共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 421 毫秒
1.
ZVI KOREN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(7):779-793
The ray-tracing algorithm presented in this paper is based on formulae derived for the common reflecting element (CRE) stacking method. A 2D, smooth, laterally-varying media is assumed where offset rays and traveltimes are evaluated from normal-incidence (central) rays. The method uses a second-order asymmetrical approximation for rays and an additional oblique spherical approximation of the central wavefronts for calculating offset traveltimes. In order to solve the two-point ray-tracing problem for the common midpoint (CMP) configuration of source-receiver pairs located symmetrically around the CMP stations, the central rays are perturbed to satisfy the above-mentioned asymmetrical distribution. Although the accuracy of the calculations is limited for far offsets, it is still good for distances of the order of the reflecting depths. Since only a few normal-incidence rays are traced through the medium, the method is very fast and is found to be most attractive for iterative inversions in macromodel estimation. 相似文献
2.
The multifocus moveout of Gelchinsky et al. [Gelchinsky, B., Berkovitch, A., Keydar, S., 1997. Multifocusing homeomorphic imaging: Parts I and II: Course Notes, Special Course on Homeomorphic Imaging. Seeheim, Germany] is a powerful tool for stacking multicoverage data in arbitrary configurations. Based on general ray theoretical assumptions and on attractively simple geometrical considerations, the multifocus moveout is designed to express the traveltimes of neighbouring rays arbitrarily located around a fixed central, primary reflected or even diffracted, ray. In this work, the basic derivations and results concerning the multifocus approach are reviewed. A higher-order multifocus moveout expression that generalizes the corresponding one of Gelchinsky is obtained from slight modifications of the original derivation. An alternative form of the obtained multifocus expression that is best suited for numerical implementation is also provided. By means of a simple numerical experiment, we also comment on the accuracy of the multifocus traveltime approximations. 相似文献
3.
Reverse time migration of CMP-gathers an effective tool for the determination of interval velocities
One of the most important steps in the conventional processing of reflection seismic data is common midpoint (CMP) stacking. However, this step has considerable deficiencies. For instance the reflection or diffraction time curves used for normal moveout corrections must be hyperbolae. Furthermore, undesirable frequency changes by stretching are produced on account of the dependence of the normal moveout corrections on reflection times. Still other drawbacks of conventional CMP stacking could be listed.One possibility to avoid these disadvantages is to replace conventional CMP stacking by a process of migration to be discussed in this paper. For this purpose the Sherwood-Loewenthal model of the exploding reflector has to be extended to an exploding point model with symmetry to the lineP
EX
M whereP
EX
is the exploding point, alias common reflection point, andM the common midpoint of receiver and source pairs.Kirchhoff summation is that kind of migration which is practically identical with conventional CMP stacking with the exception that Kirchhoff summation provides more than one resulting trace.In this paper reverse time migration (RTM) was adopted as a tool to replace conventional CMP stacking. This method has the merit that it uses the full wave equation and that a direct depth migration is obtained, the velocityv can be any function of the local coordinatesx, y, z. Since the quality of the reverse time migration is highly dependent on the correct choice of interval velocities such interval velocities can be determined stepwise from layer to layer, and there is no need to compute interval velocities from normal moveout velocities by sophisticated mathematics or time consuming modelling. It will be shown that curve velocity interfaces do not impair the correct determination of interval velocities and that more precise velocity values are obtained by avoiding or restricting muting due to non-hyperbolic normal moveout curves.Finally it is discussed how in the case of complicated structures the reverse time migration of CMP gathers can be modified in such a manner that the combination of all reverse time migrated CMP gathers yields a correct depth migrated section. This presupposes, however, a preliminary data processing and interpretation. 相似文献
4.
三维三分量(3D3C)陆地反射PS转换波共中心点(CMP)叠加成像方法,虽然抽道集简单,但是对实际资料处理结果往往不理想.尤其当反射界面为三维倾斜界面时,其成像质量较差.本文提出有三个主要因素影响其成像质量:第一,转换点离散.运用实例计算得出,转换点离散度随着纵横波速度比、偏移距和界面倾角的增大而增大.相同界面倾角,不同测线方位的转换点离散度不同,视倾角的绝对值越大离散度也越大;第二,道集内静校正量差异增大.CMP道集中,由于转换点离散使得转换点横向跨度较大,经倾斜界面反射转换的S波出射到近地表地层时的角度差异也较大,导致静校突出;第三,加大动校叠加复杂性.三维倾斜界面PS波CMP道集近炮检距时距方程可表示为双曲形式,但是曲线的顶点位置和动校速度同时随测线方位变化,使得CMP道集同相轴很难校平,动校叠加过程很复杂. 相似文献
5.
