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1.
娘子关泉域群泉是中国北方最大的岩溶泉,泉域汇水面积达7 436 km2,前人认为:泉域内岩溶水由北、西、南3面向娘子关一带径流汇集,由于娘子关一带下奥陶系燧石团块或条带白云岩相对隔水层隆起,并被桃河侵蚀出露,使岩溶地下水溢出地表成泉群,其主要含水层为中奥陶系含石膏碳酸盐岩。但各泉的水化学、同位素特征有差异,娘子关泉群并不是出自统一源。文章通过水化学、同位素、水文地质剖面等方法研究得出: 娘子关泉域存在两个含水层、三个子系统:中奥陶系灰岩含水层和中上寒武系白云岩含水层;西部奥陶系岩溶水系统、东部奥陶系岩溶水系统和东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。泉域内城西泉与程家泉出露于中奥陶系下马家沟组泥灰岩之上,含水层为中奥陶系灰岩裂隙、溶隙水,由于区域下马家沟组泥灰岩隆起隔水出露地表成泉,属于东部奥陶系岩溶水系统;坡底泉、五龙泉、河北泉、水帘洞泉、苇泽关泉其补给主要来源于中上寒武系含水岩组,为承压上升泉,属于东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。 相似文献
2.
Modeling hydrological responses of karst spring to storm events: example of the Shuifang spring (Jinfo Mt., Chongqing,China) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Reproduction of hydrographs at karst springs has been an approach of understanding the karst aquifer, which normally acts
as drains for the groundwater flow. However, its numerical modeling is difficult since factors for the internal geometry and
connectedness are unknown and hard to quantify. Hydrographs of the karst aquifer with well-developed conduits in Shuifang
spring catchment were obtained from the automatic gauging station at the spring orifice. Data as to the conduit system were
also obtained based on results and analyses of tracer tests. With these data, the hydrological responses of Shuifang spring
to storm events were simulated by storm water management model (SWMM) developed by USA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies are used to compare the computed flow to the observed, which are 0.95 and 0.92 for calibration
and validation. SWMM was verified and applicable in karst conduit drainage system. The model illustrated correctly quick recharge
through conduits and slow and low inflow from the fissured aquifer matrix. The SCS-CN (soil conservation service-curve number)
infiltration method was used for computation of losses and runoff. Field tests indicated that permeability was extremely high
but different in karst area, which was less sensitive to the computed runoff when exceeded the common value provided by SWMM.
Therefore, an improved quantitative infiltration model for karst area will make SWMM possible to be a useful tool for assessing
and reproducing spring hydrographs. 相似文献
3.
4.
Janja Kogov?ek 《《地质学报》英文版》2010,84(1):206-212
Three tracing tests from the same injection point executed at low, medium, and high water levels in the karst aquifer near Tianshengan village, Lunan Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, China, have revealed the basic properties of underground water flow. They showed the general directions of water flows; tracer concentrations were observed at six successive points allowing for the calculation of apparent dominant flow velocities at these sections towards the Dalongtan karst spring. For the high water level, the discharge between single sections was between two and 10 times greater than that at low water level. For the medium water level, the flow velocity at different sections was between 1.4 and 3.7 times faster than that at low water level; and for high water level, it was between 1.3 and 2.7 times faster than that at medium water level. The fastest water flow appeared at the first section (23 cm/s at medium water level); and the slowest (0.6 cm/s at low water level) appeared where water flow must cross the Tianshengan fault (north–south direction), and later, a layer of 20–30 m thickness of quartz sandstone and shale clay-stones. It was also possible to calculate the recovery of the tracer for point 4, Dakenyan, where discharge was measured. At the medium water level, 50% of the injected tracer was detected a half-day after its first appearance and at low water level after more than 3 days. The previously published research illustrates the transport velocities of possible contaminants and their solubilities in water at different hydrological conditions. 相似文献
5.
