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1.
动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)幼体的吸引性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用生态学方法进行了新鲜和煮熟的动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)浮游幼体的吸引作用研究。结果表明, 脉红螺浮游幼体在4螺层期是食性转换期, 且在幼体到达3螺层后期的第1—6天是投放附着基和动物性饵料的最佳时期。此外, 新鲜和熟的双壳贝类肉对脉红螺幼体有明显的吸引力, 吸附于新鲜贝肉上的4螺层幼体占吸附幼体总数的48.61%, 显著大于其它螺层幼体; 脉红螺幼体选择新鲜紫贻贝肉的比例为33.75%, 显著大于菲律宾蛤仔(24.08%)、中国蛤蜊(18.97%)和长牡蛎(23.19%); 而熟贝肉中, 长牡蛎对幼体的吸引作用显著大于紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、海湾扇贝边粉和空白对照; 新鲜紫贻贝和熟长牡蛎肉具有作为脉红螺幼体食性转换期动物性饵料的开发潜力。 相似文献
2.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(12)
在水温16~20℃、盐度28.2±2.1、溶解氧(7.5±0.7)mg/L、pH8.0±0.3的条件下,研究了3种规格多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对4种规格魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)的摄食量、摄食选择性和摄食昼夜差异。研究表明:多棘海盘车对不同规格魁蚶摄食数量均随魁蚶底播密度的增加而上升;不同规格多棘海盘车对同一规格魁蚶摄食数量无显著差异(P0.05),但对不同规格魁蚶摄食数量存在一定差异,对最小壳长组魁蚶的摄食数量最大;多棘海盘车对不同规格魁蚶软体部摄食量与魁蚶规格呈显著正相关;多棘海盘车对不同规格魁蚶摄食数量均存在一定的昼夜差异且夜间的摄食数量大于昼间,魁蚶规格越大,多棘海盘车的最大摄食数量的时间出现越晚。结果表明:魁蚶适宜底播密度在30ind/m2左右,底播规格越大越能有效防御敌害。根据多棘海盘车对贝类捕食特点,可采用浅水低值贝类作为诱捕生物对多棘海盘车进行清除。 相似文献
3.
《海洋通报(英文版)》2016,(1)
在水温为16~20℃、盐度28.2±2.1、溶解氧为(7.5±0.7)mg/L、pH为8.0±0.3的条件下,研究了3种规格多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)对4种规格魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)的摄食量、摄食选择性和摄食昼夜差异。研究表明:多棘海盘车对不同规格魁蚶摄食数量均随魁蚶底播密度的增加而上升;不同规格多棘海盘车对同一规格魁蚶摄食数量无显著差异(p0.05),但对不同规格魁蚶摄食数量存在一定差异,对于最小壳长组的摄食数量最大;多棘海盘车对不同规格魁蚶软体部摄食量与魁蚶规格呈成显著正相关;多棘海盘车对不同规格魁蚶摄食数量均存在一定的昼夜差异且夜间的摄食数量大于昼间,魁蚶规格越大,多棘海盘车对魁蚶最大摄食数量时间出现的越晚。结果表明:魁蚶适宜底播密度在30 ind/m~2左右,底播规格越大越能有效防御敌害。根据多棘海盘车对贝类捕食特点,可采用浅水低值贝类作为诱捕生物对多棘海盘车进行清除。 相似文献
4.
胶州湾双壳类壳体中的Ca,Mg,Mn,Sr元素组成及影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探讨影响双壳类元素组成的可能因素,从胶州湾沿岸不同取样点采集黄海近海常见的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)、褶牡蛎(Oystrea denselamellosa)和紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis),分别测量了3种壳体的矿物物相类型和壳体中的Ca,Mg,Mn,Sr元素组成。研究表明:3种壳体分别属于文石质、方解石质和混合质壳;Ca,Mn元素含量在菲律宾蛤仔、褶牡蛎和紫贻贝壳体中没有差别,而Mg元素含量在菲律宾蛤仔壳体中含量较低,在褶牡蛎壳体和紫贻贝壳体中含量较高,Sr元素恰好与Mg元素相反。双壳类壳体中元素组成主要受壳体矿物物相类型的制约,而与水体环境要素之间的关系弱。 相似文献
5.
