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1.
中国西北地区的干旱与旱灾——变化趋势与对策 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
干旱与水资源短缺是西北地区的基本环境特征。西北地区在气候变暖的背景下,区域降水量出现了明显的区域差异:西北西部的新疆地区,20世纪80年代以来降水量增加;西北东部大部分地区降水量持续减少,干旱、连旱趋势增加;黄河流域西北区域降水量减少,干旱化趋势最为显著。在气候干旱化增强的背景下,新疆地区总体上经过70年代的枯水期后,在80年代中期开始较大范围内径流量呈现增加趋势;河西东部、西北东部的黄河流域等地区,70年代以来径流持续减少,大部分河流枯水频率在78%以上,水文干旱化趋势显著。水资源的开发利用、水土保持以及土地利用等人类活动使得西北地区水文干旱进一步加剧。干旱是西北地区最为严重的自然灾害之一,受干旱化气候和水文变化趋势的影响,黄河流域和内陆流域干旱灾害不断加剧,近50a干旱灾害受灾面积急剧扩张,旱灾造成的农业粮食损失不断增加。从创新水资源开发利用途径与管理等角度,提出了提高气候变化的地区适应性和区域水-经济系统旱灾抵御能力的对策与建议。 相似文献
2.
Climatological drought in Nigeria 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Peter Kwabenah Acheampong 《GeoJournal》1990,20(3):209-219
In this paper, the definitions of drought are reviewed and evaluated for Nigeria. Drought in Nigeria is thought of as a purely climatological or meteorological phenomenon, that is, a temporary abnormal rainfall deficiency over the country, the result of some unfavourable meteorological conditions such as persistent widespread subsistence and the absence or weakness in the atmospheric rain-generating systems during the rainfall season. 相似文献
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骤发干旱（简称骤旱）是一种以短历时、高强度、快速度为特征的极端事件,其形成速度已超出现有干旱监测工具的能力范围,监测模拟难度大。基于欧洲中心再分析产品（ERA）土壤含水量数据,构建考虑旱情开始速度的骤旱识别方法,提取中国1979—2018年骤旱事件,剖析旱情初期气象要素异常值的变化规律,探讨利用气象条件模拟骤旱的可行性。结果表明:①开始速度在空间上呈现显著的南北差异,长江以南地区较快,西北地区较慢;②骤旱比缓慢干旱具有更强的气象驱动力,骤旱各气象要素异常值的均值、峰值及变化幅度比缓慢干旱变化更为显著,尤其是峰值,约超过缓慢干旱0.5个标准差;③综合考虑骤旱爆发前后不同时段多个气象要素异常,能够较好地模拟开始速度,可用于监测与模拟骤旱。 相似文献
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Water-deficit-based drought risk assessments in Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Taiwan is located in Western Pacific and receives approximate 2,500?mm rainfall per year. Suffered from inadequate water supply during prolonged and severe droughts, assessing drought risk becomes one of the key tasks of water-resources planning and management in Taiwan. Well-prepared drought mitigation measures require assimilation of physical environment of droughts and human socioeconomic factors. An index-based approach is presented in this study to evaluate drought risk at municipal scale in Taiwan for current status (2008) as well as future scenarios (2021). A multiplicative formula links drought hazard (frequency, duration, and severity of droughts), drought exposure (water use), and drought vulnerability (unreliable water supply) to determine drought risk. This approach quantifies the spatial distribution of drought risk and is able to deal with future changes of water use and water-supply source and to examine their influences on drought risk assessments. The results reveal that the regions that are at great risk in the future are those regions already threaten by drought currently. Changes of future water use and water-supply source would not significantly alter spatial distribution of drought risk and ranking order among regions. These results present a basis for future water-resources planning and economic developments for each municipal region. 相似文献
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Characteristics of meteorological drought in Bangladesh 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Meteorological drought events occur in Bangladesh are diagnosed using monthly rainfall and mean air temperature from the surface observations and Regional Climate Model (RegCM) by calculating Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for the period 1961?C1990. The historical records of drought event obtained from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and International Disaster Database are used to verify the SPI and PDSI detected events. The SPI and monthly PDSI are obtained for 27 station data across Bangladesh as well as for two subregions over the country. Result based on the observed data shows that regional information is better in drought diagnosis compared to the point information. The regional analysis is able to detect about 80?% of the drought events occurred during the study period. Frequency of moderate drought is higher for all over the country. The SPI calculated from RegCM rainfall shows that the detection of moderate drought events is 10, 7, and 21?% overestimated for 1-, 3-, and 6-month length, respectively, compared to using of observed data. For extreme drought cases, detection is overestimated (underestimated) by 25?% (79?%) for 1-month (6-month) length. The PDSI results for model and observed data are nearly same to SPI calculations. Model monthly PDSI result is overestimated (underestimated) by 29?% (50?%) for moderate (severe) drought events with reference to the observed PDSI. Hence, RegCM output may be useful to detect 3?C6-month (monthly to seasonal) length moderate drought events over a heavy rainfall region likely Bangladesh. 相似文献
