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1.
天津沿海菲律宾蛤仔人工育苗技术的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用自然海水和天然饵料,采用无泥砂采苗方法,在天津沿海首次成功开展了菲律宾蛤仔工厂化育苗。幼虫初始壳长93.8μm,壳长平均日增长8.3μm,成活率41.0%;第15-23 d为变态期,壳长平均日增长12.9μm,变态率47.8%;变态后至第55 d,壳长平均日增长33.2μm,成活率76.0%。本次育苗试验充分利用天津沿海水质条件与环境特点,改进育苗方法,降低生产成本,建立了适于天津海区的菲律宾蛤仔人工育苗工艺,共得到双水管稚贝约1 800万枚。 相似文献
2.
《海洋科学进展》2010,(2)
选用高毒性微小亚历山大藻台湾株和菲律宾蛤仔为研究对象,研究了不同毒藻投喂量对贝类累积和排出麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的影响。实验分为累积和排出2个部分,累积实验设计了4个投喂梯度(A组:2.0×107cell/d、B组:7.0×107cell/d、C组:1.1×108cell/d和D组:2.0×108cell/d),在排出毒素阶段,每实验组又分成投喂无毒饵料藻组和饥饿组并进行比较。结果显示不同投喂梯度组间PSP毒素累积存在明显差异。随着毒藻投喂量的增加,PSP毒性增加,但毒素累积率下降,这说明在一定范围内毒藻投喂量的大小对蛤仔的毒素累积有影响。A组、B组、C组的最高累积量依次为6.5,82.9,113.9μgSTXeq/100g,D组达到本实验的最高累积量154.1μgSTXeq/(100g),但累积率却随着投喂量的增加而递减,分别为1.79%,0.92%,0.42%和0.39%。停止投喂毒藻后蛤仔体内的PSP毒性迅速下降,在排出阶段,对投喂饵料组和饥饿组的比较结果用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)得出P0.05,结果差异显著,饥饿组的毒性均高于投喂饵料藻组,说明投喂无毒饵料有助于菲律宾蛤仔体内的毒素排出。其中D饵料组和饥饿组间排出速率差异最明显,饵料组的排出速率为13.2μgSTXeq/(100g.d),饥饿组的仅为8.3μgSTXeq/(100g.d),因此将菲律宾蛤仔归属于快速排毒者。 相似文献
3.
选用高毒性微小亚历山大藻台湾株和菲律宾蛤仔为研究对象,研究了不同毒藻投喂量对贝类累积和排出麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的影响.实验分为累积和排出2个部分,累积实验设计了4个投喂梯度(A组:2.0×107cell/d、B组:7.0×107cell/d、C组:1.1×108cell/d和D组:2.0×108cell/d),在排出毒素阶段,每实验组又分成投喂无毒饵料藻组和饥饿组并进行比较.结果显示不同投喂梯度组间PSP毒素累积存在明显差异.随着毒藻投喂量的增加,PSP毒性增加,但毒素累积率下降,这说明在一定范围内毒藻投喂量的大小对蛤仔的毒素累积有影响.A组、B组、C组的最高累积量依次为6.5,82.9,113.9μgSTXeq/100g,D组达到本实验的最高累积量154.1μgSTXeq/(100g),但累积率却随着投喂量的增加而递减,分别为1.79%,0.92%,0.42%和0.39%.停止投喂毒藻后蛤仔体内的PSP毒性迅速下降,在排出阶段,对投喂饵料组和饥饿组的比较结果用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)得出P＜0.05,结果差异显著,饥饿组的毒性均高于投喂饵料藻组,说明投喂无毒饵料有助于菲律宾蛤仔体内的毒素排出.其中D饵料组和饥饿组间排出速率差异最明显,饵料组的排出速率为13.2 μgSTXeq/(100g·d),饥饿组的仅为8.3μgSTXeq/(100g·d),因此将菲律宾蛤仔归属于快速排毒者. 相似文献
4.