2012年7月,在荣成天鹅湖用自行研制的沉积物捕集器现场测定底内动物菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)和底上动物长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的生物沉积速率,以建立潮间带贝类生物沉积的现场测定方法,并评价两种贝类对潮间带生态环境的影响。结果表明:各组内沉积物重量差异不显著,处理组与对照组的沉积物重量差异显著(F=58.047,P=0.000),测得的生物沉积速率与文献具有可比性,因此可以推测新型生物沉积物捕集器适用于浅水区(潮间带),能够准确测定生物沉积速率。在平均水温18.8°C条件下,菲律宾蛤仔和长牡蛎都具有较高的生物沉积速率。壳长(25.0±1.5)mm、软体干重(0.12±0.03)g的菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积速率为(44.92±4.12)mg/(ind·d);壳长(29.8±1.3)mm、软体干重(0.23±0.05)g的菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积速率为(54.84±7.77)mg/(ind·d);壳长(98.8±14.1)mm、软体干重(3.94±0.66)g的长牡蛎生物沉积速率为(1069.01±212.24)mg/(ind·d)。作为天鹅湖海区两种典型贝类,据估算,每平方米面积内的蛤仔和长牡蛎每天分别将29.9g、15.0g的悬浮颗粒物通过滤食和排粪沉积到底层,增强了水层-底栖系统的耦合作用。 相似文献
6.
环境因子对菲律宾蛤仔摄食生理生态的影响 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
于 1 998年 1— 6月 ,在中国科学院海洋研究所实验室内采用静水方法对采自胶州湾潮间带的菲律宾蛤仔 (以下简称蛤仔 )进行摄食率、清滤率和吸收率的测定。结果表明 :(1 )蛤仔摄食率和清滤率随着个体体重的增加而增大 ,而单位重量的摄食率和清滤率随个体体重的增加而减小 ,它们之间呈幂函数关系。 (2 )底质对蛤仔摄食生理影响的实验表明 :铺砂可以显著地提高蛤仔的摄食生理指标。 (3)在一定的饵料浓度范围内 ,摄食率和清滤率随着浓度的增加而增大 ,呈幂函数关系。当饵料浓度达到一定值后 ,清滤率迅速下降 ,而摄食率只略微有所下降 ,基本上保持平稳不变。这说明蛤仔可以通过调节清滤率来稳定摄食率。 (4)蛤仔吸收率和饵料浓度及个体大小无明显相关性。 (5)水温 1 5℃ ,投喂小球藻的条件下 ,实验结果显示蛤仔 [壳长 (3.53± 0 .0 2 )cm、软体部干重 (0 .41± 0 .0 2 )g]产生假粪的阈值为2 .1 6mgPOM /L。 相似文献
7.
盐度和昼夜节律对菲律宾蛤仔摄食率的影响 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
在实验室条件下，用流水系统测定盐度和昼夜节律对菲律宾蛤仔摄食率的影响。分别对15、20、25、30、35这5个盐度梯度，以及连续24h的00：00、04：00、08：00、12：00、16：00、20：00这6个时间点下菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率进行了测定。结果表明：在15-25的盐度范围内，蛤仔的摄食率随着盐度的升高而增大，在盐度25时达到最大，而在25-35盐度范围内随盐度的增加而减小；在一个昼夜里，蛤仔的摄食率存在显著的差异，夜间的摄食率明显高于白昼，00：00和12：00分别是两个极值；菲律宾蛤仔是一个有着明显昼夜节律性的底栖动物，并且对盐度有一个适应范围，盐度25-30是其最适的盐度。本实验为以后进一步研究菲律宾蛤仔在贝类混养虾池中的作用奠定了基础。 相似文献
8.
