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1.
Aurélie Chaalali Grégory Beaugrand Philippe Boët Benoît Sautour 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(6):1193-1205
Although many consequences of climate change on marine and terrestrial ecosystems are well documented, the characterisation of estuarine ecosystems specific responses and the drivers of the changes are less understood. In this study, we considered the biggest Southwestern European estuary, the Gironde, as a model of a macrotidal estuary to assess the effects of both large- (i.e., North Atlantic basin-scale) and regional-scale climate changes. Using a unique set of data on climatic, physical, chemical and biological parameters for the period 1978–2009, we examined relations between changes in both the physical and chemical environments and pelagic communities (plankton and fish) via an end-to-end approach. Our results show that the estuary experienced two abrupt shifts (～1987 and ～2000) over the last three decades, which altered the whole system. The timing of these abrupt shifts are in accordance with abrupt shifts reported in both marine (e.g., in the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and along the Atlantic) and terrestrial (e.g., in European lakes) realms. Although this work does not allow a full understanding of the dynamical processes through which climate effects propagate along the different compartments of the ecosystem, it provides evidence that the dynamics of the largest estuary of Southwest Europe is strongly modulated by climate change at both regional and global scales. 相似文献
2.
This study reviews the Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy in three semi-arid river basins of western India i.e., lower Luni
(Rajasthan), and Mahi and Sabarmati (Gujarat alluvial plains). On the basis of OSL chronologies, it is shown that the existing
intra-valley lithostratigraphic correlations require a revision. The sand, gravel and mud facies are present during various
times in the three basins, however, the fluvial response to climate change, and the resulting facies associations, was different
in the Thar desert as compared to that at the desert margin; this makes purely lithostratigraphic correlations unviable. It
is further shown that the rivers in the Thar desert were more sensitive to climate change and had small response times and
geomorphic thresholds as compared to the desert-margin rivers. This is illustrated during the early OIS 1, when the Luni river
in the Thar desert was dynamic and showed frequent variations in fluvial styles such as gravel bedload braided streams, sand-bed
ephemeral streams and meandering streams, all followed by incision during the early Holocene. The coeval deposits in Sabarmati,
however, only show a meandering, floodplain-dominated river.
Late Quaternary alluvial deposits in these basins unconformably overlie some older deposits that lack any absolute chronology.
Based on the facies types and their associations, and the composition and architecture of the multistoried gravel sheets in
the studied sections, it is suggested that older deposits are of pre-Quaternary age. This hypothesis implies the presence
of a large hiatus incorporating much of the Quaternary period in the exposed sections 相似文献
3.
Understanding the impact of past climatic changes on landscape stability is crucial in order to predict and mitigate the effects of future changes. However, in arid and semi‐arid environments, reconstructions are often hampered by a poor understanding of the relationship between sediment deposition and climate. We present here data from central Texas, a region that is sensitive to environmental change but has received relatively little attention. The study integrates a chronology of 29 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from six sedimentary sites in a range of depositional contexts with a 19 000 a climate record derived from pollen extracted from the adjacent Boriack Bog. By comparing the two records, we aimed to assess the relationship between climate change and geomorphic activity. Data show that extensive aeolian and colluvial deposition occurred during the mid to late Holocene, with sedimentation generally increasing during more arid phases. However, a number of depositional events on slopes were associated with moister episodes, and sediment was also deposited in a summit setting immediately after phases of increased precipitation. Linkages between climate change and geomorphic response were therefore complex, being controlled by both sediment supply and transport energy. The climatic fluctuations identified in the Boriack Bog record highlight the sensitivity of central Texas to environmental change, while disparities in conditions recorded between it and other palaeoenvironmental sites in the southern USA emphasise the need for further work in order to enhance understanding of landscape sedimentary response to climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Conceptual climate models, based on the workings of the present-day climate system, provided a first-order approach to ancient climate systems. They are potentially very subjective in character. Their main drawback was that they involved the relocation of continents beneath a stable atmospheric circulation modelled upon that of the present. General circulation models (GCMs) use the laws of physics and an understanding of past geography to simulate climatic responses. They are objective in character. However, they require super computers to handle vast numbers of calculations. Nonetheless it is now possible to compare results from different GCMs for a range of times and over a wide range of parameterisations. GCMs are currently producing simulated climate predictions which compare favourably with the distributions of climatically sensitive facies (e.g. coals, evaporites and palaeosols). They have been used effectively in the prediction of oceanic upwelling sites and the distribution of petroleum source-rocks and phosphorites. Parameterisation is the main weakness in GCMs (e.g. sea-surface temperature, orography, cloud behaviour). Sensitivity experiments can be run on GCMs which simulate the effects of Milankovitch forcing and thus provide insights into possible patterns of climate change both globally and locally (i.e. provide predictions that can be evaluated against the rock record). Future use of GCMs could be in the forward modelling of sequence stratigraphic evolution and in the prediction of the diagenetic characteristics of reservoir units in frontier exploration areas. The sedimentary record provides the only way that GCMs may themselves be evaluated and this is important because these same GCMs are being used currently to predict possible changes in future climate. 相似文献
5.
