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1.
Agricultural land provides not only food and fiber (an important element of food security), but also serves as a non-market commodity with characteristic externalities and public services. However, there are also many negative impacts on environment of the paddy production. Thus, Payments for paddy ecosystem services encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agricultural practices and agro-ecological/environmental supply. However, compared with forest, wetland, and pasture, the eco-function and ecosystem services of paddy fields have gotten insufficient attention. It is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for paddy fields that boosts behavior that protects farms to benefit the ecosystem. Based on a review of eco-compensation for paddy fields, this paper proposes the policy game framework of eco-compensation for paddy fields, which is oriented to ecological restoration. Secondly, this paper introduces methods for determination of compensation standards, including the cost the farmers’ willingness to accept, and the ecological benefits of adopting environmental friendly farming practices. And finally, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for eco-compensation for paddy ecosystems. 相似文献
2.
农户参与意愿是影响生态补偿的重要因素，为了探索农户生态补偿参与意愿的影响因素及其重要程度，寻找提高生态补偿实施绩效的对策措施，以宁夏盐池县为例进行研究。盐池县地处我国北方农牧交错生态脆弱带，承担着区域重要生态系统服务功能，在此背景下选取8个典型乡镇、26个行政村调研，基于279份农户调查数据，构建结构方程模型，分析盐池县农户生态补偿参与意愿的影响因素。结果表明：（1） 农户家庭特征正向影响生态补偿参与意愿，它还通过自然资本拥有量、环境感知及政策认知，继而间接影响生态补偿参与意愿。（2） 自然资本拥有量对生态补偿参与意愿产生直接显著的负向影响。（3） 环境感知直接影响农户生态补偿参与意愿，且影响效应最小。（4） 政策认知直接正向影响农户生态补偿参与意愿，且影响效应最大。最后，基于影响盐池县农户生态补偿参与意愿的关键因素，提出了完善生态补偿机制的对策建议。 相似文献
3.
Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area. The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound, and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode. However, most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation. Through ecological compensation, farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode, which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits. This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs, and through interviews and questionnaires, we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation, chestnut-maitake, chestnut-millet, and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area. Through analysis and calculation, we obtained the following results: (1) Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher, their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode, and the return on unit investment is lower. (2) The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry, so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost. (3) The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation, the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha-1 yr-1, and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha-1 yr-1, which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations. Ultimately, farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage. 相似文献
4.
At the end of the 1990s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the “Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas” has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by (i) adhering to the combination of vertical compensation (oriented) and horizontal compensation (auxiliary) on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale; (ii) defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects; (iii) gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and (iv) cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry. 相似文献
5.
实行耕地休耕是我国近年对耕地保护和耕地利用转型的重大国家战略，而农户对休耕地进行管护是保证耕地休耕生态效应的重要前提。研究选取河北省邢台市2个乡镇12个村为分析样本，建立农户特征、家庭特征、认知意识、耕地利用状况等影响因素集合，利用结构方程模型对农户参与休耕地管护的意愿及行为选择进行分析。结果表明：（1） 有无经济补偿对农户休耕管护意愿影响较大。（2） 影响农户对休耕地管护的意愿和行为的潜在变量不尽相同，但认知意识对两者均起较大作用。（3） 党员身份、村干部身份、家庭总人数、农户心中的耕地保护责任人、对休耕政策的满意程度、对休耕地管护技术的了解程度、耕地面积、粮食种植比例等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生正向影响；农户年龄、非农就业劳动力数量、家庭收入、耕地破碎度等指标变量对休耕地管护意愿及行为产生负向影响。研究结果为进一步扩大和推进耕地休耕制度落地实施提供参考：建议拓宽政策宣传渠道，完善休耕地管护的补偿方式；加强管护技术培训，激发农民对休耕地管护的热情；提高其管护的能力，保障耕地休耕的效果。 相似文献
6.
