共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
为研究裂缝、裂隙介质中波致流引起的衰减,将裂缝看作背景孔隙岩石中非常薄且孔隙度非常高的层状介质,并等价成White周期层状模型.分别考虑不同类型的裂隙和孔隙之间的挤喷流影响,结合改进的Biot方程,推导得到裂缝裂隙介质的刚度与频率的关系.当缝隙中饱含流体时,介质的衰减和速度频散受裂缝、孔隙之间和裂隙、孔隙之间流体流动的显著影响.在低频极限下,裂缝裂隙介质的性质由各向异性Gassmann理论和挤喷流模型获得;而在非常高的频率时,由于缝隙中的压力来不及达到平衡,波致流的影响可忽略.分析表明,裂隙密度主要影响波的衰减,而裂隙纵横比主要控制优势衰减频率和速度显著变化的频率范围;由于不同裂隙的衰减机制不同,衰减和速度频散大小有所差异,但基本趋势相同. 相似文献
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流体在断裂和岩石骨架间的交换被认为是影响岩石弹性参数各向异性的主要原因,理论研究表明断裂尺度同样对弹性参数的各向异性也有影响.为了说明两者对各向异性影响以实现多尺度断裂裂隙的识别,本文在等效介质模型的基础上,应用数值分析的方法研究速度和衰减(1/Q)随多尺度断裂、频率和流体因子变化规律.结果表明介质弹性参数是频率依赖的,并且参数中存在衰减项,而这种频率依赖性与介质物性参数中的断裂尺度及流体性质存在一定的联系;当断裂定向分布时,参数结果显示为各向异性;不同断裂尺度具有不同的波速频散特性,剪切波分裂程度依赖于频率,断裂尺度起着控制作用,高频时对小尺度的敏感,低频段对大尺度敏感.在地震频段Thomsen参数随着频率的增大而减小,随着断裂尺寸的增大而减小.因此地震数据可能区分断裂和微裂隙引起各向异性,从而可测量断裂尺度. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(3)
各向同性岩石中裂隙随机分布,施加单轴方向的压应力后,与压应力方向垂直的缝隙会优先闭合.应力作用下裂隙的闭合导致岩石呈现出横向各向异性的特征,进而影响弹性波的传播特征.前人对干燥岩石中应力引起的弹性波速度各向异性开展了大量研究,但未考虑充填流体对于应力诱导各向异性和弹性波传播的影响.弹性波通过应力作用的岩石时会诱导微孔隙结构上的"挤喷流"效应,从而造成弹性波显著的频散和衰减.在本文中,我们分析应力诱导各向异性岩石中挤喷流对弹性波传播的影响.利用硬币型裂隙模型,同时考虑挤喷流和应力诱导各向异性的影响,我们建立了应力作用下含流体岩石各向异性模型.基于本文的模型,我们研究了裂隙介质中单轴应力和充填流体对弹性波传播的影响.我们的模型成功预测了弹性波速度随应力的增加,同时表明了挤喷流造成纵波的各向异性频散更显著. 相似文献
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为了比较裂缝等效介质理论的预测精度,本文利用物理模拟的方法制作了一组9个裂隙密度模型,其中裂隙密度从0增大到12%,裂隙厚度和直径保持不变,分别为0.12mm和3mm.使用0.5MHz的纵横波换能器,采用脉冲透射法得到纵横波的速度和各向异性.然后,将基质的模量、裂缝填充物模量和裂缝参数代入等效介质理论中,计算出纵横波速度和各向异性随着裂隙密度的变化情况.通过纵横波速度的实测值与等效介质理论的定量对比,发现当裂隙密度小于12%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对纵波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.当裂隙密度小于8%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对快横波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.当裂隙密度小于9%时,各向异性自洽理论和NIA(非相互作用近似)理论对慢横波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.通过纵横波速度各向异性实测值与理论计算值定量对比,发现当裂隙密度小于12%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对纵波速度各向异性的预测与实测值更吻合;当裂隙密度小于6%时,各向异性自洽理论和NIA理论对横波速度各向异性的预测与实测值更吻合. 相似文献
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在油、气储层的勘探和开发中观察到的一个现象是储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙和裂隙.随着近年来孔、裂隙介质弹性波动理论的进展,我们可以将此理论应用于测井技术,以此来指导从声波测井中测量孔、裂隙地层的声学参数.本文计算了孔、裂隙地层里充流体井眼中的多极子声场,分析了声场随裂隙介质的两个主要参数(即裂隙密度和裂隙纵横比)的变化特征.井孔声场的数值计算表明裂隙密度可以大幅度地降低井中声波纵、横波的波速和振幅.随着裂隙密度的增加,在测井频段内也可以看到纵、横波速的频散现象(这种频散在孔隙地层中一般是观察不到的).本文还研究了多极子模式波 (即单极的Stoneley波、伪瑞利波以及偶极的弯曲波)随裂隙参数的变化特征.结果表明,这些模式波的振幅激发和速度频散都受裂隙密度的影响.裂隙密度越高影响越大.此外,裂隙还对模式波的传播造成较大的衰减.相对裂隙密度而言,裂隙纵横比是一个频率控制参数,它控制裂隙对声场影响的频率区间.本文的分析结果对裂缝、孔隙型地层的声波测井具有指导意义. 相似文献
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唐晓明 《中国科学:地球科学》2011,(6):784-795
地球表层的岩石介质往往是即含孔隙又含裂隙,这种现象对弹性波传播产生重要影响．本文在Biot孔隙介质的波动理论基础上,利用该理论中介质在排水（干燥）条件下的弹性模量引入裂隙对弹性性质的影响,并对裂隙在弹性波动作用下的“挤喷流”（squirt flow）效应进行了具体分析,导出了一个描述孔隙、裂隙并存时的弹性波统一理论．该理论既能描述裂隙对介质弹性的影响,又能模拟挤喷效应导致的弹性波衰减和频散,并且指出,这种挤喷效应是由裂隙介质的两个最重要的参数,裂隙密度和纵横比所控制．这一统一理论的另一重要特性是该理论保持了Biot理论的基本特征,即慢速纵波的传播特征及孔隙渗透率的影响．模拟计算结果及与实际数据的对比表明,这一孔隙、裂隙弹性波动的统一理论能较好地描述实际岩石介质中弹性波的传播,从而在地球介质中地震和声波测量中比Biot理论有着更为广泛的应用前景． 相似文献
