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1.
南海5类重要经济鱼类资源声学评估 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
1997年12月至1999年6月,利用“北斗”号调查船配置的Simrad EK500回声探测-积分系统在南海北部海域进行了渔业资源声学调查,调查分春(4~6月)、夏(7~9月)、秋(10~12月)、冬(12~2月)4个季节进行.根据调查资料,运用渔业资源声学评估方法对该海域的带鱼科、蓝圆鲹、竹荚鱼、金线鱼科以及大眼鲷科等5类23种经济鱼类进行了评估与分析.结果表明,这些种类在南海北部海域仍具有一定的资源储量,其资源量分别为5.04×105,1.63×105,1.04×105,9.8×104和9.2×104t;分析了其资源量的区域分布和季节变化. 相似文献
2.
A bottom longline fishery operated in the EEZ of New Caledonia from 1988 to 1991. Fishing focused on five seamounts with summits at depths ranging from 500 to 750 m. The target species was alfonsino, Beryx splendens. As the soundings available from marine charts were not detailed enough, the fishing masters had to make their own charts in order to set the gear in the right location. A series of 11 scientific cruises devoted to a research program on alfonsino was launched in late 1991. During the first scientific cruises, several days were spent mapping the seabed to improve the existing knowledge of the topography of three seamounts by coupling the EDO echosounder depth measurements to the GPS positions. As this procedure is slow, it is applicable to limited areas or, if a wider grid is used, to large zones to locate major structures such as ridges and seamounts. The emergence of the multibeam echosounder has greatly improved seabed mapping performance. This tool seems to fit the requirement of exploratory deep-bottom fishing particularly well, as it covers large areas while providing details of the bottom. The EM 12 was used to obtain bathymetry and imagery of the SE portion of the EEZ of New Caledonia, covering an approximate area of 70,000 km2 in two weeks. For depths ranging from 500 to 4,500 m, the results were impressive. They confirmed the known major features and provided greater topographical detail, revealing fine unknown structures. They also provided information on the type of substratum, information which might influence the fishing strategy. Finally, they made it possible to obtain an accurate estimate of the exploitable area which in turn led to new stock estimates. 相似文献
3.
Marc Roche Koen Degrendele Christophe Vrignaud Sophie Loyer Tim Le Bas Jean-Marie Augustin Xavier Lurton 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2018,39(1-2):89-104
The increased use of backscatter measurements in time series for environmental monitoring necessitates the comparability of individual results. With the current lack of pre-calibrated multibeam echosounder systems for absolute backscatter measurement, a pragmatic solution is the use of natural reference areas for ensuring regular assessment of the backscatter measurement repeatability. This method mainly relies on the assumption of a sufficiently stable reference area regarding its backscatter signature. The aptitude of a natural area to provide a stable and uniform backscatter response must be carefully considered and demonstrated by a sufficiently long time-series of measurements. Furthermore, this approach requires a strict control of the acquisition and processing parameters. If all these conditions are met, stability check and relative calibration of a system are possible by comparison with the averaged backscatter values for the area. Based on a common multibeam echosounder and sampling campaign completed by available bathymetric and backscatter time series, the suitability as a backscatter reference area of three different candidates was evaluated. Two among them, Carré Renard and Kwinte, prove to be excellent choices, while the third one, Western Solent, lacks sufficient data over time, but remains a valuable candidate. The case studies and the available backscatter data on these areas prove the applicability of this method. The expansion of the number of commonly used reference areas and the growth of the number of multibeam echosounder controlled thereon could greatly contribute to the further development of quantitative applications based on multibeam echosounder backscatter measurements. 相似文献
4.
The 2000 hydroacoustic survey of Lake Matano, Sulawesi is used to illustrate the mechanism of formation of an artificial, but acoustically-observed density layer in the midst of the water column. Such a spurious signal resembling the true acoustic target can be formed under certain combinations of the lake morphology and the echosounder settings by way of recording the residual echo from the previous ping during the subsequent ping-recording interval. The. generic physical mechanism of the phenomenon is described and the necessary conditions for its formation stated. The echosounder settings sufficient to prevent the interference during the field surveys are suggested, and their application illustrated with an example. The phenomenon described is explained by the physics of sound propagation and hence, the algorithms here developed apply to other water bodies and hydroacoustic equipment. 相似文献
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Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131 km2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25–70 m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management. 相似文献
8.
