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1.
卡拉塔格成矿带梅岭铜(金)矿床位于新疆吐哈盆地南缘的古生代隆起带中,在大地构造位置上处于大南湖—突苏泉晚古生代岛弧带北段的上叠火山盆地中。其成矿阶段形成的石英中的流体包裹体类型较为单一,多为气液两相包裹体,数量少,个体较小(3~10μm),气相百分数小(4%~10%),零星随机分布。均一温度变于化106.6~259.8℃,成矿流体盐度w(NaCleq)为0.18%~8.41%,成矿压力为3~16MPa,估算的成矿深度为0.4~0.8km。结合野外观察以及火山-次火山岩石组合、热液蚀变组合及矿石结构构造与矿化特点,提出梅岭铜(金)矿区为高硫化物浅成低温热液型与斑岩型铜金矿之间的过渡类型,相当于福建紫金山式或台湾金瓜石式。  相似文献   

2.
新疆准噶尔北缘阿克希克铁金矿流体包裹体研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
阿克希克铁金矿床位于准噶尔北缘,矿体呈似层状、脉状、透镜状赋存于南明水组火山岩及凝灰岩的接触带上。围岩蚀变不发育,主要为硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化等。矿床的形成经历了火山沉积期和热液期,铁矿化主要形成于火山沉积期,金矿化主要形成于热液期。火山沉积期石英以发育液体包裹体和少量含CO2包裹体为特征,热液期石英以发育含CO2和碳质(CH4和C4H6)包裹体为特征。火山沉积期成矿流体为中温(集中于180~320℃)、低盐度(集中于6~10 wt%Na Cleq)、中-低密度(0.59~0.98 g/cm3)的Na Cl-H2O-CO2体系。热液期成矿流体为中温(集中于220~320℃),低盐度(集中于2~10 wt%Na Cleq),中-低密度(0.55~1.03 g/cm3)的Na Cl-H2O-CO2-CH4型流体。火山沉积期石英的δDSMOW为-129.9‰~-97.9‰,δ18OSMOW值介于7.9‰~12.3‰,δ18OH2O值为-2.6‰~4.4‰,推测成矿流体为海水与岩浆水的混合。热液期石英的δDSMOW介于-129.8‰~-102.6‰,δ18OSMOW值介于11.2‰~16.1‰,δ18OH2O变化于3.1‰~7.4‰,推测成矿流体为变质水混合深循环的大气降水。结合矿床地质特征、流体成分和性质,本文认为热液期金矿化与CO2-CH4流体有关。  相似文献   

3.
荒沟山铅锌矿床为吉南老岭多金属成矿带内的代表性矿床之一,矿体产于元古宙老岭群珍珠门组之中,受地层和韧性剪切带控制。在成矿后期,矿床经历了热液叠加成矿作用,其对成矿元素的进一步富集起到重要作用。为探究热液叠加成矿作用中流体的来源及特征,采用流体包裹体显微测温及C、H、O同位素地球化学的研究方法对热液叠加成矿期各阶段流体的性质进行研究,结果表明:Ⅰ阶段即黄铁矿-石英阶段成矿流体属中低温、低盐度的NaCl-H_2O体系;流体包裹体的δDH_2O为-74.8‰~-87.4‰,δ~(18)OH_2O为8.3‰~9.8‰,δ~(13)CV-PDB为-9.6‰~-10.8‰,具岩浆水的特点。Ⅱ阶段即方铅矿-石英阶段成矿流体为低温、低盐度的NaCl-H_2O体系;流体包裹体的δDH_2O为-91.4‰~-93.9‰,δ~(18)OH_2O为3.3‰~4.7‰,δ~(13)CV-PDB为-9.5‰~-10.5‰,具岩浆水与大气降水混合流体的特点,但仍以岩浆水作用为主。  相似文献   