以宁夏盐池县为例,基于前期宁夏限制开发生态区主体功能细分方案,利用农户调查数据,采用Logistic回归模型分析了农户生态补偿的参与意愿及影响因素。结论包括：（1）农户对生态补偿政策的满意度较高,不同类型区农户对政策的满意度有明显差异。（2）农户对政策的认知不高,弱限制开发区农户对生态补偿政策的认知最高,中限制开发区、禁止开发区农户的认知水平次之,强限制开发区农户的认知水平最低。（3）农户生态补偿的参与意愿较高,各类型区在空间上具有明显差异。（4）前期政策满意度、人均耕地面积、人均草地面积、羊只存栏量、户主年龄、农户家庭收入情况、非农收入比重等指标对农户参与生态补偿政策的意愿有显著影响。其中,先期政策满意度、农户家庭收入情况、非农收入比重等指标具有正向作用,其他指标具有负向作用。 相似文献
7.
Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing eco-compensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of “developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate” has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full play. China should improve eco-compensation systems by intensifying eco-compensation inputs, strengthening government responsibility, diversifying eco-compensation tools, and establishing institutional systems. 相似文献
8.
中国的生态补偿实施主要通过制度安排进行。在内蒙古农牧交错带,生态补偿主要通过两种模式进行,即对农牧户放弃土地使用和生产结构调整给予补偿。基于详尽的野外调查,本研究对农牧户经济受偿意愿进行了对比分析,并对两种生态补偿模式的效应进行了详细评价。结果表明,放弃土地使用的生态补偿模式缺乏创造就业机会的机制,因此不具有可持续性。与此相反,调整生产结构的补偿方式不但使农户从事农牧业的规模有了明显下降,而且有助于创造更多的就业机会。虽然这种模式会使农户面临很大的市场风险,但是它为解决区域生态系统恢复和社会经济发展之间的矛盾提供了一种有效方法。 相似文献
9.
江西省农户生态耕种采纳意愿与行为悖离研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用Tobit-ISM模型分析江西省农户生态耕种采纳意愿与行为悖离度影响因素,进一步解析各影响因素间的层次结构。结果表明:70%的农户具有生态耕种意愿,但仅部分农户发生了采纳行为,证实了农户生态耕种采纳意愿与行为发生悖离。通过Tobit回归模型分析文化程度、生态耕种培训、农户态度、耕地面积、生态环境污染认知、环保法规认知、风险认知、相互交流和自然资源状况对悖离度的发生表现出负向作用,而非农收入比重则具有正向影响;通过ISM模型分析农户态度、耕地面积、自然资源状况是表层因素,生态耕种污染认知、环保法规认知、风险认知是中间层因素,文化程度、生态耕种培训、非农收入比重、相互交流是深层次因素。 相似文献
10.
生态补偿研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在中国经济迅速发展的同时,资源环境消耗不断加剧,生态环境问题日益突出,生态补偿成为改善环境的重要途径。采用文献回顾法、归纳法对国内外生态补偿的定义和理论依据、补偿原则、补偿主体客体、补偿途径、补偿标准等方面进行了总结分析,得出生态补偿的理论研究重心由宏观讨论转向微观研究,生态补偿标准测算侧重外部效益的定量核算,生态补偿途径由政府主导向市场化转变。并提出中国可借鉴的方面,即对生态补偿的概念进行科学界定,加强对征收标准的研究,建立多种资金收集渠道并有效配置资金,建立完善的生态补偿相关法律制度。同时从生态补偿标准、资金配置、补偿项目等方面做出展望。 相似文献
11.
Because it offers an effective means to alleviate current ecological problems and a way to coordinate sustainable economic and social development with protection of the environment, eco-compensation has become a subject of interest to scholars and governments all over the world. A great many studies have been carried out and eco-compensation schemes have been put into practice; there have been many fruitful results. Based on a review of related research and practices, this paper attempts first to discuss domestic and international eco-compensation research and practices in terms of the meaning of eco-compensation and its components (stakeholders, compensation criteria, compensation modes, compensation approaches, compensation funds, and compensation effects). Next, taking into consideration the above discussion, the paper looks at the differences between Chinese and international eco-compensation measures. Finally, existing problems with eco-compensation research and practices in China are summarized and some suggestions are put forward. 相似文献
12.