岩溶泉域降雨径流水文过程的模拟——以重庆金佛山水房泉为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过地貌、水文地质、土壤、植被、地下洞穴管道等实地调查,以及示踪试验确定水房泉泉域范围和地下水文系统特征,并通过代表性点的土壤入渗试验、降雨和流量监测以及DEM数据等获得泉域水文模型所需的面积、结点高程、入渗率、糙率、管道长度、含水层孔隙度、出流系数等参数。选择SCS径流曲线模型估算地表产流,利用SWMM模型模拟泉域对场降雨的径流响应过程。通过运行模型,与实测流量比较,结果显示模拟曲线与观测流量曲线吻合较好,用于校正和验证的两场降雨产流的模拟误差分别为9.5%和12%,表明SWMM可应用于岩溶区以管道流为主要排水系统的含水介质的模拟。 相似文献
6.
在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。 相似文献
7.
In karst areas, groundwater movement is dominated by conduit flow; thus, understanding the distribution and structure of karst conduits has great significance for water research, groundwater protection and engineering construction. With the Dafengdong (Guizhou Province, China) underground river karst as an example, a mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection were conducted to study the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Combined with information on the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the geological factors that form karst conduits were determined. It can be concluded that: (1) Under the influence of faults, karst conduits usually develop towards or along faults; (2) multiple karst conduits form easily on both sides of tectonic fracture zones; (3) both lithology and geological structure affect the formation of blue holes, and when the directions of karst conduits change, blue holes easily form in weak parts of the structure; (4) at springs where two aquifers intersect, with strong chemical dissolution of the lower karst aquifer and mechanical collapse of the upper aquifer, blue holes also form easily; and (5) integrated mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection can accurately discern the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Geological factors can be used to preliminarily delineate the distribution and structure of karst conduits in similar areas based on hydrogeological conditions. Such methods hold great significance for groundwater extraction and protection and engineering construction in karst areas.
相似文献8.
为了查明新庄孜煤矿63301工作面1组煤层底板灰岩含水层的突水通道,分别从太原组灰岩、奥陶系灰岩含水层投放NaCl示踪剂,寒武系灰岩含水层观测孔投放KI示踪剂,在工作面突水点间隔采集样品。经测试分析其浓度随时间变化关系曲线发现:底板太原组灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道和一条大通道,奥陶系灰岩含水层中存在多条小通道,而寒武系灰岩含水层存在2条通道,在不同灰岩含水层通道中,水流速度存在较大差异性,反映了其岩溶裂隙发育非均匀性特点。此外,利用本次突水资料,计算灰岩含水层的参数。为工作面底板太原组灰岩水害治理提供依据。 相似文献
9.
Mitja Janža 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(5):909-920
Karst aquifers are known for their heterogeneity and irregular complex flow patterns which make them more difficult to model
and demand specific modeling approaches. This paper presents one such approach which is based on a conceptual model. The model
was applied in a karst area of the catchment of Rižana spring (200 km2). It is based on the MIKE SHE code and incorporates
the main hydrological processes and geological features of the karst aquifer (diffuse and concentrated infiltration, allogenic
recharge, quick and slow groundwater flow, shifting groundwater divides and groundwater outflow from the catchment area).
Modeling of evapotranspiration and flow in the upper part of the unsaturated zone is more detailed. For the modeling of groundwater
flow in the karst aquifer, a conceptual model was applied which uses drainage function for the simulation of groundwater flow
through large conduits (karst channels and large fissures). The model was calibrated and validated against the observed Rižana
spring discharge which represents a measured response of the aquifer. The results of validation show that the model is able
to adequately simulate temporal evolution of the spring discharge, measured by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (0.82) as well as
overall water balance. 相似文献
10.