1980年,福清县水产技术推广站应用土池培育蛤苗成功的经验,在该县三山公社大扁岛垦区播放亲蛤1000担,开展了垦区内培育花蛤种苗的试验性生产,经过努力,在410亩的沙质滩地上收获蛤苗1650担。1981年,在原有埕地基础上进行了1700亩育苗设施建设,播放亲蛤1044担,并利用北垞虾场对虾养成池和大扁岛海瑤垦区分别开展了蛤子〔Ruditapes phi- 相似文献
5.
为查明大神堂浅海菲律宾蛤仔养殖的适宜密度和生长特征,开展了放养密度对不同养殖阶段蛤仔生长与存活的影响试验。幼贝初始规格为壳长5.6±1.3 mm,养殖密度设置为8 000粒/m2、4 000粒/m2;成贝期,养殖密度设置为500粒/m2、1 000粒/m2、2 000粒/m2、4 000粒/m2。经26个月的养殖,结果表明:在幼贝期,当幼贝壳长小于22 mm时,两密度试验组生长速度及存活率无显著差异,当幼贝壳长大于22 mm时,高密度组生长缓慢,差异显著。在成贝养成前期,各密度试验组壳长无显著差异,随着蛤仔的生长,当壳长达到30 mm以上时,4 000粒/m2密度组生长速度显著低于其他组,其他各组间差别不明显;4 000粒/m2密度组蛤仔死亡率高于50%,其他组死亡率在15%~22%之间;另外,4 000粒/m2密度下蛤仔繁殖期的肥满度显著低于其他试验组,而其他组之间无显著差异。因此,2 000粒/m2为该海域蛤仔养殖的适宜密度,适于培育大规格商品贝。 相似文献
6.
以缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)(A)、菲律宾蛤(Venerupis Philippinaram)仔(B)及自制配合饲料(C)作为饵料,分别研究了上述3种饵料对二龄管角螺(Hemifusus tuba Gmelin)生长、肝脏消化酶活性以及软体部营养成分的影响。结果表明：(1)鲜活饵料的投喂更有利于管角螺的生长和营养物质的累积,配合饲料的摄食效果较差,还需进一步的优化和完善;其特定生长率大小为：缢蛏组＞菲律宾蛤仔组＞配合饲料组,组间差异显著(P＜0.05);(2)不同饵料的投喂对其肝脏消化酶活性的影响差异显著,在整个实验区间的胰蛋白酶活力的大小为：缢蛏组＞菲律宾蛤仔组＞配合饲料组,组间差异显著(P＜0.05);配合饲料组的淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力先降后升,鲜活饵料组则较稳定;45 d 后配合饲料组的淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力皆显著高于鲜活饵料组的(P＜0.05);表明管角螺在饥饿时,消化酶可能存在补偿性分泌,优先利用糖原和脂肪作为能源物质;(3)不同饵料对管角螺软体部的灰分和水分没有显著影响(P＞0.05),鲜活饵料组的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量皆显著高于配合饲料组(P＜0.05)。 相似文献
7.
8.
利用海水池塘陆基实验围隔,研究三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)不同混养系统的养殖效果以及氮(N)和磷(P)的收支和利用率状况。结果表明:(1)适宜的三疣梭子蟹、凡纳滨对虾和菲律宾蛤仔三元混养,能有效提高三疣梭子蟹养殖的综合效益。(2)投喂的饵料(包括对虾配合饲料与蓝蛤(Aloidis laevis))是系统N、P的主要来源,占N总输入量的84.41%~89.75%和P总输入量的96.64%~98.35%;其次为水层中带入的N、P,占N总输入量的7.14%~11.97%和P总输入量的0.39%~1.11%。N、P的支出主要为底泥积累,占N总支出量的39.88%~57.17%和P总支出量的35.69%~68.45%;其次为养殖生物收获N、P,占总支出的比例分别为16.86%~32.24%和18.72%~33.55%;N的输出渗漏损失较大,水层积累较少,而P的输出水层积累较多,渗漏损失较少。(3)各处理比较,三元混养PLR3组N的利用率显著提高,比其它处理提高了9.95%~15.80%。综合养殖效果和各系统N、P利用率结果,在本研究条件下,蟹、虾、贝混养最优比例为三疣梭子蟹6ind/m2、凡纳滨对虾45ind/m2、菲律宾蛤仔30~60ind/m2。 相似文献
9.
胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔生长特征研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
为对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔增养殖业的可持续发展提供技术支持,2004年5～9月,通过对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔进行定点采样调查和生物学特性测定,分析研究了菲律宾蛤仔的生长特征.结果表明：近几年胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔的底播增殖,苗种平均体重0.26g、壳长11.1mm;1～3龄期间个体生长速度较快,1～2龄、2～3龄,体重分别增长3.88g和4.02g;1～2龄生物量增长最快,2～3龄由于死亡率提高,使生物量增长缓慢;壳长、壳高、壳宽与体重关系式分别为y=0.000 2x^3.053 3,y=0.000 4x^3.088 6,y=0.005 3x^2.683 4,壳高、壳宽与壳长关系式分别为y=0.667 4x＋0.305 9,y=0.457 5x-0.967 8;1～3龄蛤仔软体部的生长速度快于贝壳,5～6月份是菲律宾蛤仔的肥育期.由个体生长特性分析,3龄为最佳采捕年龄,从生物量上分析,采捕2龄蛤收益最高;6月是最佳的捕获季节. 相似文献
10.
RPD-1菌株分离自青岛栈桥近岸海水,根据其生理生化特征鉴定为紫色非硫菌科红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)。菌株RPD-1适盐范围较广,在NaCl含量为0～8%的培养基中均可生长,在NaCl为3%的培养基中生长最快;在初始pH为6.0～9.0的培养基中均可生长,pH为7.5时生长最快;不同光源的光照条件下,生长速度不同,白炽灯光照下,生长速度快,日光灯照下,生长速度慢;RPD-1菌株蛋白质含量为58.5%,含各种必需氨基酸。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)育苗实验结果表明,RPD-1菌株能提高菲律宾蛤仔幼虫的存活率和变态率;水体氨态氮测定结果表明,RPD-1菌株能显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮。 相似文献
11.
采用现场测定方法 ,研究了硬壳蛤稚贝野外中间培育的适宜初始规格以及直接底播、袋中加砂底播、袋中加砂笼养和袋中无砂笼养 4种野外培育模式的效果。结果表明 ,硬壳蛤稚贝进行野外中间培育的适宜规格为壳长大于 2— 4mm。在 4种培育模式中 ,直接底播和袋中加砂底播模式效果比较理想。直接底播的稚贝 ( 30 0 0粒 /m2 )经过 2 8天便可由壳长2 .62mm长到 9.47mm ,达到播种规格 ;经过 62天的培育可以长到 1 7.5 1mm ,成活率可达83.3%。利用袋中加砂底播模式培育的稚贝生长速度略低于直接底播的稚贝 ,但成活率略高于直接底播的稚贝 ,可达到 89.8%— 94.5 %。与上述两种培育模式相比 ,袋中加砂笼养和袋中无砂笼养模式培育的稚贝生长速度较慢 ,其中以袋中无砂笼养模式培育的稚贝生长速度最慢 ,成活率最低。在这两种培育模式中 ,下层稚贝生长最慢 ,其次为中层稚贝 ,再次为上层稚贝 相似文献
12.
缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)是我国重要的水产经济贝类,开展耐高盐新品种选育对平衡不同地区缢蛏良种养殖意义重大。本研究对不同家系缢蛏幼贝进行高盐胁迫,运用统计学方法和相关性分析探究了缢蛏耐高盐性能及其与生长性状的相关性。结果显示,缢蛏家系间壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量表型值差异较大,体质量变异系数达15.53%。不同家系对高盐耐受性差异较大,家系间死亡率范围在0～100%。胁迫实验共持续9 d,各家系缢蛏首粒死亡时间在第1～9 d之间,而且死亡率较高的家系内缢蛏死亡时间离散程度较大,说明不同个体间高盐耐受性差异也较大。缢蛏开始出现大量死亡的时间主要在胁迫后第8 d,第9 d部分家系死亡率高于80%,说明缢蛏对高盐耐受存在一个阈值,超过该阈值会开始或大量死亡。皮尔逊和斯皮尔曼相关性分析显示,缢蛏存活时间和生长性状为正相关,其中存活时间与缢蛏壳长、体质量相关性均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。缢蛏存活率与体质量、生长速度均显著正相关(P<0.05)。整体而言,壳长较长和体质量较重的缢蛏个体耐高盐性能较强,在高盐环境中具有生长优势。本研究揭示了缢蛏的高盐耐受性及... 相似文献
13.
A breeding-selection program for the clam,Meretrix meretrix,was conducted since 2004.Two of the selection populations were generated with the shell color pattern as an additional selection criterion and named as SP(purple stripes)population and SB(black dots)population.The third-generation SP and SB populations(08G3SP and 08G3SB,respectively)were cultured at two commercial clam farms and a nursery pond and their shell lengths were compared.08G3SB clams had significantly larger sizes than 08G3SP clams at commercial clam farms(p<0.05),yet 08G3SB individuals were significantly smaller than 08G3SP individuals at the nursery pond(p<0.05).Then,we examined the growth of the fourth-generation SP and SB populations(10G4SP and 10G4SB,respectively)at a commercial farm,and found that the shell lengths of the 10G4SB clams increased at a significantly higher growth rate than the 10G4SP clams(p<0.05)from May to September,when the water temperature was between 24.2–27.5 C,while 10G4SB lost the growth advantage in the other months.These results indicated that SP and SB populations responded differently to environmental factors,so it is beneficial for the clam farmers to select a suitable population according to the culture environment.Furthermore,a diallel mating of the SB and SP populations was designed to investigate whether their hybrid population would show heterosis.However,the heterosis was not shown in this study,which might result from the slight genetic divergence between SB and SP populations. 相似文献
14.
环境条件变化是造成贝类挥发性有机物质(VOCs)组成变化的主要原因。菲律宾蛤仔养殖生产中,常进行从开放式自然滩涂迁移至人工围塘养殖的活动。本文研究了这一过程前后菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)肌肉组织的VOCs组成特征、变化及其与环境因子相关性。结果显示:基于固相微萃取和气质联用技术,共鉴定出52种VOCs,分别属于醛、醇、酯、烃、呋喃、烷烃、烯、芳香烃、含硫和含氮化合物等。迁移前样本中,检出41种化合物,迁移至人工围塘养殖20 d后,检出32种。迁移造成了化合物种类数量降低、种类发生变化。醛、醇类的相对含量最高、迁移前后的变化尤为显著,呈现由醛高醇低的组成逆转为醇高醛低的特点。溶氧是影响VOCs组成变化及其醇、醛类差别的重要因子。饵料生物量、相对丰度和多样性与VOCs的组成具有显著相关性:自然滩涂微型真核生物多样性高但生物量和丰度相对低,人工围塘多样性低但生物量和丰度高,是VOCs组成差异的关键影响因子。本研究建立了贝类VOCs与关键环境因子的直接联系,为进一步解析贝类品质的环境关系、优化和调控养殖环境等研究提供了参考。 相似文献
15.
Blidberg E 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):793-797
Giant clams (Family: Tridacnidae) are endangered species distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. In this study, survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae were studied for three days in ambient water (32 psu), copper (2.5 microg Cu(2+) L(-1)), reduced salinities (25 and 20 psu) and the combination of copper and 25 psu salinity. No significant differences were found in larval development between treatments. The survival rates decreased considerably with reduced salinities although the combination of copper and reduced salinity gave synergistic effects. As a consequence, this could limit population growth of giant clams in coastal areas and could also explain the absence of larval settlement on reefs close to harbours or river mouths. More research is needed to understand the basic requirements and stress tolerance in giant clam larvae for reef restoration and other management actions to be successful. 相似文献
16.
