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1.
This paper presents a fabric tensor-based bounding surface model accounting for anisotropic behaviour (e.g. the dependency of peak strength on loading direction and non-coaxial deformation) of granular materials. This model is developed based on a well-calibrated isotropic bounding surface model. The yield surface is modified by incorporating the back stress which is proportional to a contact normal-based fabric tensor for characterising fabric anisotropy. The evolution law of the fabric tensor, which is dependent on both rates of the stress ratio and the plastic strain, rules that the material fabric tends to align with the loading direction and evolves towards a unique critical state fabric tensor under monotonic shearing. The incorporation of the evolution law leads to a rotational hardening of the yield surface. The anisotropic critical state is assumed to be independent of the initial values of void ratio and fabric tensor. The critical state fabric tensor has the same intermediate stress ratio (i.e. b value) and principal directions as the critical state stress tensor. A non-associated flow rule in the deviatoric plane is adopted, which is able to predict the non-coaxial flow naturally. The stress–strain relation and fabric evolution of model predictions show a satisfactory agreement with DEM simulation results under monotonic shearing with different loading directions. The model is also validated by comparing with laboratory test results of Leighton Buzzard sand and Toyoura sand under various loading paths. The comparison results demonstrate encouraging applicability of the model for predicting the anisotropic behaviour of granular materials.
相似文献2.
采用离散元方法,利用半径扩展法和重力沉积法分别生成具有初始各向同性和各向异性内结构的试样,并开展三轴不排水压缩和拉伸试验,研究不同制样方法产生的初始各向异性对砂土宏微观力学特性及其临界状态的影响。运用组构张量对砂土的各向异性进行量化,分析不同初始组构各向异性对组构张量演化的影响并确定了组构张量的临界值。试验结果表明：初始组构各向异性对试样的剪胀性有重要影响,由于受重力影响形成初始各向异性,其各向异性程度越大、组构方向与加载方向越一致,剪胀性越显著;初始组构各向异性对试样的临界状态没有影响,砂土的组构张量具有唯一的临界状态值。 相似文献
3.
The goal of this study was to analyze the relation between the behaviour of a clayey material at the macroscopic scale and its microfabric evolution. This may lead to a better understanding of macroscopic strain mechanisms especially the contractancy and dilatancy phenomena. The approach proposed in this paper is based on the study of clay particles orientation by SEM picture analysis after different phases of triaxial loading. In the initial state of the samples (one‐dimensional compression), the SEM observations highlight a microstructural anisotropy with a preferential orientation of the particles normal to the loading direction. During isotropic loading, densification of the clayey matrix occurs related to a random orientation of particles indicated by the term ‘depolarization’. In the earlier stages of constant σ3 drained triaxial path on slightly overconsolidated specimens, the microstructural depolarization seems to persist inside a macroscopic domain, in which only the volumetric strains due to the isotropic part of the stress tensor evolve. Then, a rotation mechanism of the particles towards preferred directions seems to be activated. The phenomenon appears directly linked to the evolution of the deviatoric part of the stress tensor. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Fabric evolution within shear bands of granular materials and its relation to critical state theory 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In an effort to study the relation of fabrics to the critical states of granular aggregates, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to investigate the evolution of fabrics of virtual granular materials consisting of 2D elongated particles. Specimens with a great variety of initial fabrics in terms of void ratios, preferred particle orientations, and intensities of fabric anisotropy were fabricated and tested with direct shear and biaxial compression tests. During loading of a typical specimen, deformation naturally localizes within shear bands while the remaining of the sample stops deforming. Thus, studying the evolution of fabric requires performing continuous local fabric measurements inside these bands, a suitable task for the proposed DEM methodology. It is found that a common ultimate/critical state is eventually reached by all specimens regardless of their initial states. The ultimate/critical state is characterized by a critical void ratio e which depends on the mean stress p, while the other critical state fabric variables related to particle orientations are largely independent of p. These findings confirm the uniqueness of the critical state line in the e ? p space, and show that the critical state itself is necessarily anisotropic. Additional findings include the following: (1) shear bands are highly heterogeneous and critical states exist only in a statistical sense; (2) critical states can only be reached at very large local shear deformations, which are not always obtained by biaxial compression tests (both physical and numerical); (3) the fabric evolution processes are very complex and highly dependent on the initial fabrics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
The stress–strain behavior of a granular material is dominated by its internal structure, which is related to the spatial connectivity of particles, and the force chain network. In this study, a series of discrete element simulations were carried out to investigate the evolution of internal structure and force chain networks in initially isotropic granular materials along various imposed stress paths. The fabric tensor of the strong sub-network, which is the bearing network toward loading, can be related to the applied stresses uniquely. The principal directions of fabric tensor of the strong sub-network coincide with those of stress tensor during the loading process in the Lode coordinate system. The fabric of the whole contact network in the pre- and post-peak deformation stages can be related to the applied stresses as \(q_{\phi } = B\left( {q/p} \right)^{z}\) (B and z are constants depending on loading condition, such as the stress paths and mean stress level) and \(\phi_{1} :\phi_{2} :\phi_{3} \approx \left( {\sigma_{1} } \right)^{0.4} :\left( {\sigma_{2} } \right)^{0.4} :\left( {\sigma_{3} } \right)^{0.4}\), respectively. At the critical stress state, the deviator of fabric tensor of the strong sub-network is much larger than that of the whole contact network. When plotted on the π-plane, the fabric state of the strong sub-network can be expressed as a Lade’s surface, while the fabric state of the whole network corresponds to an inverted Lade’s surface. 相似文献
6.