海洋环境中微塑料和多环芳烃(PAHs)污染日益严重,以滤食动物菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为研究对象,探讨了聚苯乙烯微塑料和芘单一及联合暴露对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性效应.分别采用两个聚苯乙烯微塑料粒径(0.3μm和6μm,20 μg/L)和两个芘浓度水平(10 μg/L和100μg/L)单独和联合暴露21d,测定其对菲律宾蛤仔生理活动(肥满度和摄食率)、免疫防御、氧化应激等相关生物标志物的影响.研究结果表明,除芘单一暴露组外,其余暴露组菲律宾蛤仔的摄食率与对照组相比都显著降低,但这两种污染物对菲律宾蛤仔的肥满度没有显著影响.微塑料和芘暴露均导致菲律宾蛤仔免疫功能受损,表现为血细胞凋亡率增加和吞噬活性被抑制;其中,在小粒径微塑料和高浓度芘存在的暴露组血细胞凋亡率均显著高于对照组,并且二者联合暴露组血细胞凋亡率最高;除大粒径微塑料暴露组外,各暴露组血细胞吞噬活性均显著低于对照组.菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶系统不能及时清除体内产生的自由基,导致机体出现氧化损伤现象,表现为抗氧化酶活性变化和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高.微塑料和芘联合暴露导致鳃组织谷胱甘肽疏基转移酶(GST)活性显著升高,消化腺组织过氧化氡酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低.综合生物标志物指数(IBR)结果显示,联合暴露对菲律宾蛤仔造成的胁迫压力高于单一暴露组. 相似文献
9.
采用实验生态学方法，通过分析摄食喜好系数、平均个体摄食量等参数，研究香螺（Neptunea arthritica cumingii）摄食选择性，以及温度、饵料状态对香螺摄食量的影响。结果表明，香螺成螺对不同的饵料具有明显的摄食选择性，喜食程度的顺序依次为缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）、菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）和毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata）。随着温度的升高，不同规格香螺摄食量先升高后降低，摄食高峰出现在15℃，香螺对于已开壳饵料的摄食量显著高于未开壳饵料。 相似文献
10.
胶州湾养殖菲律宾蛤仔的清滤率、摄食率、吸收效率的研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
2003年6月,利用模拟现场流水系统采用生物沉积法对胶州湾养殖的菲律宾蛤仔的清滤率、摄食率、吸收效率及其与蛤仔规格之间的关系进行了现场实验研究。结果表明,个体的清滤率在0.18—0.40L/h范围内,平均为0.31L/h(SD=0.068),个体清滤率和摄食率随壳长增加而增加,但吸收效率与个体大小无关。蛤仔对颗粒有机物(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)及叶绿素的吸收效率不同,对叶绿素的吸收效率最高,平均为(81.8±7.9)%,对POM、POC和PON的吸收效率分别平均为(64.2±10.7)%(、55.7±9.8)%和(53.9±9.6)%。结合胶州湾蛤仔的生物量和野外调查数据,分析了春季养殖蛤仔对胶州湾初级生产力和颗粒有机碳的摄食压力及可能对整个湾的物质循环的影响。根据本文的结果估算,菲律宾蛤仔对本实验海区初级生产力和颗粒有机碳现存量的摄食压力分别为560%和90%。养殖的蛤仔通过滤食已经能够影响甚至控制养殖区的浮游植物的生长或初级生产力,甚至与整个胶州湾叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化趋势相吻合,因为胶州湾叶绿素浓度冬、夏季高,春、秋季节低,而蛤仔的生长旺季刚好在春、秋两季。 相似文献
11.