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目前在地震勘探频带范围内通常假设品质因子Q与频率无关,且呈衰减各向同性.事实上,相比较速度各向异性,介质的衰减各向异性同样不可忽视.本文将衰减各向异性和速度各向异性二者与常Q模型相结合,建立了黏弹性衰减VTI介质模型,并基于分数阶时间导数理论,给出了对应的本构关系和波动方程.利用均匀平面波分析和Poynting定理,推导出准压缩波qP、准剪切波qSV和纯剪切波SH的复速度、相速度、能量速度以及品质因子的解析表达式.对模型的正确性进行了数值验证,并分析了qP,qSV和SH波在介质中的传播特性.数值试验结果表明:本模型能够实现理想的恒定Q行为,表现了品质因子和速度的各向异性特征,显示出黏弹性增强将导致能量速度和相速度的频散曲线变化剧烈;速度和衰减各向异性参数与传播角度之间的耦合效应对qP,qSV和SH波的速度和能量影响明显;qP,qSV和SH波的频散曲线和波前面随着衰减各向异性强度的改变发生显著变化,其中耦合在一起的qP和qSV波变化趋势相同,而SH波与它们呈现相反的变化规律.本研究为从常Q模型角度分析地震波在衰减各向异性黏弹性介质中的传播特征奠定了理论基础. 相似文献
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为研究致密砂岩声波速度及其各向异性随围压的变化规律以及不同流体饱和状态下的弹性各向异性特征,钻取了不同方向的岩心并在实验室超声波频率下对致密砂岩的声学特性进行了测量,分别给出干燥和饱和水状态下,不同方向样品纵横波速度、刚性系数以及各向异性系数随围压的变化规律,并对实验结果进行了分析讨论.实验结果表明致密砂岩纵横波速度、纵横波速度比以及刚性系数均随围压增加而增加,但其在不同饱和状态下的变化率却截然不同;纵横波速度比、各向异性系数在饱和水状态下变化规律不明显,表明孔隙流体的存在对于岩石物理性质有着非常重要的影响.这方面的实验工作不但对于考察不同流体性质对致密岩石弹性各向异性影响是必要的,而且有助于致密砂岩油水和气层的识别. 相似文献
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本文定义了各向异性黏弹性参数修正因子,并将其引入到黏弹性模型中以体现泥质含量对黏弹性机制的影响,同时将波传播过程中孔隙介质骨架黏弹性力学机制与两种孔隙流体流动力学机制（Biot流动和喷射流动机制）有机地统一起来处理,从而给出了描述含泥质低孔渗孔隙各向异性介质中波传播规律的黏弹性Biot/squirt (BISQ)模型.数值计算结果表明,入射波的方位角、各向异性渗透率以及泥质含量等对含流体复杂孔隙介质中波频散和衰减的影响具有显著的方位各向异性特征,在低频范围内（地震波勘探频率）黏弹性力学机制对波传播能量的衰减起主导作用. 相似文献
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Propagation through stress-aligned fluid-filled cracks and other inclusions have been claimed to be the cause of azimuthal anisotropy observed in the crust and upper mantle.This paper examines the behavior of seismic waves attenuation caused by the internal structure of rock mass,and in particular,the internal geometry of the distribution of fluid-filled openings Systematic research on the effect of crack parameters,such as crack density,crack aspect ratio(the ratio of crack thickness to crack diameter),pore fluid properties(particularly pore fluid velocity),VP/VS ratio of the matrix material and seismic wave frequency on attenuation anisotropy has been conducted based on Hudson’s crack theory.The result shows that the crack density,aspect ratio,material filler,seismic wave frequency,and P-wave and shear wave velocity in the background of rock mass,and especially frequency has great effect on attenuation curves.Numerical research can help us know the effect of crack parameters and is a good supplement for laboratory modeling.However,attenuation is less well understood because of the great sensitivity of attenuation to details of the internal geometry.Some small changes in the characteristics of pore fluid viscosity,pore fluids containing gas and liquid phases and pore fluids containing clay can each alter attenuation coefficients by orders of magnitude.Some parameters controlling attenuation are therefore necessary to make reasonable estimations,and anisotropic attenuation is worth studying further. 相似文献