动校正拉伸是地震资料处理的一个基本问题，解决拉伸问题的处理方法是切除.现代地震数据大多为长排列采集，动校正拉伸更为严重.依据褶积模型和Fourier变换的基本性质，本文给出频谱代换无拉伸动校正方法.算法实现就是将CMP道集变换到频率域，取参考道的相位谱替换其它偏移距道的相位，同时保持其振幅谱不变，再做Fourier反变换就得到动校正后的地震剖面.通过其实现过程可知该方法不需要地下介质的速度信息，算法可完全自动实现，且具有较高的计算效率.频谱代换无拉伸动校正可适用于任何偏移距的地震资料，而且还可有效保持地震资料的AVO效应.理论模拟数据及其叠加结果显示频谱代换法的有效性和实用性，同时该方法具有较强的抗随机噪音能力. 相似文献
6.
Mohamed Rashed 《Acta Geophysica》2014,62(3):505-528
Common-Mid-Point (CMP) stacking is a major process to enhance signal-to-noise ratio in seismic data. Since its appearance fifty years ago, CMP stacking has gone through different phases of prosperity and negligence within the geophysical community. During those times, CMP stacking developed from a simple process of averaging into a sophisticated process that involves complicated mathematics and state-of-the-art computation. This article summarizes the basic principles, assumptions, and violations related to the CMP stacking technique, presents a historical overview on the development stages of CMP stacking, and discusses its future potentiality. 相似文献
7.
浅层地震反射法是一种常用的勘探方法.在浅层地震资料处理中,静校正的精度直接影响速度反演的结果和叠加剖面的质量,在地形平缓时,固定基准面静校正可以满足勘探精度的要求,但在复杂地形条件下,其存在较大误差,即使采用浮动基准面,仍会由于地表一致性假设而残余静校正量,不能消除地形起伏引起的影响,为了提高浅层地震反射静校正的精度必须在常规静校正后进行一次剩余静校正,本文给出起伏地形条件下,滑动基准面(过共中心点的水平面即为该共中心点的滑动基准面)的剩余静校正量,该校正量与炮检距、反射层埋深、地层波速以及炮点和接收点高程有关,适用于单一介质和层状介质情况,本文通过对典型地形起伏的3个水平均匀层状介质理论地质模型的速度谱计算和分析,阐明在复杂地形条件下,应用本文提出的剩余静校正方法可以消除地形起伏的影响,提高静校正精度,在此基础上做动校正可以得到高质量的水平叠加剖面. 相似文献
8.
Singular value decomposition (SVD) is a useful method for random noise suppression in seismic data processing. A structure-oriented SVD (SOSVD) approach which incorporates structure prediction to the SVD filter is effcient in attenuating noise except distorting seismic events at faults and crossing points. A modified SOSVD approach using a weighted stack, called structure-oriented weighted SVD (SOWSVD), is proposed. In this approach, the SVD filter is used to attenuate noise for prediction traces of a primitive trace which are produced via the plane-wave prediction. A weighting function related to local similarity and distance between each prediction trace and the primitive trace is applied to the denoised prediction traces stacking. Both synthetic and field data examples suggest the SOWSVD performs better than the SOSVD in both suppressing random noise and preserving the information of the discontinuities for seismic data with crossing events and faults.
相似文献9.
Restoration of missing offsets and trace interpolation is an interesting and important problem in seismic data processing. Based on the parabolic Radon transform, a method is presented for missing offset restoration, resampling and regularization of prestack individual CMP gathers. The method is also valid for resampling spatially aliased seismic data. The method is based on the parabolic assumption of the seismic events which is generally verified after a partial NMO correction in the CMP organization of the data. The essence of the method consists of a band-limited forward parabolic Radon transform of the data containing zero traces at the missing offset locations. The curvature range is chosen to map properly the coherent energy while the zero traces map beyond that range. After inverse transform the originally zero traces are partly filled with information. Several iterations of forward and inverse transform, every time replacing the zero traces in the original gather with the partially reconstructed ones, almost fully restore the zero traces. Efficient and fast algorithms can be built up to process data having a uniform geometry. Examples on synthetic as well as on field data demonstrate clearly the robustness of the method. 相似文献
10.