A comparison of the contribution of zooplankton and nekton taxa to the near-surface acoustic structure of three Turkish seas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Erhan Mutlu 《Marine Ecology》2005,26(1):17-32
The bioacoustics of upper waters of the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Mediterranean Sea were studied in October 1999 with an echosounder with 120 and 200 kHz dual‐beam transducers. Net tows were taken to ground‐truth the acoustic volume backscattering. A forward solution was applied to determine significant scatterers of the three seas with regard to detection limits of the frequencies and background noise measured in each sea. The noise was 4 dB higher in the Sea of Marmara than in the other two seas. 200 kHz data showed significant correlation between measured and calculated volume backscattering strength, and density (biomass and abundance) of the taxa. Large‐sized copepods and chaetognaths in the Black Sea, Aurelia, Beroe, chaetognaths and large‐sized and abundant appendicularians in the Sea of Marmara, and fish larvae in the Mediterranean Sea contributed most to the volume backscattering. 相似文献
9.
嗜冷希瓦氏菌Shewanella psychrophila WP2分离自深海沉积物,其拥有目前希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)中最大的基因组,为6. 4 Mb。通过对S. psychrophila WP2的完整基因组进行系统发育和代谢潜能分析,并与相近菌株进行比较,探究WP2拥有较大基因组的生理和生态意义,深化对Shewanella菌在环境适应性方面的认识。基于串联保守蛋白对WP2基因组进行系统发育分析,根据注释结果对WP2进行代谢通路重建。系统发育进化树显示,WP2属于Group 1分支,和其它嗜冷嗜压Shewanella菌相同,非嗜冷嗜压Shewanella菌株都属于Group 2分支。WP2基因组中与DNA修复、次级代谢产物合成、转运分泌相关的基因数明显多于Shewanella piezotolerans WP3。WP2拥有较多水平转移来源的基因组岛(17个),岛内包含了与嘌呤代谢、氨基糖代谢、运动趋化、群体感应等功能相关的基因。结果表明,通过潜在的水平基因转移,WP2获得了大量的辅助功能基因,增强了它的氮源利用能力、运动和趋化能力,以及应对复杂环境的群体感应能力和抗生素合成功能,从而更加适应生活在寡营养和复杂极端的深海环境。本研究针对S. psychrophila WP2的代谢潜力进行了深入的探索和研究,为将来关于Shewanella菌和微生物的环境适应机制的研究提供了更多数据参考和理论基础。 相似文献
10.
The impact of dredge spoil disposal on asymmetrical large-scale dunes has been studied at a disposal site in a shallow subtidal area of the outer Weser Estuary (German Bight, southeastern North Sea). Between June and December 1998, this site was used for the disposal of ~3×106 m3 dredge spoil. Repeated bathymetric surveys with a multibeam echosounder system reveal that the artificial supply of sediment provoked significant morphological changes in the dune field, including the infill of dune troughs and even the complete burial of individual dunes. However, even completely buried dunes began to regenerate within a few months. In addition, slow migration of the dunes toward the open sea was observed, indicating net seaward sediment transport in the survey area. Since the dumped sediment does not appear to have a persistent effect on the bedforms and, in all likelihood, will be exported from the estuarine system on medium- to long-term timescales, the investigated area constitutes a suitable disposal site. 相似文献
11.
A survey on the epiphytic microorganisms growing on Posidonia oceanica leaves was conducted along a depth transect along the coast of Eastern Tunisia (Mahdia). Samples were collected by SCUBA diving at depths of 3, 5, 10 and 12 m in July 2008 and January 2009. A total of 58 microepiphyte taxa were identified. Multivariate analyses revealed temporal and spatial variation of the abundance of epiphytic microalgae. Water motion, light availability, temperature and motility of species seem to be responsible of temporal and bathymetric variations of epiphytic microalgae. Unlike diatoms, dinoflagellates were more abundant in deep waters, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to hydrodynamics. The significant correlation between leaf area index and abundance of epiphytic species indicates that the phenological parameters of the host plant influence the abundance of the epiphytic microorganisms. Among the epiphytic dinoflagellates, our data showed a great number of potentially toxic species (Alexandrium minitum, Amphidinium carterae, Karenia selliformis, Coolia monatis, Karlodinium veneficum, Ostreopsis siamensis, Prorocentrum concavum, Prorocentrum minimum, Prorocentrum rathymum and Prorocentrum lima). These species were more abundant in the deep station under more sheltered conditions than found at inshore shallower stations, which are subjected to high water motion. 相似文献
12.
