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1.
针对目前煤矿井下水力压裂钻孔封孔理论缺乏,封孔材料密封效果差、成本高,封孔长度不合理等问题,建立了水力压裂钻孔封孔力学模型,得出封孔材料能够承受的最大水压与封孔材料性质、封孔长度等参数之间的关系。综合分析了密封条件、抽采条件以及施工条件下压裂孔的合理封孔长度,并进行现场试验验证。结果表明：封孔材料性质和封孔长度是影响封孔材料能够承受最大水压的主要因素,封孔材料能够承受的最大水压随封孔材料强度、弹性模量以及封孔长度的增大而增大;当封孔长度达到某一定值后,封孔材料能够承受的最大水压随封孔长度的增大而趋于定值。以重庆松藻矿区为例,确定出穿层压裂孔的合理封孔长度为10 m,本煤层压裂孔的合理封孔长度为13 m,现场试验结果与理论分析基本一致。 相似文献
2.
The penetration of rigid objects such as piles and penetrometers into soils creates a zone of soil disturbance around them. The extent of this disturbed zone influences the resistance of the moving rigid body. This paper presents a theoretical framework to analyze the resistance in the disturbed zone created by a shaft penetrating a clay soil. The soil is modeled as a viscous material after it reaches failure [critical state (CS)]. The results of this analysis show that the viscous drag stress component on the shaft surface is influenced by the size of disturbed zone that has reached CS around the shaft, the shear viscosity of the soil and the velocity profile (or strain rate) in the CS zone around the shaft. The size of CS zone, the velocity profile and the viscosity of soil are interdependent. Large variation in viscous drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone is less than four times the shaft’s radius. Limiting drag occurs when the size of the CS soil zone exceeds six times the shaft’s radius. The theoretical velocity distribution of the movement of soil in the CS zone shows that the soil is dragged along with shaft in the near field (close to the shaft surface) and moves upwards in the far field. 相似文献
3.
为了解决碎软煤层本煤层钻孔施工困难,瓦斯抽采浓度低,抽采效果差,无法实现大面积区域预抽的问题,在现有煤矿井下定向钻进技术和水力压裂技术的基础上,结合前期研究成果,提出了顶板梳状长钻孔分段水力压裂技术,并在韩城矿区桑树坪二号井进行了现场试验。现场施工顶板梳状长钻孔主孔长度588 m,包含8个分支孔,钻孔总进尺1 188 m,主孔距煤层0~3.28 m,平面上覆盖约12.5 m。采用不动管柱分段水力压裂工艺,分4段进行水力压裂施工,累计注水2 012 m3,最大泵注压力8.74 MPa。压裂后最大影响半径大于30 m,且裂缝主要位于钻孔下方,向煤层延伸。压裂钻孔稳定抽采阶段瓦斯抽采纯量1.18 m3/min,抽采瓦斯体积分数平均43.54%。顶板梳状长钻孔分段水力压裂钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量是水力割缝钻孔的1.2倍,是本煤层顺层钻孔的4.0倍。试验结果表明,顶板梳状长钻孔分段水力压裂技术可有效避免本煤层常规钻孔施工过程中存在的塌孔、卡钻、喷孔等问题,实现了碎软低渗煤层大面积区域瓦斯预抽,为碎软低渗煤层区域瓦斯预抽提供了新思路和新方法。 相似文献
4.
D. Ask O. Stephansson F. H. Cornet M. V. S. Ask 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2009,42(4):559-584
The primary objectives of this work are to (1) improve the understanding of the prevailing stress distribution at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in SE Sweden by employing an integrated stress determination approach, and in order to accomplish this (2) extend the existing stress integration methodology denominated integrated stress determination method (ISDM; Cornet in Comprehensive Rock Engineering vol 3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 413–432, 1993a). The new developments of the ISDM involve a 12-parameter representation of the regional stress field in the rock mass (i.e., the full stress tensor and its variation with depth) that is applicable to hydraulic stress data (sleeve fracturing, hydraulic fracturing, and hydraulic tests on pre-existing fractures), overcoring data (CSIR- and CSIRO-type of devices), and to combinations of hydraulic and overcoring stress data. For the latter case, the elastic parameters of the overcoring technique may be solved in situ by allowing the hydraulic stress data to constrain them. As a result, the problem then involves 14 model parameters. Results from the study show that the ISDM effectively improves the precision of the prevailing stress field determination and that it is especially powerful for identification of consistencies/inconsistencies in an existing data set. Indeed, this is the very basic premise and goal of stress integration; combine all available data to achieve as complete a characterization of the mechanical stress model as possible, and not to identify a solution that fits only loosely the maximum amount of stress data. 相似文献
5.
