where k (M− 2 s− 1) can be determined from the
in the pH range 2 to 5, from 5 to 40 °C and 0.01 to 1 M.The effect of pH and ionic strength on the reaction suggest that the rates are due to
where H2A = H2CrO4, HA = HCrO4, H2B = H2SO3 and HB = HSO3. The overall rate expression over the investigated pH range can be determined from
k=kH2A–H2B(αH2A)(αH2B)2+kHA–H2B(αHA)(αH2B)2+kH2A–HB(αH2A)(αHB)2
with kH2A−H2B = 5.0 × 107, kHA–H2B = 1.5 × 106 and kH2A–HB = 6.7 × 107.Fe(III) in the range 1.5 to 20 μM exerts a small catalytic effect on the reaction and significantly lowers the initial concentration of Cr(VI) compared to the nominal value. Contrary to Fe(III), formaldehyde (20 to 200 μM) reacts with S(IV) to form the hydroxymethanesulfonate adduct (CH2OHSO3), which does not react with Cr(VI). Major cations Mg2+ and some minor elements such as Ba2+ and Cu2+ did not affect the rates. The application of this rate law to environmental conditions suggest that this reaction may have a role in acidic solutions (aerosols and fog droplets). This reaction becomes more important in the presence of high Fe(III) and low HMS concentrations, contributing to affect the atmospheric transport of chromium species and the distribution of redox species of chromium, which reach surface water from atmospheric depositions.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Pleistocene Ross seal (ommatophoca Rossi) from New Zealand (note)     
Judith E. King 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):391-397
A fossil seal jaw from the Early Pleistocene (Wanganui Series; Hautawan Stage) of Napier, New Zealand, is identified as that of an Ommatophoca rossi juvenile of less than 1.8 m body length.  相似文献   

18.
The Biology of Upogebia pusilla (PETAGNA) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)     
Peter C.  Dworschak 《Marine Ecology》1988,9(1):51-77
Abstract. Populations of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia pusilla were studied on tidal flats in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Biometric analysis showed a sexual dimorphism, especially in propodus size. Size frequency distributions revealed the presence of large animals during all seasons; recruitment by juveniles occurred in autumn. Moult intervals and moult increments were determined in the laboratory and used to generate growth curves which were compared with those calculated from size frequency distributions. The life span of U, pusilla is over 5 years. Ovigerous females occurred between March and September. Egg numbers were high in spring, lower in summer and increased with body size. The incubation time of embryos was 35 days; a female produces an estimated number of three egg batches during the breeding season. A total annual production of 994 kJ was estimated for a theoretical population of 100 animals; 13.5 % is spent for somatic growth, 31 % for egg production of females, and 55.2% is lost as exuviae. The population structures, growth and breeding patterns, as well as embryonic and larval development within the Upogebiidae and Callianassidae are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
多棘海盘车对太平洋牡蛎、紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔摄食选择性的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
刘佳  张秀梅 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2012,(Z2):98-105
以多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)为试验对象,研究了多棘海盘车对3种双壳贝类的摄食选择性、摄食过程中用于搜寻和处理饵料生物的时间分配以及摄食机制等。试验以选择指数、捕食速率、日平均摄食率对多棘海盘车的摄食行为及搜寻和处理时间比进行了描述和统计。结果表明:各处理组多棘海盘车对菲律宾蛤仔的选择指数均为最高,占3种饵料生物的70%以上,显著高于太平洋牡蛎和紫贻贝(P<0.05),而各处理组对太平洋牡蛎的选择性均最低。多棘海盘车对菲律宾蛤仔的捕食速率和日平均摄食率显著高于太平洋牡蛎和紫贻贝。研究发现,在各处理组中多棘海盘车用于搜寻饵料生物的时间无显著差异,但随饵料密度的增加,用于处理饵料的时间逐渐减少。  相似文献   

20.
The Biology of Upogebia pusilla (PETAGNA) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea)     
Peter C.  Dworschak 《Marine Ecology》1987,8(4):337-358
Abstract. The distribution of the thalassinidean shrimp Upogebia pusilla was studied at four sites in the North Adriatic Sea: 1) a tidal flat in the lagoon of Grado, 2) a tidal flat at Lido di Staranzano near the mouth of the Isonzo, 3) a mud flat seawards of a salt marsh in a protected bay north of Rovinj, and 4) a sublittoral station in 6m depth near Aurisina. Information on grain size distribution, organic content, amount of debris, redox profiles and pH of sediment as well as temperature and salinity is given. Density, as determined by hole counts and a hole: burrow relationship derived from resin casting, generally increased with increasing water depth in the intertidal. The upper limits ranged between +10cm (Rovinj) and -20cm (Grado); densities between mean water and low water level varied strongly due to microtopography and macrophyte cover. Maximum densities in the intertidal ranged from 189 (Grado) to 2420 (Rovinj, juveniles) animals m2. Shrimp density at the sublittoral station ranged between 80 and 230 m"2. The zonation of the Upogebiidae and Callianassidae with respect to environmental parameters is discussed.  相似文献   