Effects of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on the energy budgets and growth of two marine bivalves 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) may impose a serious threat to aquatic lives and human health. We determined the effects of a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (clone ATCIO1, isolated from Hong Kong coastal waters) on the energy budget, quantified as scope for growth (SFG), and the growth rate of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. To quantify the SFG, clams and mussels were dosed with different amounts of toxic A. tamarense for 6 days, resulting in different toxin burdens in the tissues. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency, and respiration rate were subsequently measured in these toxin containing bivalves. Clearance rate significantly declined at the highest toxin burden in the clams only, while there was no significant difference in the clearance rate among different treatments for the mussels. The respiration rate of either bivalve was not significantly affected by toxin accumulation in the tissues. In contrast, the absorption efficiency of both clams and mussels decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner for mussels but not for clams, when the tissue accumulated the toxins. With an increase in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin burden, SFG in both clams and mussels was significantly reduced, primarily because of the decrease of absorption efficiency. The growth rate of juvenile clam R. philippinarum, measured as an increment in tissue dry weight over a 15 d exposure period, was significantly lower during their feeding on toxic dinoflagellate than the growth rate of clams feeding on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The juvenile mussel P. viridis, however, exhibited similar growth rates after feeding on the toxic dinoflagellates and the nontoxic diatom. This study showed that SFG can provide a sensitive and integrated measure of the effect of HAB on the physiology of bivalves. Clam R. philippinarum may be more sensitive, in terms of their energy budget, to PSP toxin accumulation than the mussel P. viridis. 相似文献
17.
为探究菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）筏式养殖模式可行性，在我国黄海北部首次开展了菲律宾蛤仔"斑马蛤2号"新品种的筏式与底播养殖模式对比试验。采用平均壳长为2.37 cm，平均全湿重为2.99 g规格的"斑马蛤2号"苗种为试验材料，对两种养殖方式的"斑马蛤2号"生长、存活、营养成分进行比较分析，结果表明，筏式养殖"斑马蛤2号"夏季（4-7月）壳长、壳宽、壳高、全湿重、软体重的相对生长速率分别比底播养殖"斑马蛤2号"快149.54%、100.61%、116.30%、152.25%、132.58%（P<0.05）。筏式养殖"斑马蛤2号"存活率为90%以上，显著高于底播养殖（P<0.05）。两种养殖方式的"斑马蛤2号"水分、灰分、粗蛋白、糖原、脂肪酸等营养成分季节变化规律基本一致。筏式养殖"斑马蛤2号"冬季糖原、单不饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于底播养殖"斑马蛤2号"（P<0.05）。研究表明，当年10月采用多层聚乙烯网笼按密度为150-200粒/层放养菲律宾蛤仔"斑马蛤2号"大规格苗种（平均壳长为2.37 cm，平均全湿重为2.99 g），可于翌年的4月、7月、10月收获平均壳长为3.03、3.36、3.51 cm的市场规格产品。筏式养殖模式具有存活率高的优点。"斑马蛤2号"筏式养殖模式试验的成功为蛤仔健康养殖提供了新途径。 相似文献
18.