Potential risks to US Pacific Coast sea otters were assessed using tributyltin (TBT) bivalve data and sea otter food ingestion rates and body weights. TBT toxicity data (e.g. no observed adverse effects levels and lowest observed adverse effects levels) for a surrogate wildlife species were used after applying an uncertainty factor using Environmental Protection Agency guidance. The toxicological effects' endpoints were based on immune suppression effects. Potential risk to sea otters was considered using hazard quotients to determine whether the estimated dose exceeded the toxic dose. Populations of sea otters were evaluated as well as individuals that frequented marinas. Risks are not predicted for greater than 99% of the sea otter populations which feed on prey in coastal waters. If we assume that the few individual otters seen in marinas of California and Alaska are feeding on bivalves living in marinas, and if we make conservative assumptions about the percent of marina bivalves in their diet, risks are not predicted for three of the four immune suppression effect endpoints. 相似文献
12.
D.J. Curtis C.G. Galbraith J.C. Smyth D.B.A. Thompson 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(1):75-90
The number of black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) in the Clyde Estuary is large. In summer the average density has reached 1350 gulls km?2 and in winter 180 gulls km?2. This paper compares prey selection and feeding efficiency in gulls during summer and winter on tidal flats, and considers how seasonal differences may be adaptations to cope with seasonal changes in prey availability.Gross and net rates of energy intake were highest in summer because gulls captured more of the polychaete N. diversicolor than the amphipod C. volutator. In winter, gulls selected for C. volutator and therefore an energetically less profitable diet. Throughout the year gulls selected more C. volutator relative to N. diversicolor than expected on energetic grounds and so apparently did not maximize potential net rate of energy intake.Gulls used three techniques to capture prey and made most intensive use of the ‘crouch’ technique. Crouching gulls attained a much higher net rate of energy intake than ‘upright’ or ‘paddling’ gulls.A log-linear model showed that (a) season, water depth and gull density determined feeding technique and (b) feeding technique and season independently determined foraging success and prey selection. Thus gull density and water depth acted on prey selection through imposed variations in feeding technique.Reasons for gulls selecting energetically unprofitable C. volutator and for the use of several distinct feeding techniques are discussed. 相似文献
13.
The feeding behaviour of adults of the marine calanoid copepod Centropages hamatus was studied in laboratory experiments with ciliates and phytoplankton as food sources. The ingestion rate of algal (flagellates, diatoms) and ciliate prey (oligotrichs) as a function of prey concentration could be described by a Holling type III functional response, with close to zero ingestion rates at concentrations below 5 µg C l− 1. In general, ingestion of ciliates was higher than ingestion of algae, and maximum feeding rates by adult males reached were half the feeding rates of adult females at prey concentrations exceeding 50 µg C l− 1. When diatoms and ciliates were offered together C. hamatus (both sexes) fed exclusively on ciliates as long as they contributed with more than 5% to the mixture. This indicates the capability of active prey selection and switching between suspension feeding and ambush predation. Therefore, the feeding behaviour of adult C. hamatus can be characterised as omnivorous with a preference for larger motile prey. This implies a trophic level above two, if there is a sufficient abundance of protozoan food available. 相似文献
14.
Tomoko Yamamoto 《Marine Ecology》2004,25(1):35-49
Abstract. Natural prey composition and prey selectivity of the muricid snail Muricodrupa fusca (Küster), which forages on a wide range of prey, was investigated. Natural prey composition was evaluated through correcting the apparent diet (the result of observations of the feeding behavior) by the handling time, which was determined by laboratory analysis. The apparent diet and the natural diet should generally differ because prey items that require a longer handling time will be observed with higher frequencies. Multiple regression equations were derived to relate the handling time to prey size, predator size and water temperature. A large discrepancy in the apparent versus natural diet of M. fusca was found in prey species composition and prey size. They foraged on at least 11 species of sessile and mobile prey including six limpet species, and mainly preyed on Siphonaria spp. and Lottia spp. in the field. By comparing the percentage of the natural diet to that of prey abundance in the field, M. fusca preferred Siphonaria spp. and Lottia spp. and did not select the other prey species. The selectivity of this predator was explained by optimal foraging theory and antipredator defenses of some limpet species. The relationships among attacking methods, handling time and prey selectivity are also examined. 相似文献
15.
