ma、143.6Ma,在误差范围内基本相同,指示该矿区内的Cu、Mo矿化为一期成矿作用形成,由此给出辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄145.1±1.0 Ma(MSWD=0.46),代表Cu、Mo矿化时间。结合前人岩浆岩研究结果,石门寺矿区白钨矿与Cu、Mo矿化是两期成矿作用的产物,前者与似斑状黑云母花岗岩密切相关,而后者可能与燕山晚期黑云母花岗斑岩有成因联系,成矿物质由斑岩向其他岩石单元迁移逐渐成矿。  相似文献   

9.
尹光侯 《地质与勘探》2009,45(4):385-394
产于中甸印支期火山一岩浆弧北东缘的燕山期热林复式岩体,从早至晚边部到中部划分出主期由细粒似斑状二长花岗岩→中粒似斑状二长花岗岩和边部补充期二长花岗斑岩5个侵入体组成的同源岩浆细粒→中粒→斑状结构演化系列.岩体岩石化学、稀土和微量元素总体反映为同熔型花岗岩特征.在复式岩体Ⅱ号侵入体中粒似斑状二长花岗岩中获黑云母Ar-Ar同位素等时年龄81.7±1.1Ma,坪年龄82.01±0.86 Ma,属燕山晚期侵入体.铜钼矿主要产于晚期侵入体中,边部细粒花岗岩和角岩内带具有细脉状黄铜矿、团块状辉钼矿化;中部发生二长花岗(斑)岩热液蚀变充填交代辉钼矿化--辉钼矿石英细脉、中粗晶浸染状;以及沿裂隙发育岩浆期后含矿热液充填交代辉钼矿化,构成燕山期花岗斑岩铜钼成矿亚系列.成因类型:蚀变花岗斑岩、石英脉型和角岩型3种,指示了燕山期二长花岗斑岩类具有较好的铜钼找矿潜力.  相似文献   

10.
赣南营前岩体由早期似斑状花岗闪长岩和晚期细粒黑云母花岗岩组成,在前者中普遍发育暗色基性包体。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年显示似斑状花岗闪长岩为172.2±3.1Ma,细粒黑云母花岗岩为168±3Ma,包体为167.6±3.3Ma。所有的岩石均为钙碱性系列,稀土元素显示LREE富集,HREE亏损,Eu负异常并不明显的特征,Nb-Ta负异常显示壳源物质的特征。晚期细粒黑云母花岗岩、早期似斑状花岗闪长岩、暗色包体的(87Sr/86Sr)i和εNd(t)值分别为0.70885～0.70965、0.71058～1.46393、0.70788～0.70923和-6.38～-5.31、-6.51～-5.17、-5.47～-4.31;锆石εHf(t)值分别为-12.4～-5.7、-9.2～-4.2、-9.4～+0.1。结合岩相学、地球化学研究,初步认为营前岩体的两期花岗质岩石源于地壳重熔,地幔底侵导致地壳熔融形成营前岩体,基性岩浆加入到未冷却的酸性岩浆中形成了目前所见到的暗色包体。结合区域上的研究资料,认为中侏罗世期间,沿"十杭"断裂带及与其相平行的一些深断裂发生了板块的撕裂,这些缝合带是岩石圈相对薄弱的地带,有利于幔源物质底侵上升以及壳幔相互作用。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

19.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

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