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1.
黑河流域陆地—大气相互作用研究的几点思考 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
陆地和大气之间是相互作用、相互影响的,不仅陆面分布与地表过程对大气变化有着响应过程,而且陆面物理过程、地表特征分布对大气过程也有着重要影响。我国西北地区地形分布极不均匀,是水资源变化和气候变化的敏感区与脆弱地区。这里,由于海拔高度起伏造就了以水为主线的上游山区冰雪、冻土—中游森林、绿洲—下游戈壁荒漠的多个自然景观带共存的内陆河流域,是开展陆—气相互作用研究的理想场所。文章集中黑河流域水循环过程、冰雪/冻土与大气相互作用、降水异质性、人类活动影响以及尺度等问题,阐述了流域研究现状以及研究热点,指出发挥各学科优势,将大尺度的大气过程与中间尺度和小尺度的陆面水文/生态过程结合,建立流域尺度大气—水文—生态过程真正的双向耦合模式,不仅研究气候变化对陆面水文、生态的影响,同时探讨陆面小尺度过程对大气的反馈机理,探索流域尺度的水循环过程和驱动机理,为水资源合理利用提供理论基础。 相似文献
2.
The impact of the development of water resources on environment in arid inland river basins of Hexi region, Northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Xibin Ji Ersi Kang Rensheng Chen Wenzhi Zhao Zhihui Zhang Bowen Jin 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(6):793-801
Water resources use is a key parameter in the hydrological cycle, especially in arid inland of Northwest China, groundwater movement and circulation processes are closely related to the surface water, while recoverable and renewable groundwater mainly comes from the conversion of surface river water, and there is extensive transfer among rainfall, surface water and groundwater. Human activity, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic population growth in the last decades, has led to tremendous changes in the water regime. There are misuse and wastage of surface water with traditional multi-channel irrigation for most rivers, which in turn leads to over-exploitation of groundwater to augment supplies. This situation has been exacerbated by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, with decreased irrigational systems return to groundwater due to the irrigation system in the middle reaches of rivers in the Hexi region becoming better. The investigations of this study revealed that over the last decades, man-made oases have developed rapidly in various inland river basins. With the increasing human demand for water, the contradiction between water demand and water supply is becoming increasingly acute and the amount of groundwater usage significantly increased. Notwithstanding the annual surface water from mountains is relatively stable in the Hexi region, the recharges of groundwater have been reduced by 11.1%, with a maximum reduction of 50% in the Shiyang River basin. Groundwater abstraction increased by approximately six times, particularly in the Shiyang River basin, groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge by 4.1×108 m3 year−1 in recent decades. Consequently, the groundwater level has declined widely by 3–16 m, with a maximum decline of 45 m in several groundwater observation wells in the Minqin basin on the lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin. These cause serious human activity-induced environmental problems, such as water-quality deterioration, vegetation degradation, soil salinization and land desert desertification, etc. It is suggested that modernized irrigation technology and new regulation to cover water resources management and allocation with the river basins are urgently needed to achieve a sustainable development. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the development of water resources on the environment in arid inland river basins in Northwestern China, which were analyzed by comparing the three main river basins (i.e., the Shuilei, the Heihe and the Shiyang River basins) with different water resources development cases. 相似文献
3.
Urbanisation and climate change can have adverse effects on the streamflow and water balance components in river basins. This study focuses on the understanding of different hydrologic responses to climate change between urban and rural basins. The comprehensive semi-distributed hydrologic model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), is used to evaluate how the streamflow and water balance components vary under future climate change on Bharalu (urban basin) and Basistha (rural basin) River basins near the Brahmaputra River in India based on precipitation, temperature and geospatial data. Based on data collected in 1990–2012, it is found that 98.78% of the water yield generated for the urban Bharalu River basin is by surface runoff, comparing to 75% of that for the rural Basistha basin. Comparison of various hydrologic processes (e.g. precipitation, discharge, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) based on predicted climate change scenarios is evaluated. The urban Bharalu basin shows a decrease in streamflow, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration in contrast to the rural Basistha basin, for the 2050s and 2090s decades. The average annual discharge will increase a maximum 1.43 and 2.20 m3/s from the base period for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) such as 2.6 and 8.5 pathways in Basistha River and it will decrease a maximum 0.67 and 0.46 m3/s for Bharalu River, respectively. This paper also discusses the influence of sensitive parameters on hydrologic processes, future issues and challenges in the rural and urban basins. 相似文献
4.