Biaxial test simulations using a packing of polygonal particles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The mechanical response of cohesionless granular materials under monotonic loading is studied by performing molecular dynamic simulations. The diversity of shapes of soil grains is modelled by using randomly generated convex polygons as granular particles. Results of the biaxial test obtained for dense and loose media show that samples achieve the same void ratio at large strains independent of their initial density state. This limit state resembles the so‐called critical state of soil mechanics, except for some stress fluctuations, which remain for large deformations. These fluctuations are studied at the micro‐mechanical level, by following the evolution of the co‐ordination number, force chains and the fraction of the sliding contacts of the sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Fabric evolution in a numerical direct shear test 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents a three-dimensional discrete element study on the mechanical behaviour and fabric changes of elongated particle assemblages in a direct shear test. Assemblages with elongated particles are prepared under different preparation methods: random placing and deposition. Particles are generated inside a direct shear box with arbitrary orientations in the random placing method. In the deposition approach, two directions of deposition are used: perpendicular and parallel to the shear direction. Assemblages formed by different methods give significantly different initial particle orientations. Different dilatancy responses and shear strengths are resulted upon shearing. Change in fabric along the shear plane is noticeable and the magnitude of such rotation depends highly on the initial particle orientation. 相似文献
8.
A study was undertaken on a compacted silt to determine fabric modifications induced by suction and/or stress variations. The link between fabric and hydromechanical behaviour was also investigated. A suction-controlled oedometer, using air overpressure, was developed for this purpose and mercury intrusion porosimetry was employed to determine sample fabric. The initial samples fabric was made of macro and micropores. It was shown that suction increase produced a strong decrease in the macroporosity associated with an increase in microporosity. However, some macropores were not significantly affected by the suction increase; this phenomenon might be related to the initial fabric of the samples. Second, it appears that loading under saturated conditions also produces strong fabric modification: the higher the applied stress, the lower the macroporosity. Soil fabric depends on the maximum stress experienced by the soil. Finally, some tests have shown the influence of suction, as well as the role of the degree of saturation, on the deformation process and the mechanical behaviour. The test results show that in the case of unsaturated mechanical loading, all macropores are not destroyed by the mechanical loading. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
岩土材料的强度往往表现出很强的各向异性,而已有的各向同性强度准则不能够描述这一特性。提出一个岩土材料的各向异性强度准则。为了描述材料的各向异性,引入了一个由应力张量和组构张量的联合不变量表达的各向异性参数。该参数可以描述加载方向和材料组构方向的夹角。强度准则是基于材料在子午面和偏平面上的破坏特性而建立的,这为描述广义的材料强度各向异性提供了方便。与原各向同性强度准则相比,各向异性强度准则只引入了两个新的模型参数,而且所有的模型参数都可以通过常规的室内试验结果确定。该准则的预测结果与砂土、黏土、天然黏土和岩石的试验结果比较表明,它能够很好地描述岩土材料强度的各向异性 相似文献
10.
In this paper we introduce the branch tensor as an internal variable able to account for the structural anisotropy of a granular sample. The distribution of averaged contact forces is assumed to depend not only on the macroscopic stress and the local orientation, but also on the value of the fabric tensor. In contrast to previous work, including the fabric tensor has the crucial advantage that accounts for all relative positions between interacting particles, through the average value of the branch tensor. Based on a classical representation result, we propose an identification procedure that uses information obtained from both isotropic and anisotropic configurations. 相似文献
11.