4.
兰坪盆地西缘发育一系列脉状铜矿床,科登涧铜矿床是其组成之一。该矿床矿体主要产出于上三叠统崔依比组(T3c)中基性火山岩内部的断层破碎带中。热液期成矿作用可大致划分为2个成矿阶段:主成矿阶段主要发育大量含铜硫化物石英脉,晚成矿阶段主要发育贫硫化物方解石脉。流体包裹体结果表明,主成矿期石英和成矿后期石英/方解石中均主要发育两相水溶液包裹体,含CO2包裹体极少出现。主成矿期石英脉中包裹体均一温度变化幅度较小,集中在180~240℃,盐度(Na Cleq,质量分数)集中在8%~14%。成矿流体主要表现出盆地热卤水的特征,这与兰坪盆地内其它Pb、Zn、Cu等贱金属矿床的成矿流体特征较为一致。成矿流体的δ18O值为3.5‰~5.5‰,δD值为-62‰~-38‰,介于岩浆水/变质水和大气降水之间。热液硫化物黄铜矿、黄铁矿、斑铜矿的δ34S值显示较低的负值(-20.8‰~-9.4‰),明显有别于赋矿围岩(安山岩)的δ34S值(11.1‰~11.6‰),推测该矿床成矿所需还原硫主要来自于地层硫酸盐。综合分析认为,该矿床成矿物质主要来源于地层,成矿流体主要为源于大气降水或建造水的盆地热卤水。  相似文献   

5.
哈西金矿床位于哈萨克斯坦―准噶尔板块(Ⅰ级)唐巴勒―卡拉麦里沟弧带(Ⅱ级)西准南部扎依尔推覆体(Ⅲ级)玛依勒―哈图构造块体(Ⅳ)。通过矿床流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析研究成矿流体性质,探讨矿床成因类型。研究结果表明,流体包裹体有气液两相、含纯液相和纯气相包裹体3种类型。气相成分以CO_2为主,其次是H_2O,总体属于CH_4-H_2O-CO_2体系;结合氢氧同位素地球化学特征(δD值为-60‰~-67.4‰;δ~(18)O值为14.3‰~16.8‰),以及稀土配分和同位素定年证据,确定本区成矿物质来于深部,成矿流体主要来源于火山-次火山岩浆热液,矿床形成于海西期具两阶段成矿特点,属中低温热液矿床。  相似文献   

6.
东准噶尔绿源金矿是近年来新发现的矿床,位于野马泉-琼河坝古生代岛弧带东段的琼河坝矿集区。矿体主要产于上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组中酸性火山岩中,呈似层状、条带状、透镜状,多受断裂构造控制。流体成矿作用可分为4个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英(玉髓)-金-黄铁矿阶段、石英-金-多金属硫化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中阶段2和阶段3为金主要成矿阶段。金属硫化物组合主要为黄铁矿-毒砂-闪锌矿-黄铜矿±银金矿组合。文章从流体包裹体和H、O同位素研究入手,对该矿床成矿流体和矿床成因进行探讨。流体包裹体岩相学特征显示,本矿床热液矿物中流体包裹体存在3种类型:富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体(V+L型)、富气相气液两相水溶液包裹体(V型)和纯液相水溶液包裹体(L型)。其中,V+L型包裹体数量最多,各阶段热液矿物中均有发育;V型包裹体数量最少;L型包裹体数量较少。显微测温结果显示:绿源金矿床石英中流体包裹体均一温度介于115~349℃之间,盐度集中于0.7%~8.8%NaCl eqv.之间,密度介于0.66~0.98g/cm~3之间;从阶段2至阶段4,流体均一温度从268~322℃,经181~300℃,降为115~176℃。这些都表明绿源金矿床成矿流体具有低温、低盐度、低密度的特征,与典型浅成低温热液型金矿成矿流体特征相似。对成矿压力和深度的估算表明,其成矿压力为(73~335)×10~5Pa(均值203×10~5Pa),成矿深度为0.24~1.12km(均值0.68km),显示出浅成热液矿床的特征。流体包裹体激光拉曼探针分析显示,各阶段包裹体成分类似,气相成分和液相成分主要为H_2O。成矿流体氢、氧同位素组成分别为δD_(H_2O)=-108.8‰~-129.0‰、δ~(18) O_(H_2O)=-7.2‰~4.6‰,表明成矿流体具有多来源,以大气降水为主的特征。综合矿床地质特征和成矿流体研究,认为流体不混溶作用可能是绿源金矿床的重要成矿机制,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型金矿床。  相似文献   