洞庭湖区湿地恢复的生态补偿效应评估 总被引：47，自引：0，他引：47
洞庭湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊湿地景观生态系统之一,湿地资源丰富。但由于人类不同历史时期的围垦和不合理的开发利用,导致湖泊湿地生态系统严重退化,湿地面积大为减少。随着洞庭湖区按照国家“退田还湖,移民建镇”的整体战略部署,以及“4350”工程的实施,湖泊面积、湿地资源将会得以恢复。然而,退田还湖中移民农户为保护与恢复湿地,牺牲了部分利益,成为受损方。洞庭湖区湖泊湿地的退田还湖工程是恢复长江生态功能系统工程中一个很重要的子系统,工程能否顺利实施的关键在于退田还湖农民在其中损失的利益能否得到补偿,及其为生态恢复所作的贡献能否得到承认。作者在实地调查和试验的基础上,依据环境经济学原理和方法,对洞庭湖湿地恢复引起的湖区农户收益减少和一系列的湿地生态服务功能的恢复表现,进行了价值评估,由此得出湿地恢复应对湖区移民农户的生态补偿值。以湿地恢复的生态补偿评估为基础,探讨了评估方法与建立补偿机制重要性,以期实现“以人为本”的战略目标,也为顺利进行退田还湖的后期工作,广泛调动广大群众生态建设的积极性,为合理建立生态补偿机制提供参考。 相似文献
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14.
农户对农村宅基地流转的认知与意愿——基于江西省254户农户调查 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
作为农村宅基地的使用主体,农户在农村宅基地流转决策中占据绝对的主导地位,他们对农村宅基地流转的认知与意愿对规范农村宅基地流转起着关键作用。文章通过对“江西省农村宅基地流转”专题调研,以实地调研数据为基础,分析江西省当前农户对农村宅基地流转的认知与意愿,并运用Logistic回归模型对影响农户农村宅基地流转意愿的因素进行了定量分析。研究表明：农民对于国家农村宅基地的相关政策了解程度一般,对于构建规范有效的农村宅基地流转机制期望较高,但反映出普遍担心农村宅基地入市后的高房价和投机行为的发生;户主年龄、家庭年收入、家庭农村宅基地面积及个数对农户农村宅基地流转的影响最大。最后,基于上述结论提出了相应的政策建议。 相似文献
15.
土地征收中生态补偿缺失对农民权利的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章采用资料分析,理论分析的方法,归纳总结了国内外土地征收补偿中都存在着生态补偿缺失的问题, 尤其是中国的征收补偿制度存在明显缺陷,如补偿理论支持不足、补偿范围小、补偿额度低、补偿不到位等。这种制 度缺陷不仅造成了大量的耕地流失,同时也造成了农业生态环境的破坏,直接影响了土地使用权人———农民的相 关利益,如土地被征收导致土地分割,形成不经济的土地规模,造成土地利用效率的损失,降低了相邻土地的生产 力,影响了农民的相邻权;土地又是农民世代生存、繁衍、发展之所在,是农民的基本生活保障和基本生活来源,农 民失去土地就意味着失去了生存和发展的基础,影响了生存权和发展权;土地的资源属性表明,土地征收必然涉及 到土地利用的变化和生态环境因素的改变,涉及到农民的环境权的保障。为此,必须完善土地征收制度,建立有效 的市场化运作手段,通过对农地生态价值的正确评估,公平、合理的补偿失地农民的损失,以实现社会公平、和谐。 相似文献
16.
Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of programs of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers’ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people’s enthusiasms for ecological restoration. 相似文献
17.