水力压裂是青海共和盆地干热岩地热资源开发的难点技术问题之一。本文基于升级改造的大尺寸真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验系统模拟干热岩储层高温高压环境,利用青海共和盆地露头岩心进行水力压裂物理模拟实验,揭示干热岩储层水力裂缝的起裂和扩展规律。通过物理模拟实验发现：干热岩储层裂缝起裂可以通过文中提出的起裂模型判断起裂方式和预测起裂压力;水力裂缝在岩石基质中的扩展形态简单,仅沿最大主应力方向延伸;但是水力裂缝会受到岩石中弱面的影响,发生转向沿弱面延伸,形成较复杂的裂缝形态。因此,建议在干热岩储层实际施工中,在天然裂缝发育较丰富的层段开展水力压裂,以实现复杂裂缝网络提取地热能。 相似文献
6.
针对高角度天然裂缝发育地层中的水平井水力压裂问题,开展了水力裂缝自天然裂缝处起裂扩展的理论和试验研究。尝试将天然裂缝简化为与井筒轴线垂直的横向裂缝,基于线弹性断裂力学理论和最大拉应力准则,给出了水力裂缝起裂压力和扩展过程中应力强度因子的计算方法。利用预制横缝模拟高角度天然裂缝,开展了室内水力压裂试验,对水力裂缝的扩展形态和起裂压力进行了研究。理论计算表明,（1）水力裂缝自预制横缝端部起裂后,扩展距离超过1倍的预制横缝端部半径时可将预制横缝和水力裂缝合并起来,整体视作一条横向裂缝来计算应力强度因子;（2）水力裂缝尖端距井壁处的距离大于4倍的井筒半径时,应力强度因子的计算可忽略井筒的影响,近似采用硬币形裂缝的计算公式。试验研究发现,（1）水力裂缝在预制横缝端部起裂并扩展,形成与井筒轴线垂直的横向裂缝,裂缝的扩展呈现出Ⅰ型断裂的特点,形态近似呈圆形,未发现与井筒轴线平行的纵向裂缝的起裂和扩展;（2）排量对破裂净压力和起裂净压力有重要影响,大排量会导致较高的破裂净压力和起裂净压力,在大、小两种排量下起裂净压力的离散性均较小,计算得到的KⅠ临界断裂值的离散性也较小。研究结果可为改善裂缝发育储层的近井裂缝形态提供指导,也可为煤矿开采中预制横向切槽的水力压裂设计提供参考。 相似文献
7.
针对煤矿井下作业空间小,供电供水能力有限,地面加砂压裂装备无法直接应用于煤矿井下的现状,提出了高压端加砂压裂的技术思路。基于液动冲击混携砂原理,研发了高压端连续水力加砂压裂装备。该装备不需要外部动力源进行混砂,而是通过压裂液流态和流场的变化形成旋流冲击实现混砂和携砂。理论分析、数值模拟和室内仿真试验均表明,该装备在原理上是可行性的,能够有效混砂和携砂。研发的装备整体耐压达到55 MPa,一次可装石英砂750 kg,可实现单个或者多个穿层钻孔的连续加砂压裂。配套设计了三通道并联的煤矿井下高压端连续水力加砂压裂控制系统,该系统通过矿用压风实现开关的开合,与压裂泵的控制系统协同对加砂过程实现远程集中控制,确保加砂过程安全可靠。运用该装备在安徽淮南矿区潘三煤矿进行了5个底板穿层钻孔的现场试验。结果表明:该装备携砂能力较强,仅需开启通道二即可实现有效加砂,最大连续加砂量150 kg,最大注水量316 m3,加砂压裂钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量、百孔瓦斯抽采量分别是清水压裂钻孔的2.38和2.03倍,增透效果明显。研发的装备可应用于煤矿井下高压水射流、水力切割以及水力加砂压裂等领域。 相似文献
8.
秦岭公路隧道2号竖井主要位于混合片麻岩地层中,高地应力和岩爆是该竖井的主要工程技术难题。根据竖井的工程地质资料和邻近工程水压致裂法地应力测试结果,采用三维有限元法对竖井工程区域内的初始应力场进行反演回归分析研究:竖井地应力存在较大的水平地质构造应力,地应力分区分布,水平地应力最高达到28.7MPa,垂直地应力基本受岩体自重控制。在地应力场分析的基础上,利用陶振宇岩爆判据对竖井进行岩爆预测,竖井岩爆为轻微或中等类型;并采用脆性岩体的常偏应力准则,模拟分析竖井岩爆破坏区的深度,岩爆区最大深度为0.6m。通过与竖井开挖后岩爆状况进行比较,结果表明反演得到的竖井地应力和岩爆分析是合理的。 相似文献
9.