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Byakatonda Jimmy Parida B. P. Moalafhi Ditiro B. Kenabatho Piet K. Lesolle David 《Natural Hazards》2020,101(1):255-274
Natural Hazards - The objective, accurate and rapid quantification of agricultural drought is the key component of effective drought planning and management mechanism. The present study proposed a... 相似文献
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中国干旱预警水文方法探析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱预警是抗旱工作的首要环节和重要的非工程措施,但由于相关技术方法研究比较薄弱,在实际工作中往往缺乏针对性和可操作性,其作用难以得到充分发挥。为满足抗旱工作的需要,从中国抗旱工作实际出发,在阐述抗旱工作中干旱概念及成因的基础上,分析了中国干旱预警现状及存在问题,集成构建了干旱预警水文指标体系,提出了水文干旱预警水位（流量）的新概念及确定办法,填补了江河湖库干旱预警空白,并在抗旱工作中进行了实践应用,为干旱预警开辟了水文方法新途径。 相似文献
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Drought identification and drought severity characterization are crucial to understand water scarcity processes. Evolution of drought and wetness episodes in the upper Nen River (UNR) basin have been analyzed for the period of 1951–2012 using meteorological drought indices and for the period of 1898–2010 using hydrological drought indices. There were three meteorological indices: one based on precipitation [the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)] and the other two based on water balance with different formulations of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Moreover, two hydrological indices, the Standardized Runoff Index and Standardized Streamflow Index, were also applied in the UNR basin. Based on the meteorological indices, the results showed that the main dry period of 1965–1980 and wet periods of 1951–1964 and 1981–2002 affected this cold region. It was also found that most areas of the UNR basin experienced near normal condition during the period of 1951–2012. As a whole, the UNR basin mainly had the drought episodes in the decades of 1910, 1920, 1970 and 2000 based on hydrological indices. Also, the severity of droughts decreased from the periods of 1898–1950 to 1951–2010, while the severity of floods increased oppositely during the same periods. A correlation analysis showed that hydrological system needs a time lag of one or more months to respond to meteorological conditions in this cold region. It was also found that although precipitation had a major role in explaining temporal variability of drought, the influence of PET was not negligible. However, the sole temperature driver of PET had an opposite effect in the UNR basin (i.e., misestimating the drought detection) and was inferior to the SPI, which suggests that the PET in the SPEI should be determined by using underlying physical principles. This finding is an important implication for the drought research in future. 相似文献
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对区域干旱的概念和计算方法进行了研究,认为干旱问题应根据不同的干旱特征分区进行研究并提出针对性的解决措施。干旱研究不仅要考虑到干旱的水文特征,而且要考虑干旱风险所带来的后果。提出了分析干旱问题的理论框架。并将黄河下游引黄灌区划分为6个子区,应用多变量随机模型生成了月降水量资料系列。利用了33年的月降水量资料率定模型参数。应用生成的月降水量系列从理论风险性的观点研究了区域干旱问题。 相似文献
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E. O. Oladipo 《Natural Hazards》1993,8(3):235-261
Drought has been a recurring feature of the arid and semi-arid areas of Nigeria. This paper reviews the extent, severity, and consequences of drought and desertification in Nigeria with particular emphasis on the northern part of the country. The haphazard manner in which these environmental hazards have been tackled is examined and a systematic approach for the formulation of a national policy is proposed. It is recommended that a detailed formulation and implementation of the proposed policy plan is imperative to mitigate the often devastating impacts of drought and desertification in the very prone areas of Nigeria. Until such is done, some areas of Nigeria will always be vulnerable to the whims of an inevitable climatic hazard of drought and associated land degradation in the form of desertification. 相似文献