Small is profitable: No support for the optimal foraging theory in sea stars Asterias rubens foraging on the blue edible mussel Mytilus edulis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christiaan Hummel Pieter HonkoopJaap van der Meer 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,94(1):89-92
Doubt has been shed recently on the most popular optimal foraging theory stating that predators should maximize prey profitability, i.e., select that prey item that contains the highest energy content per handling time. We hypothesized that sea stars do not forage on blue mussels according to the classical optimal foraging theory but are actively avoiding damage that may be caused by e.g. capture of foraging on too-strong mussel shells, hence the sea stars will have a stronger preference for mussels that are smaller than the most profitable ones. Here we present experimental evidence of the sea star Asterias rubens as a predator that indeed chooses much smaller blue mussels Mytilus edulis to forage on than the most profitable ones. Hence this study does not support the optimal foraging theory. There may be other constraints involved in foraging than just optimizing energy intake, for example predators may also be concerned with preventing potential loss or damage of their foraging instruments. 相似文献
16.
Many animals are sexually dimorphic, but the underlying evolutionary causes and ecological consequences of sexual dimorphism are not fully understood. One predicted consequence for sexual dimorphism is that different sexes show niche differentiation. If sexual dimorphism is in feeding appendages, then differences may be manifested by different diets and thus contrasting behavioural responses to potential prey. Sexual dimorphisms in feeding appendages may also result in different handling times, which may then be correlated with differences in exposure, and, hence predation risk to the predator while feeding. In addition, the prey of the sexually dimorphic predator may respond differently to cues from each sex according to the predation risk each presents to the prey. We tested these predictions using a crab (Carcinus maenas) with sexual dimorphism in chelae dimensions, its predator the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and prey with known differences in handling times; the gastropod molluscs Gibbula umbilicalis and Littorina littorea. We demonstrated that male C. maenas orientated more frequently to cues from L. littorea whereas females orientated more towards G. umbilicalis in contradiction of patterns predicted by handling times. Male crabs had a faster heart rate than females but this was not influenced by food‐based cues. We also showed no difference in foraging times with respect to changing levels of predator risk and also no differences in gastropod responses to odours from male or female crabs. Our results showed that predictions of handling time and sexual dimorphism are not associated. The experiments indicated the male and female crabs are probably ecological equivalents and thus niche differentiation is less likely. 相似文献
17.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):455-465
Studies on the feeding behaviour of large predatory sharks are inherently problematic because of the size of the animals, the difficulty in observing and handling them and the risks to the investigator. Observations on the feeding behaviour of the sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus over a seven-year period revealed this species to display at least four distinct foraging strategies. A particular strategy, or a combination of two or more, was employed depending on the size and type of prey being subdued. The four primary factors that appear to influence prey selection were prey size, availability and density, and scavenging. The behaviour of a prey species influences the predator's foraging and hunting behaviour. The success of the sevengill shark as an apical predator can be attributed, in part, to the feeding strategies it employs to subdue prey. 相似文献
18.