为研究水压致裂过程中水力裂缝的起裂、扩展规律及机制,研制了一种新型水压供给控制装置。该装置由水泵、增压泵、空气压缩机和导水钢垫板等组成。该装置的主要特点是易于与目前广泛存在的压力伺服机相配合,共同完成水压致裂试验,具有操作简便、效率高、成本低、组装方便等优点,使水压致裂试验更易大面积推广。利用该试验装置对类岩石试块进行了水压致裂试验,研究了不同围压下含预置裂隙试件的水力裂缝扩展规律,并与无预置裂隙试件水力裂缝扩展规律进行了对比。试验结果表明,对于含预置裂隙试块,当水平应力差较小时,预置裂隙裂尖对水力裂缝扩展影响较大,水力裂缝起裂后向预置裂隙裂尖方向扩展;随着水平应力差的增大,水力裂缝向最大水平应力方向偏转。试验证明该装置可靠性高,试验过程稳定。该研究对水压致裂试验具有促进意义。 相似文献
10.
针对碎软煤层渗透率低、瓦斯抽采衰减快、压裂不均匀、裂缝易闭合、瓦斯抽采效果差、无法实现区域瓦斯超前预抽的问题,提出了煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂强化瓦斯抽采的技术思路,研发适合煤矿井下煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂煤层增透技术,研制了成套的煤矿井下水力加砂压裂泵组装备、定向喷砂射孔装置及工具组合、防砂封隔器及工具组合。水力压裂泵组装备最大排量90 m3/h,最大泵注压力70 MPa,最大携砂能力20%,支撑剂粒径小于等于1 mm;定向喷砂射孔装置通过水压驱动喷射器定向,最大旋转角度180°;防砂封隔器最大承压70 MPa,最大膨胀系数为2。研发的定向长钻孔连续定向喷砂射孔工艺技术和定向长钻孔拖动式水力加砂分段压裂工艺技术,在山西阳泉新景煤矿井下开展工程试验,完成2个压裂钻孔(孔深均为609 m)共计16段水力加砂分段压裂施工,累计实施80次定向喷砂射孔作业,石英砂的体积分数2%~3%,定向喷砂射孔压力22.6~28.6 MPa,共计使用石英砂19.8 t;水力加砂分段压裂单段注入压裂液153.8~235.1 m3、核桃壳砂的体积分数2.02%~2.56%,累计注入压裂液2 808.57 m3,注入核桃壳砂36.47 t;综合评价本次水力加砂分段压裂影响半径为20~38 m,统计分析压裂后2个钻场100 d瓦斯抽采数据,1号钻场、2号钻场日均瓦斯抽采纯量分别为1 025、2 811m3。试验结果表明:压裂装备加砂量大,施工排量大,能够实现连续作业,压裂后煤层透气性显著增加,极大地提高瓦斯抽采浓度和瓦斯抽采纯量。研究成果对碎软煤层区域瓦斯增透提供新思路,为我国类似矿区区域瓦斯超前治理提供技术借鉴。 相似文献
11.
为分析压裂液对西山区块煤储层的伤害,采用工作液评价实验方法,研究了压裂液基液、黏土稳定剂和表面活性剂对煤储层的影响。研究结果表明,现场所用的活性水压裂液对煤储层损害率最高为37.2%;未过滤的含杂质的河水要比过滤的河水和井水对煤层的伤害大得多;黏土稳定剂KCl的添加量应根据水敏性伤害程度确定,研究区黏土稳定剂合适的添加量应该为2%~4%;为保证压裂液尽快返排,压裂液中需添加表面活性剂,表面活性剂的添加量为0.2%较好,实际应用时可做适度调整,但用量不要超过1.4%。在实际生产中采用该方法对压裂液进行了优化,压裂液优化后的煤层气井的煤层气产气量要比未优化的井日产气量高300~500 m3。 相似文献
12.
