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1.
基于沉积构造背景和大量钻测资料,利用气样地球化学测试、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜和阴极发光等手段,揭示了东海西湖凹陷西斜坡和西次凹近致密-致密砂岩气藏的地质特征,并分析了发育前景。研究结果表明:2个靶区近致密-致密砂岩气藏均分布在中深层,且位于常规气藏之下,但发育层位不同,西斜坡在平湖组中下段,西次凹在花港组下段。2个靶区的近致密-致密砂岩气均为煤型气,来源于平湖组煤系源岩,西次凹致密气藏属于"下生上储"型,西斜坡属于"自生自储"型。西次凹属于典型的致密砂岩储层,西斜坡属于近致密砂岩储层。强压实作用和硅质、自生伊利石及碳酸盐胶结是储层致密化的重要因素。溶孔和原生粒间孔是致密砂岩储层主要储集空间;2个靶区的近致密-致密储层不同深度段发育"孔隙型"甜点,为酸性溶蚀成因,但西斜坡的溶蚀强度大于西次凹。另外,西次凹深层发育部分裂缝,形成该区"裂缝型"甜点。西次凹致密气藏具有弱超压特征,西斜坡具有超压-强超压特征。平湖组广覆式分布高有机质丰度的煤系源岩全天候持续供气是靶区发育大规模近致密-致密砂岩气藏的物质基础,大面积近致密-致密储层提供了良好的储集体,因此发育前景好,勘探潜力大。 相似文献
2.
西湖凹陷西次凹古近系花港组和平湖组深层油气资源丰富，是东海陆架盆地勘探开发新领域，受储层差异致密化影响，油气成藏机理复杂。为了厘清西次凹深层油气成藏过程，本文通过流体包裹体岩相学特征、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱、包裹体所含油气地球化学等实验分析，结合构造演化、地层埋藏史、热史等，开展了系统的储层特征、油气成藏期次、成藏过程研究。结果表明，花港组深层（>4000 m）和平湖组储层均已致密化，溶蚀孔隙是主要的储集孔隙类型；花港组和平湖组均发育两期油气包裹体，早期含油包裹体较多，晚期以天然气包裹体为主，成藏时间分别为龙井运动期和冲绳运动期，以晚期天然气成藏最为关键。包裹体中油气地球化学特征类似，反映生烃母质以高等植物生源为主，低等生物为辅，与平湖组煤系烃源岩特征一致。冲绳运动叠加平湖组生气增压是晚期天然气成藏的主要动力，此时H10段及以上储层未致密化。根据储层致密化与成藏时序匹配关系可将西次凹M构造深层油气藏类型划分为常规型、先成藏后致密型、先致密后成藏型和边成藏边致密型4种。本文成果可为研究区下一步致密砂岩气的勘探开发部署提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
3.
西湖凹陷中央构造带中南部油气成藏条件、特征及富集规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《地质科技情报》2015,(2)
基于大量钻测资料、油气地球化学特征和流体包裹体测试分析,从烃源岩、储集层、盖层、圈闭等成藏要素及其时空匹配等对西湖凹陷中央构造带中南部纵向地层油气成藏条件、特征及富集规律进行了研究。源岩方面,平湖组煤系源岩为主要烃源岩,还原-弱还原和水动力较弱的沉积环境使源岩有机质得到很好保存;储集层方面,常规油气藏储层物性好,主要孔隙类型为原生孔和次生孔,下部低渗近致密-致密砂岩气藏物性较差,局部发育的"甜点"是有利储集体;盖层方面,花上段发育的区域盖层对花港组油气起到了较好的封闭,花下段和平湖组近致密-致密砂岩气除了常规泥岩盖层封闭外,还有致密砂岩物性封闭、气毛细管封闭和超压增压封闭;圈闭方面,花上段油气聚集在挤压反转型背斜圈闭中,而花下段、平湖组油气则聚集在非常规岩性圈闭或与构造叠加的复合圈闭中;成藏要素匹配方面,两者油气充注期与生储盖等成藏条件及其时空上都表现出有利匹配。两类油气藏的富集规律存在差异,断裂输导体系、圈闭条件和保存条件控制着花上段常规油气富集,源岩有机质丰度和物性控制平湖组近致密-致密砂岩油气富集,构造反转和断裂可能也对致密气也存在一定控制作用。 相似文献
4.
