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1.
内容提要：滇西腾冲–梁河地区发育古近纪二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩,记录了印度–欧亚大陆碰撞的岩浆活动信息。二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为51.4±0.4Ma,其176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282554~0.282592,εHf(t)= -6.65~-5.30,其二阶段模式年龄为1.46~1.55Ga。腾冲–梁河古近纪花岗岩以高SiO2 (68.96%~78.68%)、高K2O (4.56%~6.29%)和高Al2O3(12.40%~16.42%)为特征,K2O/Na2O比值为0.93~7.24,Al2O3>(K2O+Na2O),A/CNK值为0.99~2.31,属于富钾钙碱性偏铝–强过铝质花岗岩;绝大多数样品具有强烈的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*为0.19~0.51),富集Cs、Rb,亏损Sr、P、Ti、Ba、Nb、Ta,具有Pb的正异常。元素地球化学特征指示,其主要源于区域上地壳变质杂砂岩的部分熔融;结合区域地质,认为腾梁地区62~51Ma的花岗岩是对印度–欧亚大陆碰撞高峰期的岩浆响应。  相似文献   

2.
滇西腾冲—梁河地区发育古近纪二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩,记录了印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的岩浆活动信息。二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为51.4±0.4 Ma,其176 Hf/177 Hf值为0.282554~0.282592,εHf(t)=-6.65~-5.30,其二阶段模式年龄为1.46~1.55Ga。腾冲—梁河古近纪花岗岩以高SiO2(68.96%~78.68%)、高K2O(4.56%~6.29%)和高Al2O3(12.40%~16.42%)为特征,K2O/Na2O值为0.93~7.24,Al2O3(K2O+Na2O),A/CNK值为0.99~2.31,属于富钾钙碱性偏铝—强过铝质花岗岩;绝大多数样品具有强烈的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*为0.19~0.51),富集Cs、Rb,亏损Sr、P、Ti、Ba、Nb、Ta,具有Pb的正异常。元素地球化学特征指示,其主要源于区域上地壳变质杂砂岩的部分熔融;结合区域地质,认为腾梁地区62~51Ma的花岗岩是对印度-欧亚大陆碰撞高峰期的岩浆响应。  相似文献   

3.
那邦地区花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素组成特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
滇西那邦地区三个花岗片麻岩样品的锆石U-Pb定年分别给出了55.0±0.5 Ma、50.4±1.3 Ma以及51.6±1.1 Ma的结晶年龄,其εHf(t)介于-6.7～ +7.8之间,具有壳幔双源特征,对应的二阶段模式年龄为0.63 ～1.55 Ga.上述年龄的获得表明滇西那邦地区原划为前寒武纪的混合岩和花岗片麻岩至少有相当一部分形成于新生代.经与邻近腾冲-梁河花岗岩带及西藏冈底斯岩浆带的年代学对比,认为沿冈底斯-那邦地区存在广泛的始新世岩浆事件,其成因可能与印度板块和欧亚板块的初始碰撞有关.  相似文献   

4.
张诗启  戚学祥  韦诚  张超  吉风宝 《岩石学报》2017,33(12):3842-3860
高黎贡构造带构成腾冲地块的东部边界,其内出露的新生代花岗岩与印度板块和欧亚大陆的碰撞有关。本文通过岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素示踪对腾冲地块东缘――高黎贡构造带内3个始新世花岗岩体进行了研究,结果表明其形成时代为43~47Ma。岩石具有高钾钙碱性、高硅、富钾、低钙、低磷,A/CNK值介于1.05~1.14之间,LREE富集以及Eu、Sr、Ba、Nb、P和Ti强烈负异常等特征。锆石Lu-Hf同位素测试结果表明九斤粮岩体和大中山岩体的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值特征相近,分布于-8.4~-0.8之间,对应的t_(DMC)值为1317~1730Ma;董家园岩体的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值则分布于球粒陨石线两侧(-7.0~+5.7),对应的t_(DMC)值为907~1531Ma。这些特征说明九斤粮岩体和大中山花岗岩岩浆来源于中-新元古代变沉积岩部分熔融的产物,董家园花岗岩岩浆来源于中-新元古代变基性岩和变沉积岩的部分熔融。岩石地球化学特征和构造环境判别图解显示该期花岗岩形成于同碰撞的构造环境,是腾冲地块内晚白垩世和古新世岩浆活动的延续,是对印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞的响应。  相似文献   