Nataša Ravbar Juan Antonio Barberá Metka Petrič Janja Kogovšek Bartolomé Andreo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(8):2259-2272
In this study a multi-tracer test with fluorescent tracers was combined with time series analyses of natural tracers to characterize
the dynamics of the solute transport through different recharge pathways and to study hydraulic behaviour of a binary karst
system under low-flow conditions. Fluorescent tracer testing included the introduction of uranine, amidorhodamine G, or naphthionate
at three injection points. Sampling and monitoring took place at two karst springs (Malenščica, Unica) and at two underground
rivers (Pivka, Rak) recharging the Unica River at the Polje of Planina, SW Slovenia. Other monitored parameters included precipitation,
spring or underground river discharge, water temperature, and electrical conductivity. Water samples were collected and analyzed
for total organic carbon, Mg2+, SO4
2−, and NO3
− in the laboratory. In the study area, results of the tracer test suggest that contaminant transport in karst may be retarded
for several weeks during low-flow conditions followed by increases in contaminant concentrations after subsequent rainfall
events. Based on interpretation of tracer concentration breakthrough curves, low apparent dominant flow velocities (i.e.,
between 5.8 and 22.8 m/h through the well developed karst conduits, and 3.6 m/h through the prevailing vadose zone with a
dominant influence of a diffuse recharge) were obtained. Together with analyses of hydro-chemographs the artificial tracing
identified different origins of water recharging the studied aquifer. During prolonged low-water conditions the Malenščica
spring is mainly recharged from the karst aquifer and the Unica spring by the sinking Pivka River. After more intensive rainfall
events allogenic recharge from Cerknica prevails in the Malenščica spring, while the Unica spring drains mainly the allogenic
water from the Pivka Valley. These findings of alternating hydraulic connections and drainage areas due to respective hydrological
conditions are important and should be considered when monitoring water quality, implementing groundwater protection measures,
and optimizing future water exploitation. 相似文献
11.
崎濑泉是福建马坑铁矿区附近流量最大的泉,与矿区的关系一直没有查清。本文通过对前人勘察资料研究和在不同部位采水样进行分析的基础上,运用聚类分析和指示岩溶水、碎屑岩地下水补给来源和径流过程的Sr /Ca与Rb /K值研究了福建马坑铁矿崎濑泉补给来源和径流途径。结果表明,取自崎濑泉泉口水样与及矿区水文钻孔的岩溶水水样相关系数达到0.98,而与取自矿区北部砂岩裂隙水的水样相关性则很差;灰岩水和砂岩水间的相关系数仅为0. 26;崎濑泉水的Sr / Ca、Rb /K值与岩溶水的都比较相近,而砂岩裂隙水的Rb /K值则明显地较崎濑泉水与岩溶水的高,说明崎濑泉水的来源应当是深部的岩溶水,与其上部的砂岩裂隙水并无密切关系;崎濑泉的形成是大气降水在矿区东北部天山凹附近的灰岩裸露区渗入岩溶含水层并向西径流,至矿区中西部沿F10断层附近的岩溶强径流带径流至崎濑村,受陈坑- 崎濑断层阻挡然后涌出地面,而并非前人所说的是先由大气降水补给砂岩裂隙含水层,然后再由砂岩裂隙含水层补给下部的岩溶含水层。 相似文献
12.
贵州印江朗溪岩溶槽谷龙洞湾泉流量衰减分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
文章对贵州省印江县朗溪隔槽式向斜岩溶槽谷轴面南东侧的龙洞湾岩溶泉流量衰减规律进行了分析,通过在泉口设置复合堰、安放水文气象自动监测仪,获取了该泉降雨量和相对水位的高时间分辨率监测数据,并采用水力学公式计算了泉流量,分析了降雨过后岩溶泉流量的动态特征,再利用分区间指数函数衰减方程确定了该泉所在含水介质的结构特征及亚储水量,结果发现:（1）龙洞湾泉流量峰值滞后时间受降雨过程特征影响较大,当降雨量大或前期有降雨影响时,滞后时间短;当降雨量小或前期无降雨影响时,滞后时间长;（2）强降雨后,龙洞湾泉流量的衰减可分为三个亚动态,且衰减系数的差异较大,第I亚动态和第II亚动态的衰减系数分别是第III亚动态的11倍和3倍,这表明其三重岩溶含水介质的特征明显;（3）龙洞湾泉的含水介质具有不均匀性,以管道流和裂隙流为主,岩溶发育强烈。 相似文献
13.
为研究炭质灰岩地区抽水致塌控制因素和影响因素,通过电法物探、地质钻探及抽水致塌试验相结合的综合手段,对兴安县石炭系下统岩关组（C1y）炭质灰岩地区的岩溶塌陷进行关联分析,建立降深水位与时间、恢复水位与时间的关系对比曲线。研究结果表明:在炭质灰岩地区进行抽水活动时,其主要补给源为小溶洞内储存水,运输通道为岩溶裂隙;该炭质灰岩地区岩溶裂隙具有不规则性,因此,在同类地层中测得的渗透系数k及影响半径R有较大差异;研究区域内抽水致塌的位置受地质构造的影响较为明显;钻井人为抽水致塌受多种因素共同作用影响,而地下水位升降为主要影响因素。 相似文献
14.