《地质科技情报》2020,(3)
近年来,东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带武云亭构造油气勘探获得了较好的商业发现,但已钻探的A井与B井流体性质差异较大,A井为气井、B井为油井。通过生物标志化合物对比、碳同位素分析及流体包裹体分析,对武云亭构造油气来源、充注期次及成藏模式进行了分析,结果表明武云亭构造油为正常成熟原油,主要来源于本地宁波19洼平湖组煤系烃源岩;天然气有两种,一种为高成熟天然气,主要来源于东侧主洼宁波27洼平湖组烃源岩,另一种为正常成熟天然气,主要来源于本地次洼宁波19洼烃源岩。包裹体荧光呈现为淡黄色油气包裹体和无色气包裹体,均一温度表明武云亭构造主要经历两期油气充注,时间为2 Ma和现今。武云亭构造油气来源丰富,成藏过程复杂,基于油气来源及成藏特征划分为"双源侧向晚期次生型"和"单源垂向晚期原生型"两种成藏模式。 相似文献
5.
冀中坳陷潜山天然气是渤海湾盆地深层—超深层油气勘探的重要领域，文安斜坡潜山带则是冀中坳陷深潜山天然气勘探的主战场，但关于文安斜坡潜山带内、中、外三个不同含气带的油气来源、成藏期次和成藏过程等缺乏系统研究。本文在对各带天然气组分、碳同位素、稀有气体同位素和轻烃化合物等分析的基础上，探讨了天然气的成因与来源，利用流体包裹体方法厘清不同潜山带油气成藏充注过程，继而建立了油气成藏模式，并对比分析不同含气带油气成藏差异性。结果表明，文安斜坡潜山带内带天然气为高—过成熟的油型气，主要来源于Es4 +Ek烃源岩，储层经历了两期不同成熟度的天然气充注过程；中带天然气主要为煤型气，主要来源于石炭- 二叠纪煤系烃源岩，混有部分Es4 +Ek烃源岩生成的天然气，具有两期油气充注过程；而外带天然气为低成熟阶段的生物- 热催化过渡带气经氧化改造而形成的次生生物气，主要来源于石炭- 二叠纪烃源岩，仅经历了一期天然气充注过程。综合分析表明，文安斜坡潜山带发育双源供烃- 断层不整合输导- 分带差异聚集的油气成藏模式，内、中、外三个含气带分别发育单向单源供烃似层状高—过成熟气藏、双向双源供烃断溶体成熟—高成熟油气藏以及单向单源供烃层状低熟- 生物气藏三种油气藏类型。本文结果为深化对该区天然气来源、成藏规律的认识和后续勘探领域的拓展提供有益的信息。 相似文献
6.
基于对武云亭地区烃源岩、储层、圈闭等油气藏形成基本条件的总结,系统分析油气特征及来源、压力分布与断层封闭、油气充注历史及油气运聚成藏过程,建立武云亭凝析气田成藏模式。研究表明,武云亭洼广泛分布的煤系烃源岩和宁波27主洼烃源岩生烃能力强、断层和砂岩尖灭耦合形成大型构造- 岩性复合圈闭、三角洲沉积优质储集体发育、有利的断- 砂配置、盖层质量好等因素共同构成了武云亭凝析气田形成的基础。武云亭油气田平湖组中下部成藏组合具有“武云亭洼煤系源岩供烃、源内持续弱超压充注”成藏特征;中上部成藏组合具有“武云亭洼和宁波27洼双源供烃、侧向持续强充注”成藏特征,早期双向来源原油与晚期大规模侧向来源高熟气混合形成凝析气藏。武云亭油气田总体上具有“早期油晚期气,多期成藏,连续充注”的特征,建立“多源持续强充注- 断砂联控”成藏模式。 相似文献
7.