12.
Rui Wang Pengcheng Fu Zhaoxia Tong Jian‐Min Zhang Yannis F. Dafalias 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(17):1758-1778
The strength anisotropy of granular materials deposited under gravity has mostly been attributed to elongated particles' tendency to align long axes along the bedding plane direction. However, recent experiments on near‐spherical glass beads, for which preferred particle alignment is inapplicable, have exhibited surprisingly strong strength anisotropy. This study tests the hypothesis that certain amount of fabric anisotropy caused by the anisotropic stress during deposition under gravity can be locked in a circular‐particle deposit. Such locked‐in fabric anisotropy can withstand isotropic consolidation and leads to significant strength anisotropy. 2D discrete element method simulations of direct shear tests on circular‐particle deposits are conducted in this study, allowing for the monitoring of both stress and fabric. Simulations on both monodispersed and polydispersed circular‐particle samples generated under downward gravitational acceleration exhibit clear anisotropy in shear strength, thereby proving the hypothesis. When using contact normal‐based and void‐based fabric tensors to quantify fabric anisotropy in the material, we find that the intensity of anisotropy is discernible but low prior to shearing and is dependent on the consolidation process and the dispersity of the sample. The fact that samples with very low anisotropy intensity measurements still exhibit fairly strong strength anisotropy suggests that current typical contact normal‐based and void‐based second‐order fabric tensor formulations may not be very effective in reflecting the anisotropic peak shear strength of granular materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
A hierarchical concept is proposed for the development of constitutive models to account for various factors that influence behaviour of (geologic) materials. It permits evolution of models of progressively higher grades from the basic model representing isotropic hardening with associative behaviour. Factors such as non-associativeness and induced anisotropy due to friction and cyclic loading, and softening are introduced as corrections or perturbations to the basic model. The influence of these factors is captured through non-associativeness manifested by deviation from normality of the plastic strain increments to the yield surface, F. Details of four models: isotropic hardening with associative behaviour, isotropic hardening with non-associative behavioural anisotropic hardening and strain-softening with a damage variable are presented. They are verified with respect to laboratory multiaxial test data under various paths of loading, unloading and reloading for typical soils, rock and concrete. The proposed concept is general, yet sufficiently simplified in terms of physical understanding, number of constants and their physical meanings, determination of the constants and implementation. 相似文献
14.
Fabric and its evolution need to be fully considered for effective modeling of the anisotropic behavior of cohesionless granular sand. In this study, a three‐dimensional anisotropic model for granular material is proposed based on the anisotropic critical state theory recently proposed by Li & Dafalias [2012], in which the role of fabric evolution is highlighted. An explicit expression for the yield function is proposed in terms of the invariants and joint invariants of the normalized deviatoric stress ratio tensor and the deviatoric fabric tensor. A void‐based fabric tensor that characterizes the average void size and its orientation of a granular assembly is employed in the model. Upon plastic loading, the material fabric is assumed to evolve continuously with its principal direction tending steadily towards the loading direction. A fabric evolution law is proposed to describe this behavior. With these considerations, a non‐coaxial flow rule is naturally obtained. The model is shown to be capable of characterizing the complex anisotropic behavior of granular materials under monotonic loading conditions and meanwhile retains a relatively simple formulation for numerical implementation. The model predictions of typical behavior of both Toyoura sand and Fraser River sand compare well with experimental data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
结构性土的微观破损机理研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在前人研究的基础上,针对凸多面体相互接触的性质,推导了三维状态下的微观接触力和宏观应力的关系,并应用于结构性土的研究中。对结构性土,采用以土颗粒之间的胶结和组构为基本研究对象的研究方法,在二元介质理论框架内推导出结构性土破损规律及迭代公式,提出3种破损方式（剪碎、压碎、混合型）,同时推导了宏观的柔度张量;对各向同性的结构性土,在球应力加载条件下的破损规律以及变形规律进行了研究,得到了解析解,简单分析的结果与实际相符。 相似文献
16.