Inference of the structure of karst conduits using quantitative tracer tests and geological information: example of the Swiss Jura 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Karst aquifers are known for being particularly heterogeneous with highly transmissive conduits embedded in low permeability volumes of rock matrix. Artificial tracer experiments have been carried out in a complex karst aquifer of the folded Jura Mountains in Switzerland with the aim of deciphering the conduit organisation. It is shown that tracer experiments with multiple injection points under different flow conditions can lead to useful information on the conduits’ structure. This information has been combined with data from structural geology, spring hydrology, and speleological observations. A conceptual model of the conduit network shows that a detailed inference of the conduit organisation can be reached: geology controls conduit location and orientation; spring hydrology, including temporary springs, constrains conduit elevations and relative hydraulic heads in the aquifer subsystems; and tracer tests identify major flow paths and outlets of the system and dilution caused by non-traced tributaries, as well as the presence of secondary flow routes. This understanding of the Aubonne aquifer structure has important implications for the future management of the groundwater resource. Similar approaches coupling geological information, spring hydrology, and multi-tracer tests under various flow conditions may help to characterise the structure of the conduit network in karst aquifers. 相似文献
15.
Dynamics and anthropogenic impacts of multiple karst flow systems in a mountainous area of South China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Mingming Luo Zhihua Chen Robert E. Criss Hong Zhou He Huang Zhaofeng Han Tingting Shi 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(8):1993-2002
The Xiangxi River basin, South China, is a steep terrane with well-developed karst features and an important Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer. Meteoric water in this mountainous area features a mean δ18O elevation gradient of –2.4?‰/km. This gradient was used to estimate mean recharge elevations of 760 m for Shuimoxi (SMX) spring, 1,060 m for Xiangshuidong (XSD) spring, and 1,430 m for drill hole ZK03, indicating multiple flow paths in the Cambrian-Ordovician karst aquifer. Mean residence times of 230 and 320 days and ～2 years were estimated for these features, respectively, using the damped running average model that predicts the isotopic variations in groundwater from those in precipitation. Groundwater in the regional karst flow system has the longest residence time, the highest recharge elevation, the longest flow paths, the lowest addition of anthropogenic components, and the greatest amount of water–rock interaction as indicated by its higher dissolved solids, Mg2+ concentrations and Mg/Ca ratios than the springs. In contrast, the local and shallow karst flow systems respond rapidly to recharge events. Artificial tracer tests prove that these shallow karst systems can also quickly transmit anthropogenic contaminants, indicating that they are highly vulnerable to human impacts, which include the enrichment of NO3 –. The intensity of water–rock interaction and groundwater vulnerability are mainly determined by the structure and dynamics of the multiple karst flow systems. 相似文献
16.
煤炭开采后峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程研究 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
文章运用水化学和同位素水文学等手段,寻求奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐演化过程的“指纹”,通过不同含水层间水化学、稳定同位素差异的比对,分析其与上覆含水层间的水力联系和硫动力分馏过程,阐述采矿活动影响下峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐的演化过程。研究结果表明:煤矿开采后,峰峰矿区奥陶系岩溶水硫酸盐含量普遍增高,演化特征呈现多样性,存在多种硫动力分馏过程。分馏动力主要来自矿坑水和孔隙水通过导水裂隙的渗漏（越流）补给,以及脱白云石化过程中自身蒸发岩矿物（石膏）的溶解。 相似文献
17.