钻杆式水压致裂原地应力测试系统的柔性会影响最大水平主应力的计算精度。利用空心岩柱液压致裂试验获得的岩石抗拉强度来取代重张压力计算最大水平主应力是降低钻杆式测试系统柔性的负面影响的重要途径。在福建某隧道深度为65 m的钻孔内开展了8段的高质量水压致裂原地应力测试,随后利用钻孔所揭露的完整岩芯开展了17个岩样的空心岩柱液压致裂试验。利用空心岩柱液压致裂所得的抗拉强度平均值为8.40 MPa,与经典水压致裂法确定的岩体抗拉强度8.22 MPa接近。对于20 m的范围内8个测段的原地应力量值,最小水平主应力平均值为8.41 MPa,基于重张压力Pr的最大水平主应力平均值为16.70 MPa;基于空心岩柱抗拉强度的最大水平主应力量值平均值为16.88 MPa,两种方法获得的最大水平主应力平均值基本一致。最大最小水平主应力与垂直主应力之间的关系表现为σH > σV > σh,这种应力状态有利于区域走滑断层活动。通过对比分析可知,对于钻杆式水压致裂原地应力测试系统,当测试深度小且测试系统柔性小时,基于重张压力和基于空心岩柱抗拉强度得到的最大水平主应力量值差别不大,这说明基于空心岩柱的岩石抗拉强度完全可以用于水压致裂最大水平主应力的计算,同时基于微小系统柔性的水压致裂测试系统获得的现场岩体强度也是可靠的。 相似文献
13.
水力压裂技术改造储层已经成为非常规油气开发的重要技术手段,以井下测斜仪为代表的远场测量技术进行裂缝形态监测已经逐步应用于压后裂缝效果评价。采用不同的裂缝分析模型对压裂过程中地面和井下倾斜场进行了正演研究,验证了模型的正确性,并采用矩形张裂缝模型对影响压裂倾斜场的地层和裂缝参数进行了定量分析。研究表明,（1）地面倾斜场对于裂缝的方位角和倾角变化较为敏感,对于裂缝的尺寸及裂缝中心深度变化不敏感;（2）井下倾斜场值对于裂缝的尺寸、裂缝中心深度变化较为敏感,对于裂缝的方位角及倾角变化不敏感。研究结果可应用于储层水力压裂优化设计中。 相似文献
14.
Shan Huang Yuedong Yao Shuang Zhang Jinghao Ji Ruoyu Ma 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(11):285
Multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) is an effective technique to develop unconventional reservoirs. Complex fracture network around the well and hydraulic fractures is formed during the fracturing process. Fracture network and hydraulic fractures are the main seepage channel which is sensitivity to the effective stress. However, most of the existing models do not take the effect of stress sensitivity into account. In this study, a new analytical model was established for MFHW in tight oil reservoirs based on the trilinear flow model. Fractal porosity and permeability were employed to describe the heterogeneous distribution of the complex fracture network, and the stress sensitivity of fracture was considered in the model. The Pedrosa substitution and perturbation method were applied to eliminate the nonlinearity of the model. By using the Laplace transformation method, the analytical solutions in Laplace domain were obtained. Then, validations were performed to show that the model is valid. Finally, sensitivity analysis was discussed. The presented model provides a new approach to the estimation of fracturing effect and can be also utilized for recognizing formation properties of tight oil reservoirs. 相似文献
15.
储层岩体中的天然结构面对水力压裂缝网改造具有重要的影响。本文采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D-Flow,在考虑岩体非均质性和岩体渗流-应力-损伤破裂特性的基础上,对不同尺度天然结构面影响的水力压裂裂缝扩展与演化行为进行了模拟分析和讨论,研究结果表明:（1）当水力裂缝遇天然非闭合裂隙时,在水力裂缝靠近非闭合裂隙区间形成拉张应力区,水力裂缝与区间非闭合裂隙间微元体累进性张拉破坏是导致水力裂缝与非闭合裂隙贯通的主要机制;（2）层理等优势结构对水力压裂裂缝扩展及缝网形态影响十分显著,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向小角度相交时,层理结构面对水力裂隙的扩展起主要作用,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向大角度相交时,最大主压应力与层理面共同对缝网扩展起主导作用,随着优势结构面的增多和差应力的增大,水力压裂形成的缝网范围和复杂性程度随之增大;（3）储层水力压裂是一种局部范围内的短暂动力扰动过程,尽管断层的存在可以极大地影响水力裂缝的扩展模式,增大水力裂隙扩展高度,但相比于储层埋深,水力压裂对断层封闭性的破坏范围和断层活动性的扰动程度十分有限。 相似文献
16.
不同条件下水压裂隙的发展特性对有效开采页岩气具有重要的指导作用。针对岩体在微观上为颗粒和孔隙的结构系统,提出离散元水力压裂数值模拟方法,离散元能量转化和能量守恒计算方法,建立了相应的三维离散元模型。采用自主研发的三维离散元模拟软件Mat DEM3D,通过控制模型的竖向应变与颗粒直径,来模拟地层中的应力与压裂速率的变化。模拟结果表明:(1)水力压裂产生裂隙的数量和方向受岩石的各向异性,压力状态和变化速率所影响。(2)裂隙在压缩波传播时发展,当水压力高速增加时,诱发的裂隙数量增多,并且有效能量(断裂热)百分比也随之增加,压裂作用也变得更明显。(3)当竖向应变为零时,50%的裂隙呈垂直状态,当竖向应变为-1×10-4时,裂隙趋于沿着最大压力方向发展,竖向裂隙的百分率增大。数值模拟和能量分析为定量地研究岩石水力压裂过程提供了一个新的方法。 相似文献
17.