The results of an extensive programme of laboratory testing on intact and reconstituted samples of a pyroclastic weak rock from the volcanic complex of the Colli Albani (Central Italy) are presented. The deposit is known as Pozzolana Nera and may be assimilated to a bonded coarse grained material. The nature of bonds and the micro‐structural features were examined by means of diffractometry, optical and electron microscopy. As bonds are made of the same constituents of grains and aggregates of grains, bond deterioration and particles breakage upon loading are indistinguishable features of the mechanical behaviour. The testing programme consisted mainly of one‐dimensional and drained and undrained triaxial compression tests in a wide range of confining pressures up to 58 MPa. As confining stress increases, the mechanical behaviour of the material changes from brittle and dilatant to ductile and contractant; for both brittle and ductile behaviour failure is associated with the formation of shear surfaces separating the sample in several parts at the end of test. The experimental stress–dilatancy relationships are compared with the classical stress–dilatancy theories for a purely frictional material and for a material with friction and cohesion between particles. The analysis of the data indicates that peak strength results from the interplay between degradation of inter‐particle bonds, increasing friction between particles and increasing rate of dilation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Son, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a micromechanics-based approach to investigate the effects of fabric anisotropy on the behavior of localized failure in granular materials. Based on a micromechanical analysis, the origin of deviatoric stress is decomposed into two components: contact force anisotropy and fabric anisotropy. Using a micro–macro approach, the back stress is interpreted as an contribution to the change of the fabric’s principal direction. The evolution of the back stress is deduced from the stress–fabric relationship and determined with reference to the deviation of the principal directions between the rate of the reduced stress tensor and the actual reduced stress tensor. With this micro–macro framework, a mixed (isotropic–kinematic) hardening model is developed based on the classical isotropic hardening theory. A laboratory simple shear test is first analyzed to validate the proposed model and illustrate the kinematic-hardening mechanism which is usually displayed under non-proportional loading. The analysis further focuses on the anisotropic aspect of localized failure. It has been discovered that the fabric anisotropy can play an important role in the occurrence of shear banding. An increasing degree of fabric anisotropy tends to delay the initiation of the strain localization and result in higher failure strength. The effects of fabric anisotropy have also been illustrated by comparing the theoretical predictions and measured results on the shear band inclination angle, shear strain level and dilatancy at bifurcation. 相似文献
18.
为了研究颗粒形状特征对砂土剪切模量的影响,选取4种形状不同的砂样（福建标准砂和人工石英砂）作为研究对象,通过扫描电镜获取其颗粒微观图像,使用Image Pro Plus软件和自编Matlab程序提取试样颗粒的形状特征。采用改进的半径角和轮廓指数综合描述颗粒偏离圆或椭圆的程度以及棱角变化程度,并基于这两个参数提出颗粒形状因子来综合表征颗粒的形状特征。之后在K0条件下通过弯曲元试验获得不同竖向荷载对应的4个试样的剪切模量,试验结果表明,砂土颗粒的形状因子与砂土的剪切模量具有良好的相关性。最后基于Hertz-Mindlin接触模型,推导出引入形状因子的砂土剪切模量理论计算公式,该计算公式与实测值吻合良好。 相似文献
19.
糜棱岩的重结晶作用及其显微组构 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
重结晶作用在糜棱岩中广泛存在,是与应变硬化相反的一种软化作用。依据形成机制和过程可以划分为动态重结晶和静态重结晶作用。动态重结晶发生在韧必菜过程中,消除晶粒内应力,并改变其大小和形态。其作用方式有颗粒边界迁移重结晶和亚晶粒旋转重结晶两种。静态重结晶发生在韧必菜晚期或期后温度升高环境中,消除晶内变形组构减少颗粒边界区域,形成稳定多边形大粒晶体。 相似文献
20.
颗粒形态对碎石集料宏观力学性质有显著影响,准确描述其形态特征是从微细观层面研究材料宏观力学行为的基础性工作。针对颗粒形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度的形态特征,探讨了基于颗粒几何尺寸的量化表征参数;分析了不同粒组碎石颗粒形态特征表征参数的分布规律;结合单粒组颗粒堆积试验,讨论了颗粒形态特征与堆积孔隙率的关系。有以下结论：（1）提出的以周长为核心表征的颗粒形态特征量化参数,对颗粒形态以及形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度形态特征具有较好甄选能力;（2）基于每个粒组1 000个颗粒样本统计分析表明,描述颗粒形态及形状、棱角、纹理特征的参数均符合对数正态分布;（3）颗粒集合体的综合棱角、纹理指数与松堆和密堆条件下的孔隙率具有较好的映射关系,颗粒棱角与纹理是影响堆积孔隙率的主控因素。 相似文献