针对平原地区下垫面多样性的特点,将天津北三河地区下垫面划分为水面、农业用地和城镇建设用地3类,分别采用不同的产流模型。由于北三河地区农业用地主要为旱地,普遍存在犁底层;因此将非饱和带分为耕作层、犁底层和基础层3部分,分别采用蓄满产流、层间超渗产流和蓄满产流耦合产流模式,并考虑犁底层中大孔隙的存在对产流的影响。用北三河第9产流分区1966、1971、1974、1975、1976年资料建立产流模型,用1977年和1982年资料进行检验,合格率达85.7%。应用结果表明,该模型符合实际情况,可以反映北三河地区的水文特点,为平原地区水文分析提供参考。 相似文献
5.
The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed. 相似文献
6.
以黄河兰州至河口镇河段为研究对象,采用分解、协调、耦合和控制技术,通过数据实时传递与反馈实现水量水质的同步耦合,以河段取水量、断面下泄流量和水功能区水质指标为辨识参数实现调配目标的在线辨识与过程控制,建立具有循环迭代、在线反馈和滚动修正功能的水量水质一体化调配模型。以1956-2000年天然径流为输入,以2020水平年黄河上游需水和排污为例,通过优化提出河段水量水质一体化调配方案。结果表明,通过对取水量及其过程、污染物入河量与过程的协调控制,2020年水平河口镇以上河段地表耗水量125.2亿m3,低于黄河分水指标,COD和氨氮入河量控减率分别为50.6%和65.7%,水功能区水质达标率100%。模型可实现河段水量水质一体化调配。 相似文献
7.
通过对克里雅河、毛布拉格孔兑以及西拉木伦河三流域的河流-沙漠过渡带地表沉积物的7种常量氧化物以及15种微量元素进行因子分析,结果显示:三个流域之间或不同河段因子分析提取的公因子均可以概括为较稳定的铁锰矿物、较不稳定的长石类和方解石（白云石）类等硅酸盐矿物以及稳定的稀土元素和重矿物等类别;河流间因子分析结果表明,自西向东三个流域沿河地表沉积物的化学元素富集与迁移程度呈递增趋势,化学风化程度增强;流域内因子分析结果表明,自上游至下游,样点化学组成均愈变复杂,不同河段或不同河岸沉积物化学元素空间分布规律与其物源、地貌格局以及水分条件等因素有关;自河床至阶地,不同地貌单元地表沉积物化学元素呈相异的递变规律,这与在距离河道远近不同,物源、动力因素的分配不同有关。 相似文献
8.
基于遥感与地理信息系统的SRM融雪径流模型在Alps山区流域的应用 总被引：16，自引：6，他引：16
融雪水在水资源利用中扮演着及其重要的角色，遥感技术的发展使得大面积监测雪盖成为河能，选择Alps意大利境内的Rienza流域，利用SRM模型模拟春季融雪径流，区别传统对SRM模型的描述，参数选择和应用的研究方式，研究环境因素对这些参数的影响尤其是对度-日因子的影响以及它们之间的内在关系，重点讨论利用GIS和遥感数据获取SRM模型中的关键参数和因子，结论显示SRM模型模拟春季融雪径流的关键是精确地输入模型参数；遥感数据在提取雪盖面积的过程中，消除地形影响是必要的；从SRM模型的应用状况分析，精确地获取雪盖面积是影响模拟结果的关键。 相似文献
9.
从趋势性、滞后性及相关性三方面,对2002—2013年间GRACE重力卫星反演的长江上游与中游陆地水储量与模型模拟土壤含水量、实测降水和实测径流数据进行了对比分析,并从干旱强度及发展时间两方面评估了标准化陆地水储量指数SWSI、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化径流指数SRI和标准化土壤含水量指数SSMI对区域性干旱的表征能力.结果表明:长江上游地区陆地水储量与降水、径流和土壤水蓄量均无显著变化,而中游地区陆地水储量则与水库蓄量同样具有显著性增加,反映人类活动对中游地区陆地水储量变化有很大影响;各指标指示的各等级干旱月份数量基本相当,但各指标反映的特旱具体月份有较大差别,基于GRACE数据构建的SWSI指标对特大干旱的指示性不好;对比各指标对上游与中游地区干旱事件发展时间,体现出水文干旱、农业干旱对气象干旱存在一定的迟滞关系. 相似文献
10.