帕米尔弧形构造带是印度-欧亚板块碰撞变形最强烈的地区之一,是研究构造过程、地貌演化以及气候变化及其相互作用的理想场所。本文基于前人的研究成果,对帕米尔弧形构造带新生代构造单元、地貌特征和动力学演化模型进行了总结归纳,包括:主要构造单元的活动起止时间、活动量及活动速率;帕米尔弧形构造带现今的地貌特征(水系和冰川的分布);帕米尔弧形构造带6种主要的地球动力学演化模型的主要样式、优点及限制。论文提出了帕米尔弧形构造带晚新生代构造研究的三个重要的科学问题:精细厘定构造带内部的不同断裂带运动学特征和相互关系;深部地质过程与浅部响应相结合,探讨构造带形成的深部地质过程控制;将构造过程、气候特征与地貌演化作为一个耦合系统开展研究。 相似文献
6.
甘肃疏勒河冲积扇绿洲全新世孢粉组合和环境演化 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过甘肃疏勒河冲积扇九道沟下游剖面(JDG)沉积物系统的孢粉分析,探讨了这一极干旱区全新世植被和气候环境演化.约4.3 m厚沉积剖面的孢粉组合特征清楚地反映了研究区全新世植被经历了6个发展演替阶段,从老而新依次为:针叶林为主的针阔混交林-灌丛草原;灌丛草原;疏林灌木草原;针叶树为主的针阔混交林-灌丛草原;草原植被;针叶林-灌木草原.与植被发展演替相对应的气候环境经历了凉较湿→温干→暖湿→温较湿→温干→凉较湿的变化.这些结果对于了解该地区全新世气候演化以及中国西北干旱区未来环境预测方面都具有重要意义. 相似文献
7.
利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对连续取样的洛川黄土剖面弱古土壤层(L1 SS1)和相邻黄土层(L1LL1,L1LL2)的分子化石进行了检测,获得正构烷烃、正烷基-2-酮和酰胺等种类众多、丰度较高的分子化石。W草/植=nC31/(nC27+nC29+nC31),W木/植=(nC27+nC29)/(nC27+nC29+nC31)和W木/草=(nC27+nC29)/nC31记录了草本与植被、木本与植被、木本与草本比例变化规律的古植被信息。检测样品的CPI值为5.60~11.50,地质作用影响较小;通过磁化率、粒度和分子化石指标的相关性分析,认为磁化率、粒度记录了环境变化及主要气候事件(相关系数达-0.81);而分子化石能较好地反映古植被变化。当气候环境由干冷向温湿变化、水热配置条件改善时,植被变化响应较迅速;当环境恶化、转向干冷时,响应较弱或滞后,这种现象可能是由于植被生态系统稳定性造成的结果。整个研究剖面段样品以nC31为主峰的高碳数优势,分子化石表明末次冰期间冰段洛川地区(黄土高原)发育草本植被而没有出现以森林为主的植被。 相似文献
8.