Precision of high-resolution multibeam echo sounding coupled with high-accuracy positioning in a shallow water coastal environment 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Verner B. Ernstsen Riko Noormets Dierk Hebbeln Alex Bartholomä Burg W. Flemming 《Geo-Marine Letters》2006,26(3):141-149
Over 4 years, repetitive bathymetric measurements of a shipwreck in the Grådyb tidal inlet channel in the Danish Wadden Sea were carried out using a state-of-the-art high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) coupled with a real-time long range kinematic (LRK?) global positioning system. Seven measurements during a single survey in 2003 (n=7) revealed a horizontal and vertical precision of the MBES system of ±20 and ±2 cm, respectively, at a 95% confidence level. By contrast, four annual surveys from 2002 to 2005 (n=4) yielded a horizontal and vertical precision (at 95% confidence level) of only ±30 and ±8 cm, respectively. This difference in precision can be explained by three main factors: (1) the dismounting of the system between the annual surveys, (2) rougher sea conditions during the survey in 2004 and (3) the limited number of annual surveys. In general, the precision achieved here did not correspond to the full potential of the MBES system, as this could certainly have been improved by an increase in coverage density (soundings/m2), achievable by reducing the survey speed of the vessel. Nevertheless, precision was higher than that reported to date for earlier offshore test surveys using comparable equipment. 相似文献
13.
Structure and seasonal variability of the deep mean circulation of the East Sea (Sea of Japan) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The horizontal structure of deep mean circulation and its seasonal variability in the Japan/East Sea (JES) were studied using
profiling float and moored current meter data. The deep circulation in the Japan Basin (JB) flows cyclonically, basically
following f/H contours. The correlation between the directions of deep current and f/H contour increases as |▿(f/H)| increases, reaching remarkably high correlation coefficient (>0.8) values in steep slope regions in the JB. In contrast
to the JB, the deep mean circulation in the Ulleung/Tsushima Basin (UTB) is generally weak and cyclonic accompanied by sub-basin-scale
cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. The UTB shows a poorer correlation between directions of deep current and f/H contours than other basins. The time-space averaged deep mean current is about 2.8 cm/s and the volume transport in the deep
layer (800 m to bottom) in the JB reaches about 10 Sv (10 × 106 m3s−1), which is about four times greater than the inflow transport through the Tsushima Straits. A salient feature is that the
amplitude of deep mean current in the JB reveals a remarkable seasonal variation with a maximum in March and minimum in October.
The annual range of the seasonal variation is about 30% of the mean velocity, whereas that in the southern JES (UTB and Yamato
Basin) is weak. 相似文献
14.
Andrzej Stepnowski Janusz Burczyński Marek Ostrowski Marek Moszynski Jacek Lenkiewicz Andrzej Partyka 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3):269-280
A geographic fishery research database system (GFRDBS), called ECHOBASE, for storing and management of data on pelagic fish resources from acoustic surveys and catch samples, combined with environmental data in a geographic context, has been developed. The system constitutes a portable and inexpensive yet powerful tool for fishery research and environmental monitoring and provides on‐board data processing and mapping capabilities. Data are acquired from an echosounder, echo signal processor, environmental profiler (CTD probe), and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The electronic digitized maps (based on C‐MAP public format files) provide active on‐screen nautical charts. The basic GFRDBS platform is a portable PC 486 machine, which is used as an on‐board data acquisition and processing tool running under MS Windows 3.1 operating environment. The system is designed around the Borland's PARADOX package, which provides a relational database for managing acoustic, catch, and environmental data. The ECHOBASE programs were written in Borland C ++ language as a Windows application. 相似文献
15.