Bingxiang Huang Pengfeng Li Jian Ma Shuliang Chen 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(4):1321-1334
Because of the advantages of integrating water pressure blasting and hydraulic fracturing, the use of hydraulic fracturing after water pressure control blasting is a method that is used to fully transform the structure of a coal-rock mass by increasing the number and range of hydraulic cracks. An experiment to study hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting on cement mortar samples (300 × 300 × 300 mm3) was conducted using a large-sized true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experimental system. A traditional hydraulic fracturing experiment was also performed for comparison. The experimental results show that water pressure blasting produces many blasting cracks, and follow-up hydraulic fracturing forces blasting cracks to propagate further and to form numerous multidirectional hydraulic cracks. Four macroscopic main hydraulic cracks in total were noted along the borehole axial and radial directions on the sample surfaces. Axial and radial main failure planes induced by macroscopic main hydraulic cracks split the sample into three big parts. Meanwhile, numerous local hydraulic cracks were formed on the main failure planes, in different directions and of different types. Local hydraulic cracks are mainly of three types: local hydraulic crack bands, local branched hydraulic cracks, and axial layered cracks. Because local hydraulic cracks produce multiple local layered failure planes and lamellar ruptures inside the sample, the integrity of the sample decreases greatly. The formation and propagation process of many multidirectional hydraulic cracks is affected by a combination of water pressure blasting, water pressure of fracturing, and the stress field of the surrounding rock. To a certain degree, the stress field of surrounding rock guides the formation and propagation process of the blasting crack and the follow-up hydraulic crack. Following hydraulic fracturing that has been conducted after water pressure blasting, the integrity of the sample is found to be far lower than after traditional hydraulic fracturing; moreover, both the water injection volume and water injection pressure for hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting are much higher than they are for traditional hydraulic fracturing. 相似文献
18.
中国缺水少地,人口众多,地形复杂,页岩气储层埋藏深、维度高、渗透率低、可改造性差。美国页岩气勘探开发常规技术---水平井加多段压裂在中国有一定的局限性,为此,提出了一种新的页岩气开发井型。它不同于传统的直井、斜井或水平井,由主井及其周围的辅助洞穴构成,其中主井用于生产排采,洞穴用于储层改造。主井完井方式为直井或斜井,辅助洞穴完井方式为分支定向井或丛式井或为两者的组合。储层改造采用低成本高效的聚能爆破等技术来代替高费用的水力压裂,采用多点建造洞穴代替多段压裂和同步压裂,以保持储层裂缝系统的连续性和有效性,进而扩大有效排采面积,降低井网密度。为模拟改造效果,在坚硬的混凝土路面进行了实验,结果表明,建造多个洞穴并震动,可以产生相互连通的裂隙,能够达到整体改善储层渗透性能的效果。 相似文献
19.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2016,7(1)
Hydrocarbon production from shale has attracted much attention in the recent years. When applied to this prolific and hydrocarbon rich resource plays, our understanding of the complexities of the flow mechanism(sorption process and flow behavior in complex fracture systems- induced or natural) leaves much to be desired. In this paper, we present and discuss a novel approach to modeling, history matching of hydrocarbon production from a Marcellus shale asset in southwestern Pennsylvania using advanced data mining, pattern recognition and machine learning technologies. In this new approach instead of imposing our understanding of the flow mechanism, the impact of multi-stage hydraulic fractures, and the production process on the reservoir model, we allow the production history, well log, completion and hydraulic fracturing data to guide our model and determine its behavior. The uniqueness of this technology is that it incorporates the so-called "hard data" directly into the reservoir model, so that the model can be used to optimize the hydraulic fracture process. The "hard data" refers to field measurements during the hydraulic fracturing process such as fluid and proppant type and amount, injection pressure and rate as well as proppant concentration. This novel approach contrasts with the current industry focus on the use of "soft data"(non-measured, interpretive data such as frac length, width,height and conductivity) in the reservoir models. The study focuses on a Marcellus shale asset that includes 135 wells with multiple pads, different landing targets, well length and reservoir properties. The full field history matching process was successfully completed using this data driven approach thus capturing the production behavior with acceptable accuracy for individual wells and for the entire asset. 相似文献