Impacts of tectonic and orbital forcing on East African climate: a comparison based on global climate model simulations 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Frank Kaspar Kerstin Prömmel Ulrich Cubasch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(7):1677-1686
A global atmosphere–ocean model has been forced with topographic and orbital scenarios in order to evaluate the relative role
of both factors for the past climate of East Africa. Forcing the model with a significantly reduced topography in Eastern
and Southern Africa leads to a distinct increase in moisture transport from the Indian Ocean into the eastern part of the
continent and increased precipitation in Eastern Africa. Simulations with step-wise reduced height show that this climate
change occurs continuously with the change in topography, i.e., an abrupt change of local climatic features with a critical
height is not found. Simulations of the last interglacial (at 125,000 years before present, i.e., the Eemian interglacial)
and the last glacial inception (at 115,000 years before present) are used as examples for the role of orbital-induced changes
in insolation. Here, changes in meridional temperature gradients lead to modifications in moisture transport of similar order
of magnitude, but with different spatial and seasonal structure. For the Eemian interglacial, a distinct increase in summer
moisture transport from the Atlantic deep into the continent at around 20°N is simulated. 相似文献
9.
Future estuarine geomorphic change, in response to climate change, sea-level rise, and watershed sediment supply, may govern
ecological function, navigation, and water quality. We estimated geomorphic changes in Suisun Bay, CA, under four scenarios
using a tidal-timescale hydrodynamic/sediment transport model. Computational expense and data needs were reduced using the
morphological hydrograph concept and the morphological acceleration factor. The four scenarios included (1) present-day conditions;
(2) sea-level rise and freshwater flow changes of 2030; (3) sea-level rise and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030;
and (4) sea-level rise, freshwater flow changes, and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030. Sea-level rise increased
water levels thereby reducing wave-induced bottom shear stress and sediment redistribution during the wind-wave season. Decreased
watershed sediment supply reduced net deposition within the estuary, while minor changes in freshwater flow timing and magnitude
induced the smallest overall effect. In all future scenarios, net deposition in the entire estuary and in the shallowest areas
did not keep pace with sea-level rise, suggesting that intertidal and wetland areas may struggle to maintain elevation. Tidal-timescale
simulations using future conditions were also used to infer changes in optical depth: though sea-level rise acts to decrease
mean light irradiance, decreased suspended-sediment concentrations increase irradiance, yielding small changes in optical
depth. The modeling results also assisted with the development of a dimensionless estuarine geomorphic number representing
the ratio of potential sediment import forces to sediment export forces; we found the number to be linearly related to relative
geomorphic change in Suisun Bay. The methods implemented here are widely applicable to evaluating future scenarios of estuarine
change over decadal timescales. 相似文献
10.
基于冰川区地形图和实地GPS测量数据,总结4种用于计算冰川末端变化量的方法:主流线法、中心线法、周长法和特征点法,并提出基于GIS的操作思路.分析了各种方法的优缺点,阐述了各种方法在使用中的注意事项.建议使用最短距离的特征点法计算冰川末端变化量,并且以前一期的特征点向后一期的冰川边界搜索最短距离.通过把方法应用在北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川,结果表明,自2005年观测以来北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端呈现退缩趋势,年均退缩量为9.44m.a-1,年际变差系数为0.40,冰川末端变化量年际变化较大. 相似文献
11.
The response of Central European vegetation to rapid climate change during the late Quaternary period (Eemian to Holocene) is assessed by data from the new pollen record of Füramoos, southwestern Germany. This record represents the longest late Quaternary pollen record north of the Alps as currently known. Its high degree of completeness allows detailed correlations with Greenland ice cores and sea-surface temperature records from the North Atlantic. Our data show that if climate deteriorations were not long or severe enough to extirpate refugia of arboreal taxa north of the Alps such as during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 5 (i.e., Würm Stadial A, Stadial B, and Stadial C), reforestation with the onset of warmer conditions in Central Europe occurred on a centennial scale. If arboreal taxa became completely extinct north of the Alps such as during MIS 4 (i.e., Würm Stadial D), several thousand years were necessary for the reimmigration from refugia situated in regions south of the Alps. Thus, Dansgaard-Oeschger interstades (DOIS) 24 to 20 and 15 to 11 are expressed in Central European pollen records, whereas DOIS 19 to 16 are not recorded due to migration lags. 相似文献
12.
13.
