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本文应用断裂力学和流变介质中波的传播理论来研究震前长周期形变波的波动源以及这类波传播的一些主要特征,在理论研究结果的基础上,对我国多次较大地震前观测到的短临地震前兆进行了剖析,并从中识别出一些可能与长周期形变波有关的短临地震前兆.首先,从粘滑与破裂这两类主要地震机制出发,提出了粘滑前的预滑与破裂前断裂的预扩展(亚稳态扩展)可能是产生震前长周期波的两类波动源的看法,并着重从理论上讨论了后一类波动源.其次,以地壳流变介质模型为基础,对长周期形变波的传播特性进行了理论研究.选用地壳的广义流变介质模型,求解了所述的两类波动源在这种流变地壳介质中引起的长周期形变波传播的动力学问题,从理论上得出了长周期形变波在地壳内传播的某些一般特征.然后,专门分析了我国多次大地震前实际观测到的短期和临震地震前兆资料,并着重讨论了唐山地震的短临前兆.在这些不同类型的短临地震前兆中,我们得出地下水位、地倾斜及潮位自动记录曲线等的某些振动式及阶跃式短临地震前兆与长周期形变波的理论探讨结果基本相符,因而可以认为它们属于由长周期形变波所反映的地震前兆.在理论研究与实际资料分析的基础上,本文归纳了由长周期形变波所引起的短临地震前兆的一些基本特征,包括传播速度、衰 相似文献
2.
地震前长周期事件的研究——历史与现状 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
自20世纪60年代以来,已经积累了许多地震前长周期事件的观测资料。这些长周期事件可以被很多不同的观测系统记录到,如跨断层形变、超低频电磁异常、次声波异常、井下低频导波、井水水位等。理论上对地震前长周期事件已给出了许多论证,例如,震前的断层蠕动、静地震与慢地震、断层的断裂预扩展和地震成核等。解决震前长周期事件的地面可测性,对突破“震前平静”带来的短临预测的困惑会起到举足轻重的作用。目前的主要问题是缺乏网络化的系统观测和对物理机制的研究。 相似文献
3.
以2017年8月8日四川省阿坝州九寨沟县7.0级地震为研究对象,利用宁夏泾源形变观测资料,采用常用的形态法以及潮汐因子变化分析了此次地震的前兆异常。分析表明,震前泾源形变观测点伸缩仪、垂直摆倾斜仪观测数据均出现了明显的震前异常,趋势异常表现为长期上升,短期、短临异常表现在震前转向或加速,震后观测资料恢复到原来的状况。 相似文献
4.
利用新型断层形变三维观测系统的垂直向观测结果, 研究了两年以来7.0级以上强远震在非发震断层上的同震响应特征. 结果表明,非发震断层体垂直向同震形变的延迟时间、 同震位移最大振幅、 振动持续时间等特征与地震震级、震中距等之间存在密切联系. 断层体垂直向同震形变延迟时间与震中距线性正相关,发生地震同震形变的响应速度约为5.5km/s,反映了在上层花岗岩地层中面波的传播速度;同震位移最大振幅和震中距的对数、 震级之间具有明显线性关系,震级越大,同震位移的最大振幅越大;地震震级是断层体垂直同震形变振动持续时间的主要影响因素,震级越大,同震形变振动持续时间越长. 根据断层仪观测数据推算得到的断层体垂直向同震形变延迟时间、同震位移最大振幅、振动持续时间的经验计算公式,对于地震同震形变研究具有一定意义. 相似文献
5.
基于形变数据共享,建立跨区域联动观测模型,可在孕震异常发生时确认异常范围.通过2010年7月9日两次如东近海地震前异常分析,结果表明,多套以上倾斜联动观测能监测到孕震异常的发生区域,从而为震前预报确认震中提供更多的方位信息. 相似文献
6.