三峡库区消落带农户生态休耕经济补偿意愿及影响因素研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
针对农户开发利用消落带耕地对三峡库区的环境影响,从意愿角度对重庆市涪陵区、丰都区247户农户进行实地调研,采用多项Logistic回归模型分析法,定量分析农户对生态休耕经济补偿需求的影响因素,为构建三峡库区环境保护经济补偿机制提供建议。研究结果表明：① 农户的经济补偿需求意愿存在较大差异;② 生态休耕比较效益、家庭人口数、家庭年人均纯收入、生态休耕意愿指数、经济补偿期望值对农户生态休耕经济补偿需求影响显著。研究结论：三峡库区消落带的受访农户对生态休耕经济补偿的需求意愿较强,构建适当的经济补偿机制满足该地区农户的补偿诉求势在必行。 相似文献
18.
在工作实践及实地调研的基础上,总结了乌鲁木齐县为保护生态环境,通过生态建设促进经济发展的成功经验。乌鲁木齐县通过挖掘自然和文化资源,实施“两居”工程为主导的生态移民工程,发展高效生态农业和观光农业,以及开展大规模的退耕还林还草工程,促进了生态产业的发展,改善了乌鲁木齐县的生态环境,加快了全县生态文明建设。对于就生态建设促进经济发展的途径,提出要实现经济与生态环境的协调发展,必须以保护生态环境为前提,以规划控制为引导,发挥政府的主导作用,并充分利用当地的资源优势,将生态价值转化为经济发展的动力,实现经济发展和环境保护的双赢。 相似文献
19.
生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
耕地比较效益低下引致耕地保护经济补偿成为破解耕地保护问题的客观选择,而影响经济补偿成败的关键因素之一在于补偿模式设计是否符合农户诉求,因此定量刻画农户生计资产差异对其补偿模式选择的影响便是补偿模式设计的核心.运用参与式农村评价法(PRA)对渝西方山丘陵3 个样点村392 户农户进行了实地调查,构建了农户生计资产六边形计量分析框架,运用灰色关联分析模型和Probit 回归分析法对农户生计资产差异与补偿模式选择意愿间耦合关系的存在性和影响度进行了分析,并设计了差别化耕地保护经济补偿模式.研究结果表明：① 农户生计资产存在属性差异和空间分异.农户生计总资产呈现由自给型纯农户到非农户递增的总体趋势,空间上存在海拔越高生计资产越低的趋势.② 农户对耕地保护经济补偿模式的选择意愿存在随农户生计资产差异由“成都模式”向“佛山模式”过渡的趋势,不同地带农户模式选择意愿存在空间分异.③ 农户生计资产差异与耕地保护补偿模式选择间存在耦合关系,自然资产与农户模式选择意愿呈负相关,社会资产对农户的模式选择影响最小,金融资产对农户模式选择的影响较弱,人力资产和物质资产对农户决策均产生较显著影响,心理资产对农户的决策影响最为显著.④ 根据农户生计资产缺乏情况为7 种类型农户设计了概念性的补偿模式体系,并就补偿方法、补偿依据、补偿标准和补偿资金来源问题进行了探讨. 相似文献
20.
城镇化本质是“人”的城镇化，“人”的城镇化关键是实现由农民向市民的转化。首先，本文从理论上构建出农民城镇化意愿的二元logistic模型；其次，选取我国中部地区安徽皖南芜湖县、皖北临泉县作为典型案例地进行实证对比研究。结果表明：①总体上，典型县域农民城镇化意愿相对较强烈（75.01%）；②个体特征因素、家庭因素及社会因素均对安徽典型县域农民城镇化具有十分显著影响，其中受教育程度、家庭年总收入、学龄儿童、政府就业政策及教育政策等对农民城镇化意愿产生显著正向效应；务工年限、城里社会关系等也对农民城镇化意愿产生正向影响，但显著性程度相对不高；而农民年龄、户籍社保制度对农民城镇化意愿产生显著负向影响。③最后，从增加城镇就业岗位、开展职业教育培训、深化改革社保制度及加强社区治理体系建设等方面提出促进农民城镇化发展的政策建议。 相似文献