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1.
应用海藻酸钠作为表面活性层材料,以戊二醛为交联剂,以聚砜超滤膜为支撑层,制备了1种新型荷负电纳滤膜。研究了复合纳滤膜的制备影响因素及操作条件对膜性能的影响,结果表明当海藻酸钠的浓度为2.0%,戊二醛溶液的浓度为0.9%,30℃下交联4 h条件下制备的复合膜的膜性能(截留率)最好。实验结果表明:对1 000 mg.L-1的Na2SO4,MgSO4,NaCl和MgCl2盐溶液的截留率分别为87.2%,21.5%,32.0%,12.2%,通量依次为30.6,35.2,33.5,22.4 L.h-1.m-2。  相似文献   

2.
以甲壳素钠和羧甲基纤维素钠共混液为铸膜液,在聚丙烯腈超滤底膜上流延成膜,以丙三醇三缩水甘油醚(PTGE)的乙醇溶液为交联剂交联制得一种新型的复合纳滤膜。该膜的最佳制备条件为:甲壳素钠溶液与羧甲基纤维素钠溶液质量混合比为2∶1,交联剂丙三醇三缩水甘油醚浓度为0.6%,在50℃交联20 h。膜负电荷来源于底膜部分水解。膜的静电位为-0.12 mV,电压渗系数为-13.07 mV/MPa;截留分子量为610 g.mol-1,膜孔半径约0.7 nm。该膜对电解质溶液的截留性能主要决定于荷负电膜对不同电解质离子之间的静电作用力大小。  相似文献   

3.
离子交联壳聚糖/海藻酸钠可降解复合膜的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为原料、10%柠檬酸钠和3%氯化钙溶液为交联剂,制备1种可降解复合膜,研究交联时间和交联pH对复合膜机械性质和抗水性的影响,并通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其结构和热稳定性进行分析。结果发现,复合膜的厚度(24.2μm)小于壳聚糖膜和海藻酸钠膜厚度相加的总和(39μm),表明在复合膜的制备过程中,壳聚糖与海藻酸钠在界面处部分混合并可能存在相互作用;柠檬酸钠和氯化钙分别对壳聚糖和海藻酸钠产生离子交联作用,且交联降低了二者的结晶度,提高了复合膜的热稳定性;在交联溶液pH为7、交联时间30min时,复合膜性质最好,机械强度最高可达到120MPa,水溶性仅为8.25%;复合膜改善了单一膜机械性能不足及抗水性差等缺点,有望应用于食品的保鲜包装。  相似文献   

4.
界面聚合制备方法通常用于制备纳滤膜或反渗透膜,单体一般为间苯二胺或哌嗪。但是这些水相单体具有较大的毒性、刺激性等不利因素,会对环境及人体造成危害。壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide, COS)是壳聚糖经特殊的生物酶处理得到的较低分子量的海洋多糖类高分子聚合物,绿色无毒,与壳聚糖相比其溶解性大大提高。壳寡糖与壳聚糖的化学性质相似,其分子中含有氨基、羟基,适合作为水相单体通过界面聚合反应制备复合纳滤膜。本研究以壳寡糖为水相单体,均苯三甲酰氯(trimesoyl chloride, TMC)为油相单体,通过界面聚合法在聚醚砜超滤膜(PES)上成功制备COS/PES复合纳滤膜。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对膜表面进行分析表征;通过错流过滤测试膜通量及染料分离性能。实验结果显示,COS/PES 2复合纳滤膜表面出现斑点状结构,具备较高的膜通量;根据Zisman的临界表面张力外推方法将液体的表面张力与cosθ作图,发现COS/PES复合纳滤膜具有较好的防生物黏着的性能;进一步采用牛血清蛋白质模拟生物质膜污染物,开展了比通量(J/Jw)下降的实验,结果表明COS/PES复合纳滤膜的比通量始终高于商业PES超滤膜,说明交联壳寡糖活性层具有一定的抗生物质膜污染的性能;染料分离实验结果显示,壳寡糖复合纳滤膜对甲基橙的截留率在0.45 ~ 0.53之间,樱草灵的截留率在0.66~0.77之间,染料分子量大于600 Da时,不同浓度(1%、2%、3%,wt)制备的壳寡糖复合膜的染料截留率均保持在90%以上,证明所制备的复合膜属于纳滤的范畴。本研究制备的COS/PES复合纳滤膜符合国内外对发展环境友好型海洋新材料的需求,在环保、医药方面极具应用潜力。  相似文献   