7.
毛启贵  方同辉  王京彬  王书来  王宁 《岩石学报》2010,26(10):3017-3026
东天山卡拉塔格矿带红海块状硫化物Cu-Zn矿床产于卡拉塔格海相火山岩建造中,矿层主要与两个岩性段的火山-碎屑岩地层有关:(1)盖层为中性-酸性火山岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩,夹凝灰质砂岩;(2)赋矿层位主要由中基性-中酸性火山角砾岩、凝灰角砾岩、凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩组成。高精度的锆石离子探针U-Pb同位素定年获得矿体上盘围岩底部酸性火山岩的年龄为416.3±5.9Ma,为成矿时代的上限年龄;K-Ar同位素定年获得矿体下盘强绢云母化蚀变围岩年龄为424±7Ma,记录了最晚一期成矿热液活动的时代。同位素年代学研究显示,卡拉塔格地区在早古生代末期存在一期铜多金属成矿作用,这个认识不仅为吐哈盆地南缘古生代火山岩地层的时代划分提供了年代学限制,而且扩大了卡拉塔格地区和区域找矿空间。  相似文献   

8.
克因布拉克铜锌矿床位于新疆阿尔泰山南缘冲乎尔盆地。矿体主要赋存于早二叠世花岗岩外接触带的下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组内。克因布拉克矿床经历了两个成矿期:海相火山喷流沉积成矿期和变质热液叠加成矿期。变质热液叠加成矿期可包括2个阶段:早阶段顺层透镜状石英脉(Q1)和晚阶段切层含黄铁矿?黄铜矿石英脉(Q2)。石英脉中流体包裹体以富CO_2-N_2为特征,流体包裹体组合(FIA)发育。流体包裹体类型包括CO_2-N_2包裹体、H_2O-CO_2(±N_2)包裹体和水溶液包裹体(L-V型)。显微测温结果显示,Q1中CO_2-N_2包裹体三相点温度(T_(m,CO_2))范围在-61.2~-59.1℃,部分均一温度(T_(h,CO2))的范围是-42.3~-36.0℃。Q2中CO_2-N_2流体包裹体的T_(m,CO_2)为-61.6~-58.1℃,T_(h,CO_2)范围是-30.0~10.4℃;Q2中H_2O-CO_2(±N_2)包裹体的T_(m,CO_2)为-61.4~-58.1℃,T_(h,CO_2)为-11.9~5.3℃,CO_2笼合物融化温度(T_(m,clath))范围是2.9~13.1℃,完全均一温度(T_(h,total))为312℃,伴生的L-V包裹体T_(h,total)为201~389℃,求得CO_2相密度为0.91~0.97 g/cm~3,盐度为1.62%~12.02%NaCl_(eqv)。计算得到流体包裹体的最低捕获压力范围为250~320 MPa,具有极富CO_2-N_2、低盐度的特点,属于变质流体。变质热液期早阶段石英脉δD值为-90.5‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值为7.8‰;晚阶段石英脉δD值为-82.1‰~-80.4‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)为6.2‰~8.6‰。海相火山沉积期硫化物的δ~(34)S为0.9‰~2.1‰,硫来自火山岩浆活动;变质热液叠加期硫化物的δ~(34)S为0.1‰~1.1‰,显示了与造山变质深源流体有关的来源。克因布拉克铜锌矿床矿石变形变质结构特征以及石英脉中富CO_2-N_2流体的大量出现,说明变质流体对矿床具有一定的叠加改造,矿床具有多阶段的特点。  相似文献   

