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论中国海洋环境保护法律体系中的不足与完善对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从实践和理论两方面分析了中国海洋保护环境法律体系中存在的问题,如立法不足和执法不严等;并提出通过加快立法,提高立法技术、明确各部门职责等完善法律体系的对策。从而为更好地保护海洋环境提供法律保障,促进海洋环境保护事业的发展。 相似文献
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由日本内阁综合海洋政策本部牵头制定的《海洋基本计划》,是日本政府在《海洋基本法》框架下对具体海洋政策的制定、落实等予以规范与指导的纲领性文件。作为安倍政府运用海洋政策推进体制,集合官产学研力量,综合近年来日本海洋形势及海洋政策效果评估的产物,该计划将在2018—2022年切实指导日本具体海洋政策的制订与实施。 相似文献
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近年来,世界上一些发达海洋国家竞相制定和实施海洋科学技术发展战略计划和规划。如美国制定了《1995～2005年海洋战略发展规划》,法国颁布了海洋科技《1996～2000年战略计划》,俄国在实施《2005年前海洋、北极、南极综合研究科技计划》。所有这些规划和计划都旨 相似文献
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海洋氢能作为一种清洁、低碳、高效且可再生的能源,逐渐成为目前我国实现“双碳”目标的重要能源载体,其开发对我国具有重大战略意义。但由于海洋氢能起步晚,目前存在技术成熟度不高、政策支撑较少、法律配套不完善等诸多困难。同时存在海域管辖权竞合、海洋环境污染、海洋生物多样性破坏以及国际合作开发难等问题。关于海洋氢能开发法律规制问题,在国际法层面,以《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》等基本法构建海洋氢能国际合作开发以及海洋环境保护的基本法律框架,以《生物多样性公约》和《BBNJ协定》为基础进一步对海洋环境污染和保护海洋生物多样性提出法律规范;在国内法层面,通过现有能源领域法律法规可知,《可再生能源法》填补海洋氢能开发法律空白;在海洋环境领域,我国法律法规对海洋氢能开发提出了环境影响评价的要求,以保障海洋生态环境不受侵害。综上所述,海洋氢能开发利用应当完善国内相关立法,制定有针对性的海洋氢能领域环境影响评价制度,以促成国际开发与合作。这些完善建议旨在为海洋氢能开发提供清晰的法律指导,促进其可持续发展和利用,同时保护海洋环境和社会稳定。 相似文献
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基于我国严峻的资源供应形势和海洋资源开发面临的挑战态势,揭示了我国海洋开发的重要性;结合对发展海洋经济与管理机制体制的突出矛盾以及深远海装备技术创新研究投入力度等层面存在问题的探讨,从海洋开发的法律法规和机制体制、宏观战略研究和顶层指导、自主创新、资源开发利用及安全保障建设等层面阐述了加强海洋开发战略研究的目的意义。基于当前国际海洋装备的现状及发展趋势,分析了我国海洋装备在发展水平、设计建造能力、基础科学研究与自主创新和前沿技术研究等方面与国际先进水平的差距;阐述了加快海洋工程装备创新发展的必要性和重要意义。提出并阐明了创新发展深海工作站和海上浮动基地对于维护国家海洋资源权益、尤其是提升南海深水资源开发国际竞争力方面具有的重要战略意义。 相似文献
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基于我国严峻的资源供应形势和海洋资源开发面临的挑战态势,揭示了我国海洋开发的重要性;结合对发展海洋经济与管理机制体制的突出矛盾以及深远海装备技术创新研究投入力度等层面存在问题的探讨,从海洋开发的法律法规和机制体制、宏观战略研究和顶层指导、自主创新、资源开发利用及安全保障建设等层面阐述了加强海洋开发战略研究的目的意义。基于当前国际海洋装备的现状及发展趋势,分析了我国海洋装备在发展水平、设计建造能力、基础科学研究与自主创新和前沿技术研究等方面与国际先进水平的差距;阐述了加快海洋工程装备创新发展的必要性和重要意义。提出并阐明了创新发展深海工作站和海上浮动基地对于维护国家海洋资源权益、尤其是提升南海深水资源开发国际竞争力方面具有的重要战略意义。 相似文献
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《渔业法》颁布实施20年来,我国海洋和渔业法治建设已取得很大成就,但这一法规体系尚存在多方面问题。文章从海洋环境保护和渔业资源养护立法、海洋与渔业自然保护区立法、渔业保险立法、渔船管理立法、《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》配套法规等五个方面,提出了进一步完善我国海洋和渔业法规的建议。 相似文献
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涉外海洋调查安全事关国家海洋资源信息安全和军事地理安全.目前,我国对这一类安全的防范刚刚引起警醒.但海上安全现状和紧迫形势需要系统的成文法来规范和管理,而我国包括<涉外海洋科学研究管理规定>、<测绘法>等在内的法律法规并不能涵盖所有在海上进行的调查行为的管理,不能从根本上防范外国情报机构和军事部门以妨碍我国和平和良好秩序为目的的海洋调查行为.部分国家、国际组织和个人,总是以非海洋科学研究、非测绘的名义大摇大摆地进入到我国专属经济区和大陆架,有的还以合作的名义进入到内水和领海,从事各种情报收集、地理信息测量和军事测量活动.本研究试图从涉外海洋调查这一立法概念的立法渊源入手,分析其立法的前提条件、国际实践和国内法现实空间等,提出我国应以涉外海洋调查立法的基本依据. 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献