跨断层形变测量异常特征分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在统计近40年我国强震前跨断层形变异常的基础上, 对异常持续时间、 异常空间分布、 异常幅度特征及它们之间的关系进行了分析, 讨论了跨断层形变观测异常特征和监测不同震级地震跨断层场地的最大间距及观测周期。 结果表明: 异常主要以中短期和中期异常为主, 尤其在震前1年内异常最多; 异常持续时间与震级呈正比例的关系; 异常在空间分布上有随震级增大而扩大的现象; 异常幅度有随异常持续时间增大而增大的趋势; 震中距在160~350 km范围内异常幅度较大; 异常形态主要分为趋势型和突变型两种。 监测不同震级的地震跨断层形变场地间距可以不同, 监测7级地震形变场地间距应小于450 km; 6级应小于300 km; 5级应小于200 km; 4级应小于100 km。 跨断层形变观测周期应不大于3个月。 相似文献
7.
特大远震引起的形变观测变化图像 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用定点长水管倾斜仪、石英伸缩仪、金属摆倾斜仪、石英摆倾斜仪连续观测资料对特大远震引起的震时和震后形变效应进行了分析.分析结果表明定点连续形变观测台网能记录到不同方位地震的震时脉冲信号,其持续时间半小时到4小时;同时还能记录到一些地震的阶跃信号.水平摆倾斜仪（金属摆、石英摆）观测值的震后效应表现为大幅漂移,持续时间几天到一个月.对由特大远震引起的形变观测变化图像出现差异的原因进行了讨论.另外对震时阶跃变化图像、定点形变观测仪器长趋势的漂移项、观测台站所处的地质构造三者之间的关系进行了讨论. 相似文献
8.
地震剪切波分裂（SWS）可用来监测饱和流体微裂纹岩石的细微形变。本文报告了由小地震记录到的剪切波分裂系统性变化的证据,通过监测震前的应力积累可预测即将发生的大震的时间和震级。通过对冰岛西南部的M1．7级震群事件到台湾Ms7．7级集集地震等15个震例（其中包括成功预测的冰岛西南部的M5．0地震）的剪切波分裂研究,可以看到预测效果。大地震发生前观测到剪切波分裂时间延迟会明显增加,而临震前短时间内时间延迟会突然下降。研究表明,震级与临震前这种时间延迟增加的持续时间和减小的持续时间的对数都具有线性相关。然而,作为日常应力预测常缺乏适当的持续小震群。可靠的地震预测需要应力监测站（简称SMS）中采用毗邻钻孔中的可控源井间地震技术。利用应力监测站的全球网络实时应力预测世界范围破坏性地震是非常可能的。 相似文献
9.
浙江温州4.6级地震群前宁波地震台水温异常特征讨论 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
邱永平 《地震地磁观测与研究》2007,28(3):13-16
浙江温州ML 4.6震群是宁波地震台ZK03井水温观测5年多来碰到的300 km内,第1个4.5级以上的地震事件;虽然还没有达到本学科认为的预报效能范围内的地震,但震前该台水温测值临震异常比较明显,主要表现为一个"方波"形态的异常现象,最大异常量达正常日均上升速率的30倍.异常形态与过去8级地震前有明显的不同,说明异常作用源发生了变化;据此,作了一定程度的短期预报尝试.水温出现的异常可能是孕震中断层面缓慢产生"流变体"滑动形成的长周期波,通过上地幔或软流层传播而造成的.同时,这种长周期波还可能造成观测井周边地下微裂隙张开或闭合,使地下流体发生了微小的温度变化,被高精度的测温仪器记录下来. 相似文献
10.
地震之前长周期的地壳运动已为人们所关注,然而在零漂等问题尚未解决之前,长周期地震仪观测仍处于试验性阶段.另外,震前地气的喷溢和释放,只能在喷口处观测,距离稍远,就观测不到了,但由此而引起的大气振动和声学现象,却可在一定距离范围内观测到.因而可开展震前由长周期运动和地气等引起的大气声波、重力波等微气压波的观测研究.地震波所激发的次声[1],前人已有研究,但地震前的次声,中外文献还未见报道.1976年唐山地震后的1976年8月至1977年3月,笔者在北京首次开展微气压波的观测,发现了十余次地震前的微气压波,其特征为40—80秒的周期,1—5微巴的声压,波列很短,仅数分钟,出现于震前1—16小时.本文提出了识别震前微压波的分析方法,并讨论了其产生的可能机制和有关的临震现象. 相似文献
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12.
M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
14.
《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
15.
O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
16.
Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
17.
Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
18.
A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
19.
Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
20.
GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献