Hamid Reza Nassery Farshad Alijani Mohammad Nakhaei 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4809-4818
In order to study the function, hydrodynamic behavior, and hydraulic properties of the karst aquifers in Izeh, southwest Iran, time series analysis was applied to the precipitation, spring discharge, and piezometric head data of two representative karst systems of Zagros (Ilam-Sarvak and Asmari Formations). Time series analysis was applied to two karst aquifers, those of Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak Formations. The daily precipitations of anticlines were estimated based on the precipitation–elevation function which was applied on digital elevation model (DEM) of the area. The mean estimated daily precipitations were considered in bivariate time series analysis as input data of each karst system. The total length of time series was about 2.7 years, extending from May 2007 to December 2009. During the research, several one-parameter probe data loggers were installed, which daily measure the water surfaces in karst aquifers. Time series analysis was applied for describing Izeh karst aquifers with a focus on both univariate (autocorrelation and spectral analysis) and bivariate (cross-correlation, gain function, and coherency function) methods. The results show that Asmari karst aquifer in Kamarderaz Anticline has a large storage capacity. Because of lacking a well-organized karst network, in the Asmari karst aquifer, baseflow dominates with low contribution of quick-flow. In the Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer (Shavish and Tanush Anticlines), the karstification occurred in fractures and small diameter conduits, which caused to quick-flow between dense limestone. The Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer could be regarded as a transition between two extreme types of karst, e.g., highly karstified system and in the opposite, extremely diffused one. The analysis of well hydrograph in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer shows that the karst aquifer has a low storage capacity. Unlike Asmari karst aquifer, the fractures and small diameter conduits in Ilam-Sarvak karst aquifer are more enhanced, producing a better developed karst network. Contrary to the typical karst systems, however, diffuse flow and conduit flow coexist in the Asmari Formation. 相似文献
18.
应用化学示踪技术探查深部岩溶发育特征研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于岩溶发育的基本特征与化学示踪剂在岩溶含水介质中的运移扩散规律,提出了 几种常见的示踪剂浓度分布曲线类型,并研究了它们与岩溶含水介质结构之间的对应关系。 在此基础上,为了检验化学示踪技术探查岩溶发育特征的有效性和实用性,以山东丘集煤矿 为例,通过地面钻孔投放示踪剂,利用井下放水孔作为示踪接收点,研究了煤层下伏奥陶系 灰岩含水层隐伏岩溶的发育特征与分布规律。试验结果表明,煤矿区深部奥陶系灰岩强岩溶发育带呈现出由西北分别向东和向东南延伸的“人字”型分布规律,矿区其它区域则以相对均匀的裂隙溶隙弱岩溶发育特征为主。通过与已有水文资料对比,矿区岩溶的发育与分布与奥陶灰岩含水层钻孔涌水量大小及其分布相吻合,从而验证了该技术的实用性和有效性。 相似文献
19.
B. Trček 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):269-276
The role of the unsaturated zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in these studies of the catchment
of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). The variations of natural tracers in precipitation and in groundwater during a summer
storm event made it possible to trace local flow and solute transport in the observed aquifer. The results produced data on
the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on mechanisms that affected them, which reflects a karst
groundwater dynamics also at a regional scale. They point out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow—epiflow
that is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. Numerous arguments indicate
that the karst aquifer flow and solute transport mechanisms depend on the hydraulic behaviour of the epikarst zone. 相似文献
20.
典型岩溶包气带洞穴滴水水文过程研究——以桂林硝盐洞为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取桂林丫吉试验场硝盐洞为研究对象,通过示踪试验和高分辨率水文水化学监测,确定滴水补给来源,研究典型岩溶包气带洞穴滴水对降雨响应的水文过程。研究结果表明,硝盐洞XY5滴水主要受到两种径流成分补给,即集中补给的管道流和弥散流。硝盐洞上部包气带中可能存在表层岩溶带含水层,长期维持滴水流量。滴水流量、电导率和示踪剂浓度的峰值均出现在强降雨时段,表现出快速响应的管道流特征,存在降雨阈值引起硝盐洞滴水降雨响应。降雨前岩溶含水层水分条件是包气带水文响应差异的主要原因,雨季滴水对降雨响应迅速,XY5滴水对降雨响应的滞后时间为10 h;而旱季对降雨的响应滞后明显,滞后时间达9.8天,体现了土壤和表层岩溶带的调蓄作用。74.4 mm降雨量是旱季转雨季滴水响应的降雨阈值。借助于洞穴滴水的水文动态变化和示踪试验技术对于研究包气带水文过程,深入了解岩溶含水层结构及特征,揭示岩溶区降雨入渗补给机制具有重要作用。 相似文献