5.
邹光富  毛英  邹鑫  林仕良  丛峰  李再会  谢韬  高永娟 《地质学报》2013,87(11):1635-1646
腾冲地块江东花岗岩体分布于芒市江东镇—项丘一带,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩组成。该花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为58.29±0.44 Ma,表明该花岗岩体的形成时代属于古新世。岩石地球化学研究表明,该花岗岩具有中等SiO2(68.66%~73.50%),高碱(K2O+Na2O=6.87%~9.04%),高钾(K2O/Na2O=1.87~2.20),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.97~1.36的特征。岩石属钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性系列,为过铝质S型花岗岩。稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为158.85×10-6~304.26×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具有弱到中等程度的负铕异常。根据岩石地球化学特征判别,该花岗岩的源岩可能是富含粘土的变质杂砂岩,在构造体制由挤压向拉张转变的后碰撞环境下部分熔融形成的。江东古新世后碰撞环境黑云母二长花岗岩的形成,预示着印度板块与冈底斯-波密-腾冲板块的主体碰撞在60Ma之前(即古新世初期之前)已经发生。冈底斯-滕冲构造带古新世构造岩浆造山事件与新特提斯洋的闭合及印度板块与冈底斯-滕冲板块间的俯冲、碰撞造山作用密切相关。  相似文献   

6.
九顶山复式岩体沿北西向金沙江–红河断裂与南北向程海断裂交汇处发育,处于南北地洼区与滇西地洼区接触带,是滇西地洼期斑岩成矿带中段的代表性富碱斑岩体之一。该岩体由呈岩株、岩脉、岩墙或岩床等产出的斑状花岗岩、正长斑岩、(二长)花岗斑岩、碱长花岗斑岩和煌斑岩等组成。本文着重对正长斑岩的形成年代、岩石地球化学和成因特征开展研究,结果表明:正长斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为34.6±0.7 Ma,即岩浆侵位于始新世(E2),属滇西地洼激烈期及新生代富碱岩浆活动高峰期(45~30 Ma)的产物;岩石具高硅(Si O256%)、高钾(K2O=3.38%~8.92%,K2O/Na2O1)、富碱(ALK=8.15%~11.15%)和低Mg O(3%)的特征,属钾玄岩系列–高钾钙碱性系列过铝质(A/CNK=0.71~1.22)花岗岩;在微量元素组成上,岩石高Sr(400×10-6)、低Y(18×10-6)和Yb(1.9×10-6),与陆内造山环境形成的"C型"钾质埃达克岩地球化学特征类似;全岩的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成特征显示岩浆源区是壳幔物质混合的"EMII型"富集地幔源。正长斑岩的形成应与印度–欧亚板块碰撞俯冲背景下,金沙江–红河断裂大规模左行走滑引起的热扰动和局部引张作用有关,在这种区域热–动力学条件下,地幔部分熔融与地壳物质发生混合作用,形成活化型壳幔混合源高钾富碱岩浆。  相似文献   

7.
滇西腾冲-梁河地区位于喜马拉雅东构造结的东侧,区域内广泛分布的中、新生代花岗岩（简称腾梁花岗岩）由古永岩群、宾榔江岩群的若干个花岗岩体组成,以岩基、岩株、岩墙状态产出。花岗岩呈现带状沿着一系列北北东向弧形断裂平行分布,展示明显的同构造剪切被动侵位和岩墙扩展侵位特征。岩浆锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果显示,东侧的古永岩群花岗岩结晶年龄为白垩世晚期（76~68Ma）;而西侧的槟榔江岩群花岗岩结晶年龄为稍晚的始新世（53Ma）。腾梁花岗岩主要为中、粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩、黑云母条纹长石花岗岩、伟晶花岗岩,缺少典型的富铝矿物。地球化学特征表明腾梁花岗岩是起源于中下地壳的过铝-强过铝高钾钙碱性花岗岩,源岩是富含泥质的硬砂岩,并具有岛弧-后碰撞花岗岩特征。由于喜马拉雅新特提斯封闭及印度陆块与亚洲陆块的陆陆碰撞发生于65Ma, 进一步推测腾梁花岗岩是新特提斯封闭到陆陆碰撞造成陆壳增厚所引起的中下地壳部分熔融的产物。腾梁花岗岩是冈底斯的东延部分,但在形成机制上,与冈底斯花岗岩具有明显的差别。  相似文献   