有一种观点认为,在黄河三角洲地区的莱州湾南岸平原,“古湖泊消亡的根本原因是气候变化”。通过查证资料,可以认为在黄河三角洲地区,从更新世以来的地质历史时期的气候变化、有文献记载的人类历史时期的气候变化以及近百年来有仪器记录的现代气候变化等三个层次上分析,均不存在湖泊消亡的气候条件。此外还列举了其他地区同时期湖泊消亡的气候条件,并将其与黄河三角洲地区进行比较,也说明黄河三角洲地区不存在湖泊消亡的气候条件。参照有关资料,在黄河三角洲地区,河道变迁频繁和人类活动加剧是湖泊消亡的根本原因。 相似文献
14.
根据生物、湖泊及冰川地层记录,分析了青藏高原末次冰消期的气候演化特点,并将其与格陵兰、欧洲气候演化序列进行了对比分析.结果表明,末次冰消期的气候演化大致可分为两个阶段:前一阶段为暖期,但波动频繁;格陵兰、欧洲在经历了H1事件后,迅速转暖,Bolling期比Allerod期气候更为适宜;而青藏高原渐趋回暖,夏季风降水逐渐增加,存在由冰融水与降水增加所形成的高湖面,气候温湿,进入一次湖泊扩涨期;大部分记录指示Allerod期比Bolling期气候更为适宜.后一阶段为冷期,格陵兰、欧洲气候恶化并显示出有回返冰期的气候特点;青藏高原气候严酷、荒漠扩展、冰流推进、湖面下降.气候演化的这种异同性表明:格陵兰、欧洲与青藏高原气候系统彼此存在联系,特别是在冷期;而在暖期,气候演化表现出各自的特点.气候演化格局所呈现的可比性,可能是通过冷期的一致而体现的. 相似文献
15.
库鲁克塔格地区奥陶系层序地层与海平面变化 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
出露于新疆库鲁克塔格地区的奥陶系揭示出一个完整长周期(Ⅰ级周期)的海侵-海退沉积序列。这个沉积序列由9个Ⅲ级层序和3个Ⅱ级层序构成,反映了短周期(Ⅲ和Ⅱ级周期)的海平面变化。下奥陶统是在长周期海侵背景下形成的,为一套主体在次深海环境下形成的层序组合———Ⅱ级层序A;中奥陶统是长周期海平面波动的背景下形成的,为一套主体在次深海-浅海陆棚环境下形成的层序组合———Ⅱ级层序B;上奥陶统是长周期海退背景下形成的,为一套主体在浅海-滨海环境下形成的层序组合———Ⅱ级层序C。库鲁克塔格地区奥陶系层序地层特征及其揭示的海平面变化是盆地形成与转变的构造机制的响应。奥陶纪是早古生代盆地发生盆地类型转化的关键时期,即从寒武纪-早奥陶世的裂陷盆地,经中奥陶世的过渡,转化为晚奥陶世-志留纪的前陆盆地。由于后期的构造变动本区现已成为塔里木盆地东北边缘隆起。 相似文献
16.
The Last Interglacial or Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, is of great interest because it serves as an analog for the Holocene. The climate change and duration during Marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e are considerably well understood for recent and future climate. Despite great interest in this subject over many years, a number of issues concerning the climate circumstances of MIS 5e are by no means resolved. We analyzed 35 published palaeoclimate records with reliable chronologies and robust proxies in typical region of the world to evaluate climate change during MIS 5e. These data indicate that: ① The duration of this warm phase is thought to range from (128±2) ka to (116±2) ka. The climate of MIS 5e was likely relatively stable with a number of abrupt, weak amplitude, cool and/or arid events. And the difference between regions is noticeable for the occurrence, amplitude, onset and duration of these events. For example, marine records from the North Atlantic indicate that the climate of MIS 5e was relatively stable, however the records from Norwegian sea show that the climate of MIS 5e had a significant changes at the beginning and cold event in the Mid-Eemian; The δ18O, δD and CH4 in the ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica imply that climate was relatively stable during the last interglacial period, while in Europe from the north to the south the duration of this phase became shorter and the intensity of climatic events became stronger. In addition, the climatic conditions of MIS 5e reconstructed by climate proxy from China are various and have the subject of some controversy. ②The global climate response to the insolation forcing would have been uniform on suborbital timescale. Nevertheless, as a result of regional sundry climatic forcing factors, global millennial-scale/century-scale climate oscillations were marked by significant local features during stage 5e. ③ Based on the better chronological controls, the estimation of climate parameters, the high-resolution climate records, and precise knowledge of the phase relationship between climate changes in global, the earlier depiction for climate circumstances and environment change during Marine Isotope Stage 5e should be refined and our understanding of the climate dynamics and mechanism and climate modelling should be improved. 相似文献
17.