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There is general agreement between different theories giving expressions for the overall properties of materials with dry, aligned cracks if the number density of cracks is small. There is also very fair agreement for fluid-filled isolated cracks. However, there are considerable differences between two separate theories for fluid-filled cracks with equant porosity. Comparison with recently published experimental data on synthetic sandstones gives a good fit with theory for dry samples. However, although the crack number density in the laboratory sample is such that first-order theory is unlikely to apply, expressions correct to second order (in the number density) provide a worse fit. It also appears that the ratio of wavelength to crack size is not sufficiently great for any detailed comparison with effective-medium theories, which are valid only when this ratio is large. The data show dispersion effects for dry cracks and scattering, neither of which will occur at sufficiently long wavelengths. Data from the water-saturated samples indicate that the effect of equant porosity is significant, although the two theories differ strongly as to just how significant. Once again, and in spite of the reservations mentioned above, a reasonable fit between theory and observation can be shown. 相似文献
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Masaru Nakano Hiroyuki Kumagai Bernard A. Chouet 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,122(3-4):149-164
We investigate the source mechanism of long-period (LP) events observed at Kusatsu–Shirane Volcano, Japan, based on waveform inversions of their effective excitation functions. The effective excitation function, which represents the apparent excitation observed at individual receivers, is estimated by applying an autoregressive filter to the LP waveform. Assuming a point source, we apply this method to seven LP events the waveforms of which are characterized by simple decaying and nearly monochromatic oscillations with frequency in the range 1–3 Hz. The results of the waveform inversions show dominant volumetric change components accompanied by single force components, common to all the events analyzed, and suggesting a repeated activation of a sub-horizontal crack located 300 m beneath the summit crater lakes. Based on these results, we propose a model of the source process of LP seismicity, in which a gradual buildup of steam pressure in a hydrothermal crack in response to magmatic heat causes repeated discharges of steam from the crack. The rapid discharge of fluid causes the collapse of the fluid-filled crack and excites acoustic oscillations of the crack, which produce the characteristic waveforms observed in the LP events. The presence of a single force synchronous with the collapse of the crack is interpreted as the release of gravitational energy that occurs as the slug of steam ejected from the crack ascends toward the surface and is replaced by cooler water flowing downward in a fluid-filled conduit linking the crack and the base of the crater lake. 相似文献
14.
Markov M. G. Markova I. A. Jarillo G. F. Ronquillo Pervago E. V. 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2020,56(3):357-363
Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - The problem of calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients of elastic P-wave incident from a porous half-space onto a fluid-filled crack is... 相似文献
15.