随着海洋调查技术的发展和海洋研究的深入,基于深潜器平台的近海底调查在海洋调查与研究中的综合应用日趋常态。基于这一背景,本文介绍了搭载于"发现"号缆控水下机器人(remotely operatedvehicle,ROV)的近海底综合声学调查系统及其在台西南冷泉区的应用实例。基于"发现"号ROV平台的近海底综合声学调查系统主要由R2Sonic2024多波束测深系统,模块一体化的侧扫声纳-浅地层剖面系统和水下综合定位与导航系统构成。该系统的配置极大地扩展和完善了"发现"号ROV的近海底调查能力,实现了近海底多波束、侧扫和浅剖等声学数据的同步采集和快速融合处理。基于本套系统在南海冷泉区的综合应用,本文对其工作流程进行了介绍,并对所获得一系列成果进行了初步分析。结果表明,近海底综合探测系统的应用为南海冷泉区的识别、海底地形地貌特征分析以及空间规模量化研究等内容提供了不可或缺的基础资料。本套系统的配置和成功应用,有效地提高了我国的近海底调查和作业能力。 相似文献
16.
Mark A. Shields Monika Kedra 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(11):2057-2064
In late 1980s, a dense network of deep capillary burrows was reported on the Vøring Plateau, Nordic Seas, and associated with a sipunculan belonging to the genus Nephasoma. This sipunculan was responsible for rapid transport of organic matter from the sediment surface down a deep burrow network. Over 460 specimens belonging to the genus Nephasoma were collected from the deep Nordic Seas during four cruises from 2000–2005 and four species identified: Nephasoma abyssorum abyssorum, N. diaphanes diaphanes, N. diaphanes corrugatum and N. lilljeborgi. The species responsible for the deep burrows and rapid subduction of organic matter can now be confirmed as Nephasoma lilljeborgi. Deep burrows associated with N. lilljeborgi were observed on the Vøring Plateau, Bear Island Fan, Svalbard Margin and Yermak Plateau and may be a seabed feature endemic to the Nordic Seas region. N. lilljeborgi could have a significant role in influencing the ecology and geochemistry of the Nordic Seas region. It is recommended that future benthic community studies in the Nordic Seas region confirm the species identity of sipunculan specimens in order to determine the ecological and geochemical importance of the specimens. 相似文献
17.
Hydrographic data show that the meridional deep current at 47°N is weak and southward in northeastern North Pacific; the strong
northward current expected for an upwelling in a flat-bottom ocean is absent. This may imply that the eastward-rising bottom
slope in the Northeast Pacific Basin contributes to the overturning circulation. After analysis of observational data, we
examine the bottom-slope effect using models in which deep water enters the lower deep layer, upwells to the upper deep layer,
and exits laterally. The analytical model is based on geostrophic hydrostatic balance, Sverdrup relation, and vertical advection–diffusion
balance of density, and incorporates a small bottom slope and an eastward-increasing upwelling. Due to the sloping bottom,
current in the lower deep layer intensifies bottomward, and the intensification is weaker for larger vertical eddy diffusivity
(K
V), weaker stratification, and smaller eastward increase in upwelling. Varying the value of K
V changes the vertical structure and direction of the current; the current is more barotropic and flows further eastward as
K
V increases. The eastward current is reproduced with the numerical model that incorporates the realistic bottom-slope gradient
and includes boundary currents. The interior current flows eastward primarily, runs up the bottom slope, and produces an upwelling.
The eastward current has a realistic volume transport that is similar to the net inflow, unlike the large northward current
for a flat bottom. The upwelling water in the upper deep layer flows southward and then westward in the southern region, although
it may partly upwell further into the intermediate layer. 相似文献
18.