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Drought disaster management entails not only understanding meteorological drought as a natural hazard but also evaluating the adverse societal impacts related to the economy and human lives. For the purpose of quantifying the drought severity from the perspective of society drought, a drought index, namely “Society Drought Severity Index” (SDSI), was put forward to analyze the drought in Yunnan Province of China. In SDSI for Yunnan, the drought severity was represented by the weighted discrepancy between the “appropriate” water needs and the total available water resources, inspired by the established Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Technically, the trend in historical water consumption records in agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors was applied to represent the appropriate water needs; an apparent “runoff” was used to represent the available water resource in Yunnan. The SDSI of Yunnan revealed a trend toward increasing drought severity, which resulted from a combination of meteorological changes and water needs escalation. Moreover, the spatial center of the 2010 drought in Yunnan based on SDSI was different from that identified by PDSI, which exactly reflected the influence of water needs on drought severity. The SDSI was deemed to be a beneficial tool for drought disaster management and drought risk governance. 相似文献
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Donald A. Wilhite 《Natural Hazards》1996,13(3):229-252
Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that affects virtually all countries to some degree. The number of drought-induced natural disasters has grown significantly since the 1960s, largely as a result of increasing vulnerability to extended periods of precipitation deficiency rather than because of an increase in the frequency of meteorological droughts. This increase in drought-induced natural disasters has resulted in a considerable growth of interest in drought mitigation and preparedness worldwide. The purpose of a national preparedness plan is to reduce societal vulnerability to drought through the adoption of preventive, anticipatory policies and programs. This paper describes a ten-step planning process that nations can follow to develop a drought preparedness plan. This process, originally developed in 1987, has been the basis of discussions at training seminars on drought preparedness for developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It has also been adopted, with appropriate modifications, by state or provincial governments and by municipalities. The process is intended to be flexible so that governments can add, delete, or modify the suggested steps, as necessary.Published as Paper No. 10946, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division. The work reported here was conducted under Nebraska Agricultural Research Division Project 27-007. This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-8704050. 相似文献
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Reuben H. Brooks Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(2):121-128
Drought-stricken NE Brazil is studied in the context of four regional units: the semiarid lowlands of the interior sertão, which have the maximum precipitation fluctuations; the well-watered Cariri valley, which experiences harvest shortages during abnormally dry years; the coastal fringe, which suffers during years of widespread drought; and the highlands of Baturite, where dry spells are noticed only through an influx of migrants from low-lying and drought-stricken areas.Adjustment to drought is, in general, low; it depends on the degree of drought awareness, which is also quite low. Affluent individuals are more inclined to make adjustments to droughts, although the likelihood of their being affected is less than among poor individuals. Middleclass individuals are more inclined to react to threats of an impending drought than to act under actual drought conditions. If