基于气候变化影响的水资源评价对水资源规划和管理具有重要意义,随着全球气候变化影响的加剧,这一研究显得越来越紧迫。在目前的气候变化研究中,很少考虑气候自然波动的影响(气候自然变异),常将所有的变化单独归因于气候变化的影响,这在气候变化的影响评价中可能导致错误的理解与判断。气候自然变异分析由于缺乏超长系列的数据资料而长期被人为避开。针对这一问题,本研究提出模型方法体系,通过历史基准期的长系列模拟来分析气候自然变异的影响。选取常用的1961~1990年水文系列作为基准期,提出一种基于拉丁超立方体抽样技术的季节分段抽样模拟方法,实现对气候自然变异的模拟。应用水文模型TOPMODEL对基准期的径流系列进行模拟,基于不确定性分析GLUE方法对基准期内水文模型参数不确定性进行分析,并探讨了气候自然变异的影响。研究结果表明,在气候变化影响评价中,气候自然变异的影响不可忽略,应在气候变化的影响中加以区分和界定。 相似文献
18.
青藏高原与全球环境变化研究进展 总被引：56，自引：1，他引：56
文章从 4个方面简要介绍了青藏高原与全球环境变化的最新研究进展 :(1)新生代青藏高原的隆升过程与东亚环境演化 ;(2 )末次间冰期以来的气候环境记录及重大气候突变事件 ;(3)青藏高原2ka以来温度、降水变化特征 ;(4 )青藏高原近代气候变化及其环境响应。主要结论有 :第三纪青藏地区曾两次隆升与夷平 ;7MaBP开始高原再次抬升 ,3 6MaBP以来经历了强烈隆起。高原季风的形成演化与高原隆升过程紧密相联 ,2 5MaBP高原季风由浅薄系统变为深厚系统 ,现代季风格局形成。在约 1 1～ 0 8MaBP间青藏高原进入冰冻圈 ,西北地区干旱化、主要沙漠扩展、周边地区新的黄土体系形成均与此有关。高原气候在冰期 /间冰期循环时间尺度上具有升温缓慢、降温迅速的特征。达索普冰芯记录中的CH4 浓度高出极区 15 %～ 2 0 %,并具有很大的波动性。青藏高原最新的一次大湖期时代在 40～ 2 5ka ,代表着一次特强的夏季风暖湿事件。古里雅冰芯研究发现气候突变事件频繁。高海拔地区比低海拔地区对全球气候变化反应更敏感。根据冰芯、湖芯、树轮和历史文献恢复揭示了2ka以来高原温度降水变化特征。百年来青藏高原气候经历了 3次突变 ,2 0世纪 5 0年代以来的变暖趋势超过北半球及同纬度地区。高原冰冻圈 (包括冰川、积雪和冻土 )对近代 相似文献
19.
通过对祁连山南坡木里地区晚更新世地层剖面AMS14C年代的测定,以及对沉积物粒度、磁化率及SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3等氧化物含量的研究,重建了研究区晚更新世晚期44.8～35ka B.P.的气候变迁。木里地区晚更新世晚期44.8～35ka B.P.的气候可以分为3个阶段:(1)44.8～40.5ka B.P.,气候温暖湿润,41.9ka B.P.出现的暖事件与D-O振荡中的IS12对应;(2)40.5～35.5ka B.P.,气候波动频繁且在波动中变冷,该阶段成功捕捉到3次D-O振荡中的暖事件和1次Heinrich冷事件,3次暖事件与D-O振荡中的IS9、IS10、IS11对应,时间分别为35.8ka B.P.、37.5ka B.P.、39.7ka B.P.,冷事件与D-O振荡中的H3对应,时间为35.5ka B.P.;(3)35.5～35ka B.P.,气候波动大,具变暖趋势。整个阶段的气候波动与深海氧同位素第3阶段后期气候变化特征较吻合,亦揭示了全球变化信号在研究区的响应特征。 相似文献