Keiiti Aki Mike Fehler Shamita Das 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1977,2(3):259-287
We propose a model for the mechanism of magma transport based on a fluid-filled tensile crack driven by the excess pressure of fluid. Such a transport mechanism can generate seismic waves by a succession of jerky crack extensions, if the fracture strength of rock varies in space, or if there is a difference between the dynamic and static values of the critical stress intensity factor. We also find that the opening and closing of a narrow channel connecting two fluid-filled cracks may be a source of seismic waves. Using the finite-difference method, we calculated the vibration of dry and fluid-filled cracks generated by: (1) a jerky extension at one end or at both ends and (2) a jerky opening of a narrow channel connecting two cracks. We then calculated the far-field and near-field radiation from these vibrating cracks. The spectra show peaked structures, but interestingly, most high-frequency peaks are only present in the near-field and cannot be transmitted to the far-field. The spectral features described above are often observed for volcanic tremors and in some cases for seismic signals associated with hydraulic fracturing experiments.We first consider as a model of volcanic tremor randomly occurring jerky crack extensions, and derive a formula relating the tremor amplitude to the excess pressure in the magma, the incremental area in each extension, and the frequency of extensions. These parameters are also constrained by other observations, such as the rate of magma flow.Our model was tested quantitatively against observations made in one of the best-described case histories of volcanic tremor: the October 5–6, 1963 Kilauea flank eruption. We found that a single, long crack extending from the summit to the eruptive site cannot explain the observations. The model of a steadily expanding crack ran into difficulties when quantitative comparisons were made with observations. The extension of crack area needed to explain the amplitude of volcanic tremor should accompany a large increase in tremor period which was not observed.Our second model is a chain of cracks connected by narrow channels which open and close. The length of each crack is around 1 km, the channel area connecting neighboring cracks is about 103m2, and the channel opens jerkily with the magmatic excess pressure of about 20 bars. The frequency of jerky opening of each channel is about once in 15 seconds. The channel is closed after each jerky opening, as soon as magma is moved through the channel. 相似文献
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裂缝发育导致的地震波场各向异性,是裂缝型油气藏的一个重要特征.然而针对该类油气藏的叠前弹性阻抗技术,一直没有通过各向异性弹性阻抗公式建立与裂缝参数的直接关系.本文在回顾封闭平行硬币状裂缝模型和线性滑动模型的基础上,将裂缝填充物性质、分布密度与围岩的横纵波速度比,引入裂缝型HTI介质弹性阻抗公式,并对相应的归一化弹性阻抗响应特征进行模拟分析.分析表明,弹性阻抗受以上三参数的影响规律存在明显差异,其中含气裂隙介质随裂缝密度的变化要明显高于对应的流体裂隙介质,流体填充裂隙介质随横、纵波速度比的变化幅度要高于对应的含气裂隙介.该结论初步为裂缝型油气藏流体识别工作提供了依据. 相似文献
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IntroductionWhenpropagatingthroughananisotropicmedium,ashearwavesplitsintotwo(quasi)shearwaveswithdifferentpropagationspeedsandpolarizedorthogonally.Owingtotherecentdevel-opmentofseismicobservationsystem,detectionofshearwavessplittingwithverysmalldelaytimesbetweenfasterandslowershearwavesbecameavailableandprovidedpowerfulapproachfordetectionofcrustalanisotropy.Crampin(1978)emphasizedtheroleofalignedmicrocracksasacauseofcrustalanisotropyandpointedoutthatforverticallyalignedmicrocracksthedirecti… 相似文献
18.
储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙与裂隙,对钻井中的测井声波产生重要影响.基于孔、裂隙介质弹性波理论,导出了随钻声波测井的井孔声场表达式.据此考察了地层裂隙密度与含气饱和度的变化时井孔内随钻多极子模式波（斯通利波、弯曲波和螺旋波）的速度、衰减与灵敏度以及地层纵、横波的响应特征.裂隙密度与含气饱和度对模式波的速度频散与衰减都有影响,且两参数的值越大,影响越大.具体来说,速度对裂隙密度更敏感,而衰减对含气饱和度更敏感.具有"艾里相"特征的随钻偶极和四极子波在地层含气时产生强烈衰减,可以作为判断地层含气的一个明显指示.理论模拟与实际测井数据分析结果符合较好. 相似文献
19.
Andrei M. Ionov 《Geophysical Prospecting》2007,55(1):71-82
This study investigates the generation of the low-frequency borehole Stoneley wave (tube wave) by a plane P-wave propagating through the surrounding elastic formation, which is intersected by a fluid-filled fracture. A model is constructed taking into account the dynamic fluid coupling between the borehole interior and the fluid-filled fracture of infinite extent with parallel walls. The basic mechanism of such coupling is due to the contraction of the fracture walls by the incident P-wave, leading to seismic radiation into the fracture. The dynamic fluid flux from the fracture into the borehole interior, and vice versa, is the source of the low-frequency Stoneley wave. An expression for the monopole pressure source, exciting the tube wave, is obtained. The tube-wave equation in the long-wave approximation is derived in the presence of a fluid-filled fracture of infinite extent. Amplitudes and waveforms of Stoneley waves are analysed in the seismic wavelength range for P-wave pulses of various shapes. It is shown that the amplitude and waveform of the Stoneley wave depends significantly on the two dimensionless parameters of the problem: (1) the ratio of the borehole radius to the dominant wavelength of the incident pulse; (2) the ratio of the fracture width to the borehole radius. It is found that the amplitude of the generated Stoneley wave can be of the order of the P-wave amplitude in the borehole fluid. Stoneley waveforms are found to be completely different from those of the incident pulse. 相似文献