西湖凹陷西次凹黄岩地区渐新统花港组油气资源丰富,是东海陆架盆地勘探开发重要领域,但油气成藏机理复杂。为厘清西次凹花港组油气成藏过程,笔者等通过薄片观察、扫描电镜、流体包裹体、显微测温等实验分析,结合构造演化、埋藏史等,开展了生储盖、成藏期次及成藏过程研究。结果表明,花港组砂岩储层具有良好的储集条件,始新统平湖组发育有效的烃源岩,还具有良好的圈闭条件和保存条件。早期发育的断裂,延深至下部平湖组烃源岩层内,可以作为良好的运移通道,深部超压的发育为油气运移也提供一定的动力。因此建立了“垂向叠置”成藏模式,说明西湖凹陷深层低渗—特低渗致密岩性—构造复合油气藏和深部地层存在异常压力系统内的油气藏的具有良好的勘探前景。 相似文献
8.
西湖凹陷西次凹黄岩地区渐新统花港组油气资源丰富,是东海陆架盆地勘探开发重要领域,但油气成藏机理复杂。为厘清西次凹花港组油气成藏过程,笔者等通过薄片观察、扫描电镜、流体包裹体、显微测温等实验分析,结合构造演化、埋藏史等,开展了生储盖、成藏期次及成藏过程研究。结果表明,花港组砂岩储层具有良好的储集条件,始新统平湖组发育有效的烃源岩,还具有良好的圈闭条件和保存条件。早期发育的断裂,延深至下部平湖组烃源岩层内,可以作为良好的运移通道,深部超压的发育为油气运移也提供一定的动力。因此建立了“垂向叠置”成藏模式,说明西湖凹陷深层低渗—特低渗致密岩性—构造复合油气藏和深部地层存在异常压力系统内的油气藏的具有良好的勘探前景。 相似文献
9.
《地质科技情报》2016,(3)
致密砂岩气成藏过程复杂,而有利的成藏要素是连续型致密砂岩气大规模运聚成藏的基本条件,因此明确成藏条件及成藏过程对致密砂岩气理论研究及勘探实践都具有重要意义。利用烃源岩地球化学数据、地层测试数据、综合测井数据等资料并结合前人研究,对苏里格地区上古生界连续型致密砂岩气藏形成的主要因素(烃源岩、储集层、盖层、构造运动)进行了分析,总结了研究区连续型致密砂岩气的有利成藏条件并剖析了其成藏过程。研究表明:烃源岩广覆式生烃,源储紧邻,大面积分布的致密储层,有效的区域盖层及相对稳定的构造环境是苏里格地区上古生界连续型致密砂岩气成藏的可靠保证;研究区致密气砂岩成藏孔隙度下限约为2%;苏里格地区上古生界连续型致密砂岩气藏形成过程可以分为4个演化阶段:早侏罗世前的连续型致密砂岩气藏孕育阶段,即致密储层形成阶段;中侏罗世天然气开始大规模持续充注,为连续型致密砂岩气藏发展阶段;早白垩世气藏规模达到最大,为连续型致密砂岩气藏成型阶段;晚白垩世到现今为气藏萎缩阶段。 相似文献
10.
实际勘探证实西湖凹陷油气藏具有上油下气的特征,油气资源分布表现为南多北少。通过西湖凹陷凝析油和凝析气地球化学参数的分析,认为西湖凹陷的凝析油和凝析气具有相同的成因类型和成熟度,均为平湖组煤系源岩生成的油气。根据西部斜坡带和中央反转带油气藏类型、油气成藏期次及圈闭形成时间研究成果,认为：西部斜坡带油气首先充注在平湖组中,后期由于断层开启调整至花港组中,因压力降低油气分离和天然气散失而在花港组中形成凝析油藏;在中央反转带,由于圈闭定型时间晚,油气主要经历一期成藏再通过断层运移至花港组,花港组上部压力低,使油气分离、天然气散失而形成纯凝析油藏。通过对油气成藏和分布特征的研究,认为生烃中心的分布控制着油气藏的分布,断层分布和断穿层位控制着油气藏丰度,超压控制着西部斜坡带凝析油和凝析气藏的分布界面。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。 相似文献
13.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
14.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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17.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements. 相似文献
18.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
19.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect. 相似文献
20.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Harvey E. Belkin Susan J. Tewalt James C. Hower J.D. Stucker J.M.K. O'Keefe 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):260-268
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential. 相似文献