age is taken into consideration, middle-aged individuals show greater awareness of drought conditions and a higher propensity to making adjustments than aged or youthful populations. Women are less inclined to make adjustments than men, and married people less than singles. Large families, probably compelled by the constraints, are especially prone to undertake changes in living conditions when a drought strikes.In general, the choices provided by economic feasibility, the possibilities of mitigating drought effects through technological know-how, and the social input of marriage and family size are very important parameters in shaping the character of the adjustments to drought. 相似文献
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以干旱易发区海河流域为例,利用流域内及其周边地区58个气象站点1961-2010年逐日气象观测数据,结合累积相对湿润度指数和模糊集对评价法,考虑了干旱的累积效应以及评价标准等级边界的模糊性和评价因子的时程分配,分析了海河流域干旱时空变化特征。结果表明:①近50年来流域主要干旱类型为中旱和重旱,平均面积分别约为7.30万km2和7.78万km2,重旱面积呈现出显著的增加趋势;②近25年来,重旱易发区范围表现出扩张的态势,1985-2010年重旱易发区面积达到14.9万km2,为1961-1985年的1.6倍。 相似文献
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中国现有抗旱相关法规、规划、标准和制度等均是按常态干旱考虑的,几乎没有考虑大范围、长历时极端干旱的问题。一旦发生类似崇祯大旱和光绪大旱等极端干旱,将对中国经济社会产生深刻影响。从历史旱涝序列重建、极端干旱事件复原和重演3个方面论述了相关研究进展,发现重建方面缺乏重建方法对比研究、重建序列时空分辨率较低等,复原方面缺乏干旱灾害双重属性的考虑等,重演方面缺乏对抗旱减灾能力以及全球气候变化的考虑等。对未来研究重点和实践需求进行了展望,指出需在不同重建方法交叉检验、高时空分辨率旱涝序列重建、基于自然灾害双重属性的历史极端干旱事件复原、历史极端干旱事件定量化重演和干旱巨灾风险应对战略等方面取得突破性进展。 相似文献
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从干旱定义与识别、点干旱频率分析和区域干旱频率分析3个方面系统阐述了干旱频率分析研究进展和存在问题,归纳了适用于干旱频率分析的干旱定义,干旱识别存在的主要问题以及区域干旱频率分析研究的3种途径。提出综合利用研究区域水文气象特性、干旱成因、旱情、旱灾,并结合前期的大气环流条件等信息来描述和识别干旱,重点开展对干旱特征变量的理论分布、干旱事件重现期公式和经验频率公式等基本理论的研究,关注区域干旱频率分析,注重对径流、土壤水、地下水和供水系统的干旱特性分析。 相似文献
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Ashraf Muhammad Arshad Adnan Patel Praharsh M. Khan Adeel Qamar Huma Siti-Sundari Ristina Ghani Muhammad Usman Amin Ali Babar Jamilur Rehman 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(3):2127-2151
Natural Hazards - Climate change-induced disasters show the highest risk for agriculture and livelihoods in rural areas of developing countries. Due to changing rainfall pattern, the arid and... 相似文献
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The risk analysis of flood and drought disasters and the study of their influencing factors enhance our understanding of the temporal and spatial variation law of disasters and help identify the main factors affecting disasters. This paper uses the provincial administrative region of China as the research area. The proportion of the disaster area represents the degree of the disaster. The statistical distribution of the proportions was optimized from 10 alternative distributions based on a KS test, and the disaster risk was analyzed. Thirty-five indicators were selected from nature, agriculture and the social economy as alternative factors. The main factors affecting flood and drought disasters were selected by Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficient test. The results demonstrated that the distribution of floods and drought is right-skewed, and the gamma distribution is the best statistical distribution for fitting disasters. In terms of time, the risk of flood and drought disasters in all regions showed a downward trend. Economic development and the enhancement of the ability to resist disasters were the main reasons for the change in disasters. Spatially, the areas with high drought risk were mainly distributed in Northeast and North China, and the areas with high flood risk were mainly distributed in the south, especially in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Anhui. The distribution of floods and drought disasters was consistent with the distribution characteristics of precipitation and water resources in China. Among the natural factors, precipitation was the main factor causing changes in floods and drought disasters. Among the agricultural and socioeconomic factors, the indicators reflecting the disaster resistance ability and regional economic development level were closely related to flood and drought disasters. The research results have reference significance for disaster classification, disaster formation mechanisms and flood and drought resistance.
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