9.
甘肃阳坝铜多金属矿床流体包裹体及S、Pb同位素组成特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
甘肃省阳坝铜多金属矿床位于碧口地体的东北部,矿体呈层状、似层状赋存于碧口群阳坝组细碧凝灰岩和凝灰质千枚岩的过渡部位,根据矿床地质特征,将成矿期划分为海底火山喷流沉积期和变质热液叠加改造期。基于对阳坝矿床详细的野外观察和矿相学的研究,通过对矿床流体包裹体和S、Pb同位素的研究,总结矿床的成矿流体性质和成矿物质来源,探讨成矿机制。研究表明,阳坝矿床海底火山喷流沉积期流体包裹体类型主要为水溶液包裹体,成矿流体均一温度为135～336℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为0.70%～10.61%,密度为0.58～0.97g/cm~3;包裹体气相成分以H_2O为主,含少量的CO_2和N_2,属于中低温、低盐度的H_2O-NaCl流体体系,与典型VMS型矿床成矿流体特征相似;变质热液叠加改造期流体包裹体类型主要为水溶液包裹体、CO_2-H_2O包裹体和纯CO_2包裹体,成矿流体均一温度为179～384℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为3.39%～14.78%,密度为0.61～0.99 g/cm~3,包裹体气相成分富含CO_2及少量N_2,属于中高温、低盐度的H_2O-CO_2-NaCl±N_2流体体系,与区域上造山型金矿成矿流体特征一致,均为来自深部的变质流体。喷流沉积期矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S为-7.5‰～3.4‰,均值为-0.46‰,成矿热液δ~(34)S_(∑S)值≈3.73‰,变质热液叠加改造期硫化物的δ~(34)S为-6.7‰～3.3‰,均值-0.575‰,均显示幔源硫的特征。喷流沉积期(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.505～18.008、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.521～15.558、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=37.494～37.851)与变质热液叠加改造期(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=17.293～17.947、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.498～15.542、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=37.388～37.640)的矿石硫化物的Pb同位素组成相近,认为2期矿石铅具有相同来源。通过与阳坝组火山岩、阳坝岩体的Pb同位素组成对比,并结合Pb同位素源区特征值、构造模式图解和△β-△γ成因分类图解分析,认为矿石铅来自上地壳和地幔的混合。阳坝铜多金属矿床属于海底火山喷流沉积-变质热液叠加改造型矿床。  相似文献   

10.
黑龙江省呼玛县天望台山金矿床位于大兴安岭北段,古利库-呼玛火山断陷盆地边缘的天望台山火山机构北部。文章将该矿床热液成矿期划分为4个成矿阶段:(Ⅰ)石英-黄铁矿阶段;(Ⅱ)石英-金-多金属硫化物阶段;(Ⅲ)石英阶段;(Ⅳ)方解石阶段。其中,第Ⅱ阶段为主成矿阶段。该矿床流体包裹体相态类型主要为富液两相型和富气两相型,另有少量纯液相型和纯气相型。各阶段成矿流体的均一温度峰值区间为:280~320℃→240~280℃→220~260℃→200~240℃,成矿流体具有中低温的特点,其盐度、压力、密度和成矿深度显示出浅成低温热液型矿床的特点。主成矿阶段流体气相成分主要为H2O、CO2、N2和O2,液相中离子成分主要有Na+、K+、Ca2+和SO2-4、Cl-。主成矿阶段流体的δDV-SMOW范围为-163.5‰~-131.9‰,δ18OV-SMOW范围为-11.2‰~-9.1‰,反映成矿流体为大量大气降水和少量岩浆水的混合。主成矿阶段强烈的降温降压作用可能是导致成矿元素沉淀成矿的主要机制。此外,本次的流体包裹体研究结果表明该矿床的成矿流体在主成矿阶段发生过流体不混溶作用。因此,本文认为成矿流体强烈的降温降压作用,以及伴随着的流体不混溶是天望台山金矿床的成矿机制。  相似文献   

11.
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.  相似文献   

12.
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提  相似文献   

13.
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.  相似文献   

14.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

15.
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.  相似文献   

16.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).  相似文献   

17.
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18.
This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.  相似文献   

19.
《GeoJournal》1986,13(2):187
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20.
《GeoJournal》1986,13(2):187-187
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