This paper attempts to identify the high-risk areas for potential runoff of pyrethroid pesticides in the San Joaquin River
Watershed. Pyrethroid pesticides have been detected in water and fluvial sediments in this watershed, creating concerns about
potential negative impacts on water quality. However, little documentation exists regarding the distributions or the extent
of the adverse effects caused by the use of pyrethroids. This study developed a geographic information systems (GIS) model
to identify areas with high potential for pyrethroid runoff during the rainy season. The model was then validated using field-monitoring
data. Nine factors were identified for the runoff risk assessment: amount of active ingredient used, soil erodibility factor,
hydrologic group, surface layer depth, seasonal rainfall, seasonal number of rainy days, seasonal number of storm events,
stream density, and land cover. The results indicated that high pyrethroid runoff risks were associated with basins such as
the Stanislaus River Sub-basin, Newman Gustine Sub-basin and South Merced Sub-basin. This study demonstrated that the GIS
model is capable of predicting high-risk areas of pyrethroid runoff at sub-basin scale. The model can be used to prioritize
sites for water quality monitoring and guide implementations of best management practices.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
11.
1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位动态变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在气候变化和人类活动的影响下, 黑河流域地表水和地下水的时空分布特征发生了很大变化. 研究水系统演化及其驱动机制对流域水资源可持续管理非常关键. 基于甘肃河西黑河中游流域地下水位动态、水文气象、土地利用和灌溉统计数据, 研究了1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位时空变化. 结果表明: 地表水的不合理分配和耕地的扩展导致了地下水的过量开采和地下水位的剧烈变化. 1985-2004年区域地下水位以下降为主; 2005-2013年呈现下降和回升两极发展趋势, 冲洪积扇群带地下水最大下降达17.41 m, 而黑河干流沿岸地下水位最大回升了3.3 m, 地下水埋深普遍增加了1.0~3.0 m. 尽管地下水位在2005-2013年表现出回升趋势, 但干流中游盆地地下水系统处于严重负均衡状态, 制定合理的“生态分水”方案和水资源综合管理规划非常紧迫. 相似文献
12.
甘肃河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：24
河西地区内陆河流域荒漠化的水资源问题,根本的原因在于水资源短缺而导致的生态环境脆弱和水资源的过度开发利用.如果上、中游地区水资源的利用超过了水资源量的限度,则流到下游的径流量减沙,地下水位下降;而下游地区为了弥补水资源的不足,便大量开采地下水,致使地下水严重超采,从而导致植被退化和荒漠化.在分析上述问题的基础上,以石羊河为例,说明内陆河流域的荒漠化防治要求实行以农业节水为中心,建立节水型社会的流域综合治理,实现水资源、土地资源、经济、社会和生态环境协调和可持续发展. 相似文献
13.
黑河流域中下游地下水系统受上游冰冻圈融水和降雨的补给,由气候变暖导致的冰冻圈萎缩致使中下游地下水系统的稳定性面临更多的风险。地下水模型是地下水系统稳定性评估的有效手段,但是地下水模型参数往往存在较大的不确定性。为此,本文提出了基于数据同化算法的不确定性分析方法,通过包含观测资料信息减小模型不确定性。采用所提方法分析了(基于MODFLOW构建)黑河流域中游地下水模型中13个参数的不确定性,讨论了算法超参数的影响及其最优取值,分析了地下水模型参数的不确定性。实验结果证明数据同化算法可有效减小地下水模型参数的不确定性,观测资料的种类与数量对参数不确定性的减小起到重要作用;不同地下水模型参数的不确定性不同,地表水与地下水相互作用频繁的区域参数不确定性较大;含水层渗透系数、含水层给水度以及灌溉回流系数对模型输出的地下水位输出影响显著,河床水力传导系数对模型输出的河流流量影响较大。本研究将为地下水研究提供更加可靠的模型方法,为西北内流区地下水哺育的绿洲生态系统稳定可持续研究提供重要支撑。 相似文献
14.
15.
从流域尺度水资源承载能力及其有限性、可变性和上下游关联性的角度,探讨了黑河流域下游区生态环境变化的影响阈,阐明了不同水文年中游区的安全引水量和不同目标下下游区的生态环境修复对水资源的需求阈。基于多年平均地表径流量37.8×108m3/a的安全引水量为13.97×108m3/a和枯水年份(95%保证率)的安全引水量为10.14×108m3/a,下游区初步改善生态环境的生态需水量为8.01×108m3/a。提出了中游区经济社会可持续发展的水资源保障阈,即未来20年生产生活安全需水量介于22×108～23×108m3/a之间。在此基础上,阐明了在中游区经济社会稳定持续发展目标约束下确保黑河流域下游区生态环境不断改善的流域水资源优化配置模式及对策。 相似文献
16.
Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in
the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area
of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation
between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same
slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river
basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the
alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95,
92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield
caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting
the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface
conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such
as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the
sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff
yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile,
the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively
decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas
of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. 相似文献
17.