根据地震波场的线性叠加原理,提出了对地震共炮道集及其震源进行线性叠加的一般方案——广义地震数据合成的方法.利用这个方法,可以根据不同的地质情况和要求得到各种不同的人工合成地震数据道集和震源,如平面波数据道集和震源、局部平面波（束）数据道集和震源以及面向目标的人工合成地震数据道集和震源.对于人工合成地震数据道集的偏移成像可应用单平方根方程实现.不同的合成地震数据道集具有不同偏移成像特性：平面波数据道集具有很高的计算效率,局部平面波数据道集具有很好的方向性,面向目标的合成地震数据道集具有很好的面向目标特性. 相似文献
11.
In recent years, the use of wide source arrays in marine seismic surveys has been a topic of interest in the seismic industry. Although one motivation for wide arrays is to get more guns in a source array without increasing the in-line array dimension, wide arrays can also provide the benefit of suppressing side-scattered energy. Comparisons of common midpoint (CMP) stacks of data acquired offshore Washington and Alaska with wide and conventional-width source arrays, however, show only small and sometimes inconsistent differences. These data were acquired in areas where side-scattered energy is a problem. Comparisons of pre-stack data, however, show substantial differences between the wide and conventional source array data. The disparity between the stacked and prestack data is explained by analysing the effective suppression of back-scattered energy by CMP stacking. Energy reflected from scatterer positions broadside to a given CMP location has a lower stacking velocity than that of the primary reflection events. Thus, CMP stacking attenuates the side-scattered energy. In both survey areas the action of CMP stacking was so powerful in suppressing the broadside energy that the additional action of the wide array was inconsequential in the final stacked sections. In other areas, where the scattering velocity is comparable to the primary stacking velocity, wide arrays could provide considerable advantage. Even though CMP stacked data from wide and conventional-width arrays may appear similar, the reduced amount of side-scattered energy in wide-array prestack data may provide a benefit for data dependent processes such as predictive deconvolution and velocity analysis. However, wide arrays cannot be used indiscriminately because they can degrade cross-dipping primary events. They should be considered primarily as a special tool for attacking severe source-generated noise from back-scattered waves in areas where the action of CMP stacking is insufficient. 相似文献
12.
初步探讨小波多分辨分析理论在地震波动方程正演模拟中的应用，给出一种基于地震波场局部变化性质而自适应调空间网格点的波动方程数值算法，目前求解波动方程所用的有限差分法、有限元法以及伪谱法都不能根据波场的局部变化性质而动态选择空间网格点的大小、小波基函数在空间域和频域中都具有局部性特征，它的性质优于有限差分法，有限元法和伪谱法中所用的基函数，通过阀值运算，地震波场失发辨表示变得非常稀疏，同时地下介质中的主要信息又不会受到损害，本文将声波场的多分辨表示变得非常稀疏，同时地下介质中的主要信息又不会受到损害，本文将声波方程的矩阵表示形式小波多分辨分析的框架下进行了展开，通过对算子长阵的地震波场矩阵进行多分辨分解和压缩，得到了小波域中地震波场正演模拟算法。 相似文献
13.
叠加速度分析技术是常规地震资料处理中的重要环节,也是经典的时间域速度建模方法.叠加速度分析技术主要包括速度谱计算和拾取两个步骤.至今为止,多数研究工作通过提高速度谱的分辨率以及抗噪声能力,获得高质量的速度谱从而有利于拾取.本文的目标是将叠加速度分析技术转为一个全自动化的处理流程.从参数估计的角度出发,将叠加速度估计转化为稀疏反演框架下的模型参数估计问题,并通过稀疏反演算法自动反演叠加速度,进而提高叠加速度建模的效率.为实现这一目标,首先给出了正问题的定义,即层状介质中CMP道集的预测模型,利用叠加速度、垂向双程走时(t_0)以及反射子波以及CMP道集时距关系(如双曲时距关系)可以预测CMP道集.接着,速度分析反问题可以描述为已知观测的CMP道集,估计模型参数(叠加速度及t_0时间等).利用模型参数的稀疏性作为约束条件并用L_0范数作为模型稀疏性的度量准则,叠加速度分析可以转化为L_0范数约束下的稀疏反演问题.本文提出了一种基于预测校正思想的匹配追踪算法求解上述反问题,实现了自动叠加速度建模并为后续的高精度速度反演方法提供较好的初始模型.理论和实际资料的测试结果证明了本文方法的有效性. 相似文献
14.
P. BOIS 《Geophysical Prospecting》1975,23(4):682-694
Some time ago, we described and implemented two methods of seismic data compression. In the first method a seismic trace is considered as being the convolution of a distribution made up of the trace peak values with a Gaussian pseudo-pulse. The second method is performed through a truncation of the sequential (Walsh, Paley or Haar) spectrum of each trace. In this paper it is shown that neither method has adverse effects on quality when traces with their information compressed undergo conventional data processing, such as stacking and deconvolution. 相似文献
15.