5.
产甲壳素酶菌株HD001的发酵条件研究及酶的分离纯化   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过对降解甲壳素菌株 HD001 的发酵条件研究,确定了其产甲壳素酶最适培养基组分为 ( w/v ):( NH4 ) 2SO4 2.0%, NaCl 0.5%, K2HPO4 0.07%, KH2P O4 0.03%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.05% 以及葡萄糖 0.1%、酵母粉 0.3% 和胶体甲壳素 1.5%;最适产酶培养条件为:培养基起始 pH 值 6.0,培养温度 30 ℃,培养时间 120 h,发酵液酶活力达 376.2 U/mL.采用硫酸铵分级盐析、DEAE-纤维素离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-100 凝胶过滤层析对该酶进行纯化后,SDS-PAGE电泳显示单一条带,其相对分子质量约为 85.7 kDa.  相似文献   

6.
固定化木瓜蛋白酶的研究及其应用   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
从 8种载体材料中选取自制的氨基含量约 2 .878mmol/ g的甲壳质作为固定化载体 ,采用吸附交联法 ,以戊二醛为交联剂 ,对木瓜蛋白酶进行固定化。 17.5 mg/ g的固定化酶 /载体比例 ,p H6 .5 ,5℃下 ,先吸附 10 min,再以 0 .7%的戊二醛终浓度交联 12 h,所得固定化酶酶活回收可达5 2 .0 % ,酶活力为 3.5 4 U / g。固定化酶在 6 5℃以下 ,溶液酶在 5 5℃以下稳定 ;固定化酶在 p H7.0以下稳定 ,溶液酶在 p H6 .0以下稳定 ;5℃条件下 ,固定化酶贮藏半衰期为 183d;以酪蛋白为底物 ,固定化酶的操作半衰期可达 2 7d。用固定化酶水解甲壳胺 ,产物分子量小于 10 0 0 0的甲壳胺低聚糖得率约为 4 5 .5 5 %。  相似文献   

7.
以辣素衍生物(HMOBA)为抑菌单体,丙烯酸(acrylic acid,AA)为亲水性单体,通过紫外光辐照接枝制备具有抗污染性和抑菌性的聚酰胺纳滤膜。实验固定HMOBA的含量分别为0.5wt%,接枝时间为10min,考察了改性液中AA含量对改性膜性能的影响。结果表明,当改性液中AA的含量为1wt%时,改性膜的综合性能显著改善。纯水通量为130.98L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),NaCl和Na_2SO_4截盐率分别为38.53%和94.50%,改性膜对不同价态离子的选择分离性有所提高;通量恢复率为80.89%,比基膜提高了40.14%;抑菌率由基膜的5.63%提升到83.25%,膜表面的抗污染性和抑菌性得到了明显的改善。  相似文献   

8.
从虾壳中分离到一株乳杆菌BR-3,研究发现其最佳发酵起始pH为6.50,最佳培养温度为35℃,在此培养温度下达到对数生长期的时间为42h。采用乳杆菌发酵方法,进行了虾壳制备甲壳素的研究,比较了接种量、葡萄糖加入量、发酵时间等因素对产品质量的影响。结果表明,当接种量为10%、葡萄糖浓度为4.5%、固液比为1︰3、发酵温度为(35±2)℃、发酵时间为3—4d时,平均灰分去除率达95.67%,甲壳素产品灰分含量均小于6%,最低可达1%,产品质量等于或优于传统的酸碱生产方法。发酵液可部分或全部回收,洗涤废水可作下一轮发酵用水,生产废水接近零排放。虾壳乳酸发酵法生产甲壳素是一种清洁生产方法。BR-3培养时间短,培养条件粗放,温度和pH适应范围宽,产酸效率高,残糖少,适合于工业化生产。  相似文献   

9.
将大分子质量壳聚糖用壳聚糖酶法降解成分子质量为3ku左右的低分子质量壳聚糖,再将其分别化学修饰成低分子质量的羧甲基壳聚糖和羧甲基甲壳素,并进行结构表征。在最适条件下,用溶菌酶分别对3种多糖进行降解实验,并进行酶解前后多糖的还原糖浓度测定和HPLC分析,确定溶菌酶对不同结构多糖的水解能力。结果表明,溶菌酶对羧甲基甲壳素水解作用最快,羧甲基壳聚糖次之,壳聚糖最慢。该研究为甲壳素衍生物在生物医用材料中的应用和降解速率调控提供了依据。  相似文献   