娘子关泉域群泉是中国北方最大的岩溶泉,泉域汇水面积达7 436 km2,前人认为:泉域内岩溶水由北、西、南3面向娘子关一带径流汇集,由于娘子关一带下奥陶系燧石团块或条带白云岩相对隔水层隆起,并被桃河侵蚀出露,使岩溶地下水溢出地表成泉群,其主要含水层为中奥陶系含石膏碳酸盐岩。但各泉的水化学、同位素特征有差异,娘子关泉群并不是出自统一源。文章通过水化学、同位素、水文地质剖面等方法研究得出: 娘子关泉域存在两个含水层、三个子系统:中奥陶系灰岩含水层和中上寒武系白云岩含水层;西部奥陶系岩溶水系统、东部奥陶系岩溶水系统和东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。泉域内城西泉与程家泉出露于中奥陶系下马家沟组泥灰岩之上,含水层为中奥陶系灰岩裂隙、溶隙水,由于区域下马家沟组泥灰岩隆起隔水出露地表成泉,属于东部奥陶系岩溶水系统;坡底泉、五龙泉、河北泉、水帘洞泉、苇泽关泉其补给主要来源于中上寒武系含水岩组,为承压上升泉,属于东部中上寒武系岩溶水系统。 相似文献
18.
抽水试验中,动水位数据采集记录及处理分析对水文地质参数计算具有重要意义。近年来自动水位计被广泛用于抽水试验,通过传感器压强水头变化值获取水位降深。因井管内水流动会产生水头损失,自动水位计安放位置不同会导致获取的井水位降深不同,不同于传统方法测得的井水面降深,对水文地质参数计算将产生一定影响,因此如何合理放置自动水位计以及在参数计算中如何应用其获取的水位降深都亟待开展试验研究。在黑河流域第四系大厚度含水层地区,选择典型单层试验孔和利用分层封隔技术实现的一孔同径多层抽水孔开展试验研究,在动水位以下抽水试验层段上部、中部、下部以及潜水泵上部和下部分别放置自动水位计进行了系统的数据采集分析。结果表明:抽水试验中因井管内水流沿程水头损失及速度水头差异导致不同位置自动水位计获得压强水头变化值不同,本次试验实测到井筒内不同部位井损值;井损值在潜水泵进水口处最大,随距潜水泵距离的增大而减小,为避开井筒内较大水头损失对参数计算的影响,自动水位计宜优选安放在潜水泵上部接近动水位位置;在单孔抽水试验中利用稳定流公式计算水文地质参数时,自动水位计获取水位降深含井损不可忽略,需通过多落程抽水试验数据分析扣除后使用。同时,抽水试验中自动水位计不同位置获取数据的处理分析方法为更好地理解井中水头损失提供了依据。 相似文献
19.
甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域节水战略选择——地表水与地下水联合管理 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
过去20多年甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域的水资源管理经历了各类制度改革,不同程度地推动了地表水和地下水的联合管理。但是,由于机构设置及其权限制约以及改革目标差异,河西走廊地区的3个内陆河流域水资源管理效率差异化越来越显著,与石羊河流域相比,黑河和疏勒河流域的监管制度和管理办法并未完全跳出多头管理体制的窠臼,地表水和地下水没有形成有效的联合管理。通过梳理3个流域的水资源管理机构设置和管理模式,总结农业灌溉用水监管的经验教训,对比分析地表水和地下水联合管理措施在实践操作中的利弊,进一步探讨流域联合管理的实践意义和实现路径,寻求普遍适用于内陆河流域水资源的管理办法,保障内陆河流域节水战略的顺利实施。近10 a的实践经验表明：地表水和地下水联合管理是内陆河流域提高水资源利用效率、促进水资源可持续利用最为有效的路径,更是实现区域生态环境绿色发展的必由之路。 相似文献
20.
黄河上游龙羊峡水库春季入库流量预报模型研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The catchment above Longyangxia Gorge in the upper Yellow River basin is situated in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Meltwater from snow is the main water supply to the rivers in this region during spring (late March to early June). In this paper, the study target is the inflow to the Longyangxia Reservoir, the largest reservoir in the upper Yellow River basin, during late March to early June. Then a mid-term operational runoff prediction model based on snow cover data from AVHRR images of NORR meteorological satellite and ground surface hydro-meteorological data, called double sifting and stepwise regression model, is presented to forecast the inflow during this period. Examining at the reservoir shows that the forecast accuracy is satisfying. 相似文献