间断Galerkin有限元法（DG-FEM）作为一种有效的高阶有限元法受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.本文基于任意高阶间断Galerkin有限元法对弹性波方程进行空间离散,并将离散后所得的非齐次线性常微分方程系统齐次化,最后结合针对齐次问题的强稳定性保持龙格库塔（SSP Runge-Kutta）算法,将DG-FEM推广至时间任意高阶精度.另外,借鉴近最佳匹配层（NPML）的思想,基于复频移（CFS）拉伸坐标变换推导了一种新的PML吸收边界条件（简称为CFS-NPML）,该CFS-NPML能够与DG-FEM算法很好地结合,形成有效的起伏地表地震波传播数值模拟技术.数值试验结果表明,DG-FEM具有高阶精度,可以适应任意复杂起伏地表和复杂构造情况下的弹性波传播数值模拟.同时,CFS-NPML对包括面波等震相的人为边界反射都具有良好的吸收效果. 相似文献
16.
The main aim of this work is to develop, verify and apply in simulation study an efficient hybrid approach to study seismic response of a soil-structure system taking into account all the important components as: (1) the line time-harmonic source with its specific geophysical properties; (2) the inhomogeneity and heterogeneity of the wave path from the source to the local geological region; (3) the geotechnical properties of the near-field local geological profile and finally (4) the properties of the engineering structure itself. Plane strain state is considered. The hybrid computational tool is based on the boundary element method (BEM1) for modeling the infinite far-field geological media and finite element method (FEM2) for treating the dynamic behavior of the structure and the near-field finite soil geological region. Each of the two techniques is applied in that part of the whole model where it works more efficiently. The hybrid numerical scheme is realized via the sub-structure approach, direct BEM1, conventional FEM2 and insertion of the BEM1 model of the seismically active far-field geological media as a macro-finite element (MFE3) in the FEM2 commercial program ANSYS. The accuracy and verification study of the proposed method is presented by solution of numerical test examples simulating different seismic scenarios. The obtained results show clearly that the hybrid model is able to demonstrate the sensitivity of the synthetic signals to the source properties, to the heterogeneous character of the wave path, to the relief peculiarities of the local layered geological deposit and to the specific properties of the engineering structure. 相似文献
17.
18.
强随机噪声干扰是导致地震勘探资料低信噪比的主要原因,如何在强随机噪声干扰下获取有效的信息是值得关注的问题.Duffing振子混沌系统是一个非线性的动力学系统,其对强随机噪声具有免疫能力,而对特定的周期性信号具有敏感性.本文提出一种基于Duffing振子混沌系统的速度分析方法.对CMP道集按照时距曲线关系进行移动窗口截取,将所截取的信号构建为待测信号加入Duffing振子混沌系统,通过相图网格分割方法(GPM)判断系统状态的改变,从而在强随机噪声背景下获得高分辨率的速度谱.理论模型和实际资料的处理结果表明,与传统的水平叠加速度分析方法相比,本方法能够在强随机噪声背景下获得更准确的速度分析结果. 相似文献
19.
O. E. NSS 《Geophysical Prospecting》1989,37(7):781-808
A method for transforming Normal Moveout corrected CMP-gathers is proposed. The method is based upon the availability of a model of the CMP-gather. However, the transformation can be performed with any degree of accuracy in the model. Ideally the employed model should be a synthesis of all available a priori information about the particular data set. Mathematically the transformation is performed as follows. The CMP-gather is considered to be a matrix. This matrix is first decomposed into a set of submatrices of the same dimensions. Each submatrix consists of non-zero elements or samples with the same relative amount of noise. By reducing each of these submatrices to a vector (a trace) we get a new set of traces. This set then represents the transformed CMP-gather. The purpose of the transformation is to organize the CMP data in a form which makes it easier both to analyse the noise distribution and to take the necessary steps to improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the stacking stage. In principle the method incorporates the exploitation of multichannel recordings with the use of models. Several examples of transformed gathers and their applications to the improvement of real seismic data are shown. 相似文献
20.
O. E. NAESS 《Geophysical Prospecting》1982,30(5):641-652
The use of conventional CDP-stacking in the processing of reflection data imposes restrictions on the horizontal and vertical resolution. Ideally, the final seismic section should consist only of short offset or, in practice, near-trace primary energy. Through the use of the iterative stacking algorithm, the signal-to-noise ratio on a single trace in the CDP-gather may be improved to an extent comparable to what occurs on a conventional stacked trace. By using this approach and treating the near-trace section after iterative stacking as the final section, the seismic resolution can be improved. 相似文献