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1.
自工业革命以来,大气CO2浓度持续升高;现代观测和未来预估都显示中国气候有变干的趋势。然而,地质重建记录显示,温暖时期往往伴随着湿润的气候条件,与现代观测和未来预估存在明显差别。地质记录反映的是平衡态下的气候,而现代观测或未来预估反映非平衡态下的气候变率。这一古气候与现代气候研究的差别,可能和气候态有关,但目前仍缺少深入研究和合理解释。文章利用挪威地球系统模式NorESM1-F,开展大气CO2浓度倍增的瞬变试验和平衡态试验,并用Sc-PDSI(Self calibrating-Palmer Drought Severity Index)指示非平衡态条件下和平衡态条件下中国的干湿变化。模拟结果表明：随着大气CO2浓度的升高,无论在非平衡态还是平衡态条件下,中国的年均降水量增加;但温度升高的同时潜在蒸散发加剧,使得我国气候整体变干。上述古气候“暖湿”与现代气候“暖干”之间的矛盾,源于二者对干湿定义的差别。古气候记录显示的暖湿,主要反映环境湿度(降水量、土壤湿度、植被量)在温暖的条件下增加;而现代观测显示的暖干,揭示的是中国的... 相似文献
2.
耗散结构在地质学中的应用及其评述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
非平衡态热力学的研究表明,处于远离平衡的体系,由于内部非线性作用的影响,呈现与平衡态或近平衡态截然不同的热力学行为,如出现时间振荡、空间有序、化学波或者混沌等一系列耗散结构现象。目前,这种理论已被地质工作者所接受,并据此开展了地质学中的耗散结构研究,它合理地解释了振荡性矿物环带、岩石中有规律的韵律构造、变质变形的分异层理、火成岩的原生构造以及周期性地质作用产生的原因等。本文对耗散结构形成的条件以及它在地质学中的研究现状作了系统的总结,并阐述了如何在地质学中运用耗散结构的问题。 相似文献
3.
浅谈耗散结构和非平衡态热力学 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
具体说明了几个耗散结构的实例,综合对比了耗散结构与平衡结构的异同,并概括介绍了耗散结构的概念以及其生成条件。由闭系平衡态的摘产生和熵生率入手,借助局域平衡假设,从开系的平衡态进入线性非平衡态,讨论了不可逆过程唯象定律Ｏｎｓａｇｅｒ倒易关系、熵生率最小原理及该原理作为稳定性判据的不足．最后,提到了一般演化判据和非线性非平衡态热力学中讨论系统稳定性的办法。 相似文献
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为洞悉东南地区地热的形成演化,以惠州黄沙洞-石坝地区高温地热田为例,综合地震学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学等方法来解译该地热田的形成模式.研究区岩体主要为燕山期高分异高含产热元素的I型花岗岩,形成背景为古太平板块俯冲的前进与后撤;深部花岗岩体连为一体且厚度达3.5 km.高导热率的花岗岩促进地幔热传导至地表和花岗岩中放射性元素衰变产生的热量是惠州高温地热形成的两大重要原因.研究区深部花岗岩生热量及干热岩地热资源储量巨大.研究区地热产出模式对惠州乃至东南地区的能源供给系统有重大意义. 相似文献
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南阿尔金高压-超高压变质岩带泥质片麻岩中发现先存斯石英出溶蓝晶石+尖晶石的显微结构证据,将陆壳深俯冲的深度推进到了斯石英稳定域的地幔深度（≥ 300 km）.然而,该类岩石是局部出现的还是具有一定的普遍性以及又是如何折返出露地表的?十多年来一直困惑着地球科学界.针对这一科学问题,通过系统的岩石学研究,在南阿尔金榴辉岩中首次发现了斯石英副象,重新厘定南阿尔金英格利萨依石榴辉石岩中石榴子石出溶单斜辉石和北秦岭松树沟长英质片麻岩中石榴石出溶石英棒状体岩石的峰期变质压力为9~10 GPa的斯石英稳定域,结合先期南阿尔金泥质片麻岩中发现先存斯石英出溶显微结构的研究成果,论证提出陆壳俯冲到斯石英稳定域的地幔深度（~300 km）,然后再折返回地表的地质现象可能更为普遍,其岩石类型也可能具有多样性.通过高温高压实验研究,明确SiO2饱和岩石体系中石榴子石超硅的最小稳定条件为≥ 9~10 GPa斯石英稳定域,为识别辨认陆壳岩石俯冲到斯石英稳定域地幔深度的研究提供了新的借鉴和思路. 相似文献
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以肃北公婆泉斑岩型铜矿为研究对象,对其成矿地质背景、地球化学特征、成矿物质来源等进行研究,探讨了成矿模式和矿床成因。本区铜矿的形成主要与含矿斑岩体的侵位、演化有关,成矿物质不断富集,接近地表时,含矿的高温流体强烈交代斑岩体和围岩,大量的成矿物质沉淀、富集,形成了斑岩型Cu矿床。 相似文献
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云南腾冲-梁河地热系统与现代热泉型金矿化作用 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