Effects of habitat complexity on cannibalism rates in European green crabs (Carcinus maenas Linnaeus, 1758) 
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下载免费PDF全文 The habitat in which predator–prey interactions take place may have a profound influence on the outcome of those interactions. Cannibalism is an intriguing form of predation whereby foraging by predators may contribute to the regulation of their own populations.This is particularly interesting in the case of invasive species, like the widely distributed European green crab (Carcinus maenas). This study explores how habitat complexity influences cannibalism rates in green crab populations of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Canada. Both laboratory and field experiments were conducted to measure feeding rates by individual adult green crabs on a standard number of smaller conspecifics. In the laboratory, experimental treatments mimicked unstructured to increasingly structured habitats: water, sandy bottom, oyster shells, mussel shells, oyster shells with sandy bottom and mussel shells with sandy bottom. In those trials, adult green crabs consumed several times more juveniles on unstructured habitats than on the most structured ones, with a gradual decrease in predation rates across increasingly complex habitats. Field inclusion experiments used the same approach and were conducted in sandy bottoms, sandy bottoms with a layer of oyster shells and sandy bottoms with a layer of mussel shells. These trials showed similar patterns of decreasing feeding rates across increasingly complex habitats, but differences among treatments were not significant. These results support the idea that complex habitats have the potential to mediate predator–prey interactions, including adult–juvenile cannibalism in green crabs. 相似文献
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Laboratory experiments were performed on the food ecology of four congeneric species of free-living plathelminths, Promesostoma caligulatum, P. marmoratum, P. rostratum, and P. meixneri, all inhabiting an intertidal sandflat near the island of Sylt (North Sea). Their prey spectrum is within the microcrustaceans: P. caligulatum preferred ostracods, while the other three species favoured copepods, with species-specific differences for copepod species and size classes. Daily consumption of prey species varied with the size of both the predator and the prey. On average, P. marmoratum consumed 0.76 Harpacticus flexus per day while this rate decreased to 0.06 in P. meixneri, the smallest predator. When these Promesostoma species were fed with Tachidius discipes, a smaller prey species, their predation rates were about 25% higher. While the larger predators preferred the larger harpacticoids as prey, the small P. meixneri preferred small cyclopoids over larger harpacticoids. In terms of biomass, P. marmoratum's mean consumption of T. discipes per day was about half the predator's own weight. This average varied with prey density and temperature. A comparison of these consumption rates with the field densities of the predators and their prey shows that the plathelminth predators may consume as much as 10% per day of their copepod prey populations, thus strongly influencing these prey populations on these sandflats. The predation pressure of P. caligulatum on ostracods was about 1% per day of the prey population. Since ostracods usually have fewer generations per year, the total effect on the population dynamics may be similar to that on copepods. Therefore, nocturnal swimming of copepods in the water column may be interpreted as an attempt to escape plathelminth predators. 相似文献
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Sandra Hochscheid Andrea Travaglini Fulvio Maffucci Graeme C. Hays Flegra Bentivegna 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(3):321-333
Understanding the role that consumers play in an ecosystem requires knowledge about food selection and intake rates. However, such basic data are often difficult to obtain, particularly for marine animals that are not easy to observe. To overcome this problem, a beak movement sensor was employed on a free‐ranging loggerhead turtle in a neritic foraging habitat at the Domitian littoral (SW Italy). In combination with gastrointestinal content analysis from six turtles found dead in the same area we sought to identify which beak movement patterns were associated with which prey type, and to quantify the ingestion of the various prey types. Brachyuran crabs (100% occurrence), in particular Liocarcinus vernalis, and small molluscs (66% occurrence) were found most frequently in the stomach and intestine of the turtles. Beak movements revealed average ingestion rates of (mean ± SE) 0.27 ± 0.13 food items per minute and that feeding occurred predominantly during dives >4 m and during early morning and evening. Interestingly, the time spent feeding amounted to only 2.2% of the total observation time, whereas feeding‐associated dives added up to just above 10% of the total time. We thus established that loggerhead turtles in this area are specialised on brachyuran crabs, on which they prey with high success during the short time dedicated to foraging. This information strengthens our knowledge about turtle–prey and turtle–habitat interactions, which are essential data to delineate the role that turtles play in this and similar marine ecosystems. Moreover, since the same area is also intensively used by the regional bottom trawl fishery, our results have important conservation implications, because they clearly show the time of day and water depths for which fishing activity should be regulated to reduce the number of turtles that are currently being incidentally caught in this area. 相似文献