Infestation of the surf clam Mesodesma donacium by the spionid polychaete Polydora bioccipitalis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jos M. Riascos Olaf Heilmayer Marcelo E. Oliva Jürgen Laudien Wolf E. Arntz 《Journal of Sea Research》2008,59(4):217-227
The surf clam Mesodesma donacium is an economically important species for Chilean and Peruvian shellfisheries. This clam is often infested by Polydora bioccipitalis, a species belonging to the Spionidae, the most common parasitic polychaete group. To study this association, clams were sampled monthly over a one-year period in northern Chile. Collected clams covered the entire available size range and were classified into four infestation levels in order to study: (1) the relationship between prevalence of infestation (PI) and host size, (2) the temporal pattern of infestation events related to seasonal temperature changes, and (3) the relationship between infestation, body condition index (BCI) and gonado-somatic index (GSI). Additionally, growth rate and digging ability of clams with different infestation levels was studied. A logistic regression model best explained the relationship between PI and host size, with the smallest infested clam being 34 mm long and PI increasing steeply thereafter. Ontogenetic shifts in the habitat of the clam and ontogenetic changes, mainly in shell morphology, seem to explain the sigmoid pattern. Periods of increased shell blistering after infestation by P. bioccipitalis showed a similar seasonal pattern with GSI and BCI of non-infested clams, suggesting either an association between infestation ability and low condition of the clam or common environmental triggers for those factors. Heavily infested clams showed a significant lower BCI, growth rate and digging ability; however, given its low number, they are unlikely to be significant in terms of the local population survival. However, the infestation could play a key role in explaining mass mortality of northern populations during El Niño events, given the latitudinal differences in PI and the fact that infestation ability could be enhanced by increased temperature and facilitated in stressed clams. 相似文献
19.
W. Lindsay Whitlow 《Marine Ecology》2010,31(3):418-430
Many studies on invasive species show reduced native densities, but few studies measure trait‐mediated effects as mechanisms for changes in native growth rates and population dynamics. Where native prey face invasive predators, mechanisms for phenotypic change include selective predation, or induced behavioral or morphological plasticity. Invasive green crabs, Carcinus maenas, have contributed to declines in native soft‐shell clams, Mya arenaria, in coastal New England, USA. We tested the hypothesis that clam ability to detect chemical cues from predators or damaged conspecifics would induce greater burrowing depth as a refuge from invasive crabs, and greater burrowing would require increased siphon growth. To determine how crab predation affected clam survivorship and phenotypic traits in the field, clams in exclosure, open, and crab enclosure plots were compared. Crab predation reduced clam density, and surviving clams were deeper and larger, with longer siphons. To determine whether the mechanism for these results was selective predation or induced plasticity, phenotypes were compared between clams exposed to chemical cues from crab predation and clams exposed to seawater in laboratory and field experiments. In response to crab predation cues, clams burrowed deeper, with longer siphons and greater siphon mass. Overall, crab predation removed clams with shorter siphons at shallow depths, and crab predation cues induced greater burrowing depths and longer siphons. Longer siphons and greater siphon mass of deeper clams suggests clams may allocate energy to siphon growth in response to crabs. By determining native behavior and morphological changes in response to an invasive predator, this study adds to our understanding of mechanisms for invasive impacts and illustrates the utility of measuring trait‐mediated effects to investigate predator–prey dynamics. 相似文献
20.
为了优化蛏苗集约化平面流中间培育技术,研究了不同进水流速和苗种规格对缢蛏中间培育效果的影响,并分析了集约化平面流中间培育系统的水质状况。结果显示,不同进水流速对缢蛏稚贝生长影响显著,稚贝生长速率随进水流速增加而增加,但成活率下降。通过流速与成活率和体质量日增生长量的线性回归分析,估算0.163L/s为适宜的进水流速。在适宜流速和相同放苗重量下,大规格苗种(8万粒/kg)生长速度显著高于小规格苗种(18万粒/kg),但因为小规格组放苗数量多,小规格组单位面积质量较其高出23.72%。除低流速组以外,平面流中间培育过程对叶绿素a和铵态氮有良好的去除效果,去除率分别达到36.99%和3.88%以上,这表明平面流集约化中间培育在利用海水池塘水体进行苗种中间培育的同时,也起到了池塘养殖水体的净化作用。综合认为,在养殖密度0.5kg/m^2、流速0.163 L/s的培育条件下,可以保证水体自污染程度较低,缢蛏苗种生长较快,成活率在73.12%以上。 相似文献