本文从研究腾冲-梁河地热区区域地质构造环境和热液循环系统产物的地质、地球化学特征入手,对热泉型金矿化作用的控制条件,金矿化强度等进行了分析,提出金沉淀的最重要机制是含矿热液的沸腾作用。沸腾作用和热液循环的最主要的动力足频繁的断裂构造活动和热液本身具有的超临界高温、高压性质。指出“热海”二级热液循环系统表现的地质、地球化学特征与热泉型金矿化模式完全可以对比,是该类型金矿生成的良好环境。预测地表以下400m范围内有矿体存在。 相似文献
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地球深部流体演化与矿石成因 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：26
文中重点讨论含矿NaClH2 O溶液在从高温、高压向低温、低压条件改变时性质变化对矿石形成过程的影响。通过对含矿NaClH2 O溶液的实验观测获得对地球深部流体性质的新认识。地球深部的NaClH2 O流体大多处于超临界态流体 ,在上升过程中经减压降温后 ,通过临界态 ,进入低于临界态的热液状态。流体在这一跨越临界态的转变过程中造成了大多数矿石的沉淀。自然界里的许多矿石是在开放流动体系和在非平衡的化学动力学过程中形成的。开放流动体系矿物与水的反应动力学实验 ,证明一些矿石可能形成于流动热液。跨越临界态这一转变过程中的矿物水反应动力学实验结果表明了反应速率的大涨落。地球深部流体在上升过程中的性质演化、流动体系和非均相反应动力学是现代矿石成因研究的 3个关键问题 相似文献
9.
水-岩系统的最佳协合作用(英文) 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
S.L.Shvartsev 《地学前缘》2001,8(1):36-46
现已证明 ,水岩系统能满足最佳协合作用的主要要求 ,而该作用乃是关于有机成因和无机成因在内的自组织系统科学。自组织的主要前提是其非平衡态平衡态的性质 ,从地质学上说此性质是在确定着漫长的而严格地定向性发展过程中的 ,并伴有越来越多的新矿物相的、以及新地球化学类型的水的形成。这种水结构方面的新变化可以加以利用来评价和传递有关的信息。自组织的这些特性 ,使得水岩系统就成为了在地壳内部的许多地质作用与现象发展过程中的一个基本系统。 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(1)
正地球上水的起源一直困惑着科学家,因为早期太阳的高温足以蒸发掉那些形成原始地球的早期太阳系星云中的冰质尘埃,因此科学家一般倾向于认为新生的地球应该是"干的",后期通过来自太阳系边缘冰质小天体的撞击获得了水。由于不同来源的水具有不同的H同位素组成,因此地球初始的H同位素组成可以用来示踪水的起源,然而由于水在地表和地球深部之间广泛的循环交换,找到能代表原始地幔的储库并不容易。以前的研究表明,对 相似文献
11.
Guboglo M. N. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):53-58
International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen. 相似文献
12.
Jiayu Rong Michael Melchin S. Henry Williams Tatyana N. Koren Jacques Verniers 《《幕》》2008,31(3):315-318
The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs. 相似文献
13.
Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth
B. P. Kondratyev 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(8):709-714
It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T 3 = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″. 相似文献
14.
Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base. 相似文献
15.
Fouad N. Ibrahim Dr. 《GeoJournal》1988,17(1):133-141
Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators. 相似文献
16.
东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。 相似文献
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郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。 相似文献
20.
The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Clemente Irigaray Francisco Lamas Rachid El Hamdouni Tomás Fernández José Chacón 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):65-81
In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning. 相似文献