Gaye Bayrakci Carla Scalabrin Stéphanie Dupré Isabelle Leblond Jean-Baptiste Tary Nadine Lanteri Jean-Marie Augustin Laurent Berger Estelle Cros André Ogor Christos Tsabaris Marc Lescanne Louis Géli 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2014,35(3):211-229
A rotating, acoustic gas bubble detector, BOB (Bubble OBservatory) module was deployed during two surveys, conducted in 2009 and 2011 respectively, to study the temporal variations of gas emissions from the Marmara seafloor, along the North Anatolian Fault zone. The echosounder mounted on the instrument insonifies an angular sector of 7° during a given duration (of about 1 h). Then it rotates to the next, near-by angular sector and so forth. When the full angular domain is insonified, the “pan and tilt system” rotates back to its initial position, in order to start a new cycle (of about 1 day). The acoustic data reveal that gas emission is not a steady process, with observed temporal variations ranging between a few minutes and 24 h (from one cycle to the other). Echo-integration and inversion performed on the acoustic data as described in the companion paper of Leblond et al. (Mar Geophys Res, 2014), also indicate important variations in, respectively, the target strength and the volumetric flow rates of individual sources. However, the observed temporal variations may not be related to the properties of the gas source only, but reflect possible variations in sea-bottom currents, which could deviate the bubble train towards the neighboring sector. During the 2011 survey, a 4-component ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) was co-located at the seafloor, 59 m away from the BOB module. The acoustic data from our rotating, monitoring system support, but do not provide undisputable evidence to confirm, the hypothesis formulated by Tary et al. (2012), that the short-duration, non-seismic micro-events recorded by the OBS are likely produced by gas-related processes within the near seabed sediments. Hence, the use of a multibeam echosounder, or of several split beam echosounders should be preferred to rotating systems, for future experiments. 相似文献
19.
Francesco Enrichetti Giorgio Bavestrello Federico Betti Martina Coppari Margherita Toma Roberto Pronzato Simonepietro Canese Marco Bertolino Gabriele Costa Maurizio Pansini Marzia Bo 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(6):e12620
Differently from the North Atlantic Ocean, only few examples of sponge grounds are known from the Mediterranean Sea, mainly thriving in the deep sea. In this study, a novel temperate mesophotic ecosystem dominated by massive keratose sponges is reported from the Ligurian deep continental shelf. An extensive Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) survey allowed to study the structure and large-scale distribution of this biocoenosis. The sponge grounds here described are highly fragmented, being formed by a large number of dense, discrete aggregations of Sarcotragus foetidus (up to 7.7 specimens/m2) and other sponges, including Spongia lamella and Axinella polypoides. They mainly occur on flat, patchy and highly silted hardgrounds between 40 and 70 m depth. These sponge-dominated ecosystems have an exceptionally wide spatial distribution, estimated to cover up to nearly 200 hectares, with the largest sponge grounds occurring along the westernmost part of the Ligurian coast, probably in relation to more suitable oceanographic conditions. The dominant sponge species reach considerable heights (up to 65 cm), greatly increasing the habitat three-dimensionality and acting as poles of attraction for a diverse sessile and vagile fauna. In addition, the high abundance of the keratose sponge grounds at mesophotic depths might represent a larval source for shallow-water populations that in the last decades have been stricken by several mass mortality events. 相似文献
20.
On the Uncertainty of Archive Hydrographic Data Sets 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2006,31(2):249-265
As the international hydrographic community continues to address the question of irreducible uncertainty in modern surveys, a similar question must be asked of archived vertical beam echosounder (VBES) and leadline data sets. The Office of Naval Research funded STRATAFORM project surveyed an area of the New Jersey shelf around 39$^circ$ 12' N 72$^circ$ 50' W using an EM1000 multibeam echosounder (MBES). This area is also covered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration surveys from 1936 to 1938 (from early visual indicating fathometers) and 1975–1976 (VBES). The analysis shows that the earlier data are biased in deeper water, most probably because of “hydrographic rounding” or instrument limitations, and may be unrecoverable, but that the VBES data appear approximately unbiased. Estimates of uncertainty for a surface model generated from the archive data are constructed, taking into account measurement, interpolation, and hydrographic uncertainty (addressing the problems of unobserved areas and surface reconstruction stability). Comparison of predicted depths against the MBES data shows that the VBES-derived surface is consistent given the quoted uncertainty and that the uncertainty corresponds with appropriate hydrographic survey standards. However, spatial aliasing of the VBES surface is observed, which may be the limiting factor in the applicability of this data. 相似文献