8.
羌塘中部各拉丹冬岩体主要由二长花岗岩组成,其单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为40±3 Ma,Rb-Sr等时线年龄为47±0.4Ma,斜长石、角闪石、黑云母K-Ar年龄分别为37.1 Ma、48 Ma和45.8 Ma,形成于始新世.岩石富碱高,高钾(K2O＞Na2O),属高钾钙碱性系列.微量元素以富集LREE、LILE(Th、U等),相对亏损HFSE为特征,(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.70701～0.70724,εNd(t)为-6.0～-4.1,δ18O值为8.18‰～9.01‰,构造背景为火山弧花岗岩.55 Ma以来,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,大范围抬升,青藏高原在经历近南北向挤压缩短的过程中,可能在羌塘地体上产生了平行于主压应力方向的张性构造,导致了各拉丹冬花岗岩体侵位.应为青藏高原隆升在北羌塘陆块所表现的构造热事件之一.  相似文献   

9.
滇西三江地区发育古近纪花岗岩,记录了印度－欧亚大陆碰撞的岩浆活动信息。对贡山地块福贡花岗岩开展岩石地球化学及锆石U Pb Hf系统研究,结果表明,该花岗岩为钙碱性、过铝质特征的I S型花岗岩。锆石U Pb同位素分析表明,福贡马吉花岗岩侵位于55 Ma,并含有252~77 Ma的继承锆石。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,该区岩浆锆石具有与青藏高原及东其南缘同时代长英质侵入体相似的Hf同位素组成,暗示其相似的岩浆起源。微量元素和同位素组成模拟计算结果表明,马吉花岗岩的原生岩浆是由53%的新生地壳组分和47%古老地壳基底物质混合而成的原岩经 5%~15%(F=005~015)的部分熔融而成。贡山地块福贡马吉花岗岩与冈底斯地块和腾冲地块早始新世岩浆岩(约55 Ma)具相似的年龄及地球化学特征,暗示它们之间可能存在类似的成因机制,均为新特提斯洋俯冲板片断离引起的壳内减压熔融的产物。  相似文献   

10.
金灿海  范文玉  沈战武  张海  张玙 《地质学报》2013,87(9):1211-1220
滇西来利山锡矿位于滇西锡成矿带的腾冲-梁河锡成矿亚带,地处三江构造带南段腾冲地块,怒江缝合带和密支那缝合带之间.锡矿体产于中石炭统丝光坪组断裂破碎带及与来利山复式岩体东南边缘的正长花岗岩接触带,成矿与正长花岗质岩浆活动关系密切.正长花岗岩SiO2含量76.00％～77.10％、Al2O3含量12.62％～13.50％、TFeO/MgO为9.79～72.50,具富硅、铝,铁高镁低的特征;铝饱和度(A/CNK)为1.02～1.32,K2O/Na2O为1.42～～2.26,里特曼指数(δ)1.40～2.29,属高钾钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩系列;岩石∑REE值为98.68×10-6～～191.89×10-6,强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.07～～0.10),铈异常不明显(δCe=0.63～0.99),LR/HR为0.19～0.69,(La/Yb)N为0.31～1.24,轻重稀土没有明显的分异性;P、Ti强烈亏损,Ba、K亏损,Zr、Th富集,La弱富集,为壳源S型同碰撞花岗岩;LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb法测定其成岩年龄为52.53±0.29 Ma(MSWD=1.8),是中始新世印度-欧亚大陆碰撞造山作用的产物,是在地壳强烈挤压、增厚,由上地壳泥质岩类在不饱和水条件下低程度部分熔融岩浆侵位冷凝形成.来利山锡矿的成矿物质主要来源于围岩及花岗岩,成矿流体以岩浆水为主,成矿时代与正长花岗岩成岩年龄一致,锡矿是该区在喜马拉雅早期印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞造山运动岩浆活动的成矿响应,表明该区在51.1～54 Ma至少存在一次与来利山正长花岗岩关系密切的锡成矿作用.  相似文献   

11.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

12.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

13.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

14.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
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17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

19.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

20.
The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.  相似文献   

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