10.
采用掺硼金刚石膜电极(Boron-doped diamond,BDD)为阳极的电化学氧化法降解全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA);对比不同电解质体系中PFOA的脱氟效果,考察初始pH、流速、电流密度、初始浓度和电解质浓度对PFOA脱氟率的影响,估算体系能耗;以甲醇(MeOH)和叔丁醇(TBA)为淬灭剂进行自由基淬灭实验,分析PFOA的降解机理。结果表明:Na2SO4电解质体系中,PFOA具有良好的降解效果;酸性条件下(pH为3~4.2)PFOA脱氟效果较佳,中性条件下较差,脱氟效果随初始浓度的增加而降低,随电流密度的增大先提升后趋于稳定。初始pH为3、电流密度30 mA·cm^-2、流速32.5 mL·min^-1、初始浓度100 mg·L^-1、Na2SO4浓度0.05 mol·L^-1条件下,电解180 min,PFOA脱氟率达53.45%,能耗约为1.13 kWh·(g F)-1;硫酸盐体系产生的·OH、SO-4·两种自由基均能氧化降解PFOA。  相似文献   

11.
在实验生态条件下研究了重金属离子(Cu2 、Pb2 、Hg2 、Cd2 )对日本鳃丝和肝胰脏显微结构(15d)的影响。观察结果表明:在2 mg/L Cu2 处理组,日本鳃叶不规则增厚,鳃腔相对扩大,其中血细胞明显增多;上皮层出现破坏:角质膜(CU)呈波状拱起,部分上皮细胞脱离角质膜形成大的空泡(VA);上皮细胞排列不规则,并与数目众多的血细胞充挤于血腔;肝胰脏中构成肝管的细胞发生严重崩解,只残留包被在外周的一层结缔组织的被膜。10mg/L Pb2 处理组鳃丝角质膜明显呈波状突起;肝管结构紊乱,开始出现大量空泡(VA)。0.1 mg/L Hg2 暴露下,鳃丝上皮层偶有溶解现象;肝胰脏肝细胞空泡化(VA)现象更为严重,细胞间界限不明显,肝细胞溶解,有些细胞核固缩;被膜中的结缔组织充血,出现血细胞浸润现象。1 mg/L Cd2 暴露下,鳃丝上皮层严重解体,只剩一层角质层,鳃腔相对扩大,部分区域有充血现象;肝胰脏出现细胞质溶解,细胞间界限不明显,血细胞浸润等现象。  相似文献   

12.
13.
The strong species of cadmium(II), copper(II), manganese(II) and nickel(II) in an Antarctic seawater sample are investigated by a method based on the sorption of metal ions on complexing resins. The resins compete with the ligands present in the sample to combine with the metal ions. Two resins with different adsorbing strengths were used. Very stable metal complexes were investigated with the strong sorbent Chelex 100 and weaker species with the less strong resin, Amberlite CG-50. Strong species were detected for three of the considered metal ions, but not for Mn(II). Cu(II) is completely linked to species with a side reaction coefficient as high as log αM(I) = 11.6 at pH = 7.3. The ligand concentration was found to be similar to that of the metal ion, and the conditional stability constant was around 1020 M− 1. In the considered sample, only a fraction of the metal ions Cd(II) and Ni(II) is bound to the strong ligands, with side reaction coefficients equal to log αM(I) = 5.5 and 6.5 at pH = 7.3 for Cd(II) and Ni(II), respectively. These findings were confirmed by the test with the weaker sorbent Amberlite CG-50. It can be calculated from the sorption equilibria that neither Mn(II) nor Ni(II) is adsorbed on Amberlite CG-50 under the considered conditions and, in fact, only a negligible fraction of Mn(II) and Ni(II) was adsorbed. A noticeable fraction of Cd(II) was adsorbed on Amberlite CG-50, meaning that cadmium(II) is partially linked to weak ligands, possibly chloride, while no copper(II) was adsorbed on this resin, confirming that copper(II) is only combined in strong species. These results are similar, but not identical, to those obtained for other seawater samples examined in previous investigations.  相似文献   

14.
Alterations to nomenclature for two common intertidal New Zealand ‘top shells’ necessitated by re‐examination of type material have been confused by ambiguities in the way the alterations were first presented. We draw attention to recent misinterpretations and clarify the nomenclature. Condensed synonymies that indicate names used for each species during the interregnum are given, allowing papers dealing with these trochids to be read without uncertainty as to which species were really meant by the authors.  相似文献   

15.
The rates of the reduction of Cr(VI) with S(IV) were measured in deaerated NaCl solution as a function of pH, temperature and ionic strength. The rates of the reaction were found to be first order with respect to Cr(VI) and second order with respect to S(IV), in agreement with previous results obtained at concentrations two order higher than the present study. The reaction also showed a first-order dependence of the rates on the concentration of the proton and a small influence of temperature with an apparent energy of activation ΔHapp of 22.8 ± 3.4 kJ/mol. The rates were independent of ionic strength from 0.01 to 1 M. The rate of Cr(VI) reduction is described by the general expression
−d[Cr(VI)]/dt=k